Hybride Oberflächenaktivierungen von Glasfaserrovings mittels Polymer/Zement-Kompositen ermöglichen eine komplette Durchdringung des Rovings mit Beton von der Matrix bis zu den innenliegenden Einzelfilamenten. Dies erlaubt einen deutlich verbesserten Lasteintrag in den gesamten Rovingquerschnitt bei der Verwendung als Faserverstärkung in textilbewehrten Betonen. Auf Grund von ausgeprägten Domänen hydratisierter Zementsteinphasen innerhalb des Rovings ergibt sich eine komplexe, multiskalige Verbundstruktur, die sich in ihren Eigenschaften deutlich von klassischen polymerbeschichteten Rovings unterscheidet. Wir diskutieren diesen Ansatz in Bezug auf Herstellung, nano-/mikroskopische Charakterisierung, sowie der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Probenkörper unter beschleunigten Alterungsbedingungen. Die mikroskopischen Untersuchungen mittels höchstauflösender Elektronenmikroskopie und Nanoindentation zielen darauf ab, die Grenzflächenanbindung, die veränderte Struktur in Abhängigkeit des verwendeten Polymers und der Additive sowie die Korrosionsmechanismen aufzuklären. / Hybrid surface modifications of glass fiber rovings with polymer/cement-composites allow the generation of extended cement phases within the roving and an activation of the innermost filaments to the surrounding concrete matrix. This enables enhanced load transfer across the full roving cross section when used as fibrous reinforcement in textile-reinforced concrete. Due to the presence of extended concrete domains within the roving, a complex multiscale composite structure develops, displaying distinctly different properties as compared to standard polymer impregnation routes. We discuss this approach in terms of production, nano/microscopic characterization of the concrete composites and mechanical properties of the resulting specimens under accelerated aging conditions. The microscopy studies using highest resolution electron microscopy and nanoindentation aim to elucidate the interface connection, the changes in morphology of the concrete as a function of the polymer and additives used, as well as shedding light on the corrosion mechanisms.

The success of a cement production project depends on the raw material supply. Longterm quarry production planning (LTQPP) is essential to maintain the supply to the cement plant. The quarry manager usually attempts to fulfil the complicated calculations, ensuring a consistent supply of raw materials to the cement plant while guaranteeing technical and operational parameters in mining. Modern quarry management relies on block models and mathematical algorithms integrated into the software to optimize the LTQPP. However, this method is potentially sensitive to geological uncertainty in resource estimation, resulting in the deviation of the supply production of raw materials. More importantly, quarry managers lack the means to deal with these requirements of LTQPP. This research develops a stochastic optimization framework based on the combination of geostatistical simulation, clustering, and optimization techniques to optimize the LTQPP. In this framework, geostatistical simulation techniques aim to model the quarry deposit while capturing the geological uncertainty in resource estimation. The clustering techniques are to aggregate blocks into selective mining cuts that reduce the optimization problem size and generate solutions in a practical timeframe. Optimization techniques were deployed to develop a new mathematical model to minimize the cost of producing the raw mix for the cement plant and mitigate the impact of geological uncertainty on the raw material supply. Matlab programming platform was chosen for implementing the clustering and optimization techniques and creating the software application. A case study of a limestone deposit in Southern Vietnam was carried out to verify the proposed framework and optimization models. Geostatistical simulation is applied to capture and transfer geological uncertainty into the optimization process. The optimization model size decreases significantly using the block clustering techniques and allowing generate solutions in a reasonable timeframe on ordinary computers. By considering mining and blending simultaneously, the optimization model minimizes the additive purchases to meet blending requirements and the amount of material sent to the waste dump. The experiments are also compared with the traditional optimization framework currently used for the deposit. The comparisons show a higher chance of ensuring a consistent supply of raw materials to the cement plant with a lower cost in the proposed framework. These results proved that the proposed framework provides a powerful tool for planners to optimize the LTQPP while securing the raw material supply in cement operations under geological uncertainty.:Title page _ i Declaration_ ii Acknowledgements _ i Publications during candidature_ii Abstract _iii Table of contents _v List of figures_viii List of tables _ xi List of abbreviations _xii Chapter 1 . Introduction _1 1.1 Background _1 1.2 Statement of the problem _2 1.3 Research aims and objectives_ 3 1.4 Scope of research _4 1.5 Research methodology _ 4 1.6 Significance of theresearch_5 1.7 Organization of thesis _6 Chapter 2 . Literature review _ 8 2.1 Introduction _ 8 2.2 Cement raw materials _8 2.3 Cement production process _ 8 2.3.1 Raw material recovery _9 2.3.2 Raw material processing_10 2.4 Impact of raw materials on the cement production process _12 2.5 Quarry planning and optimization _13 2.6 Long-term production planning (LTPP) problem _14 2.6.1 Deterministic approaches to solve the LTPP problem_15 2.6.2 Stochastic approaches for solving the LTPP problem_21 2.7 Conclusion_26 Chapter 3 . A stochastic optimization framework for LTQPP problem_28 3.1 Introduction_28 3.2 Deposit simulation_29 3.2.1 Simulating the rock type domains using SIS_30 3.2.2 Simulating the chemical grades within each domain conditionally to rock type domains, using SGS_30 3.3 Block clustering _31 3.4 The mathematical formulation for the LTQPP problem_32 3.4.1 Notation_34 3.4.2 Mathematical formulation_36 3.5 Numerical modelling_39 3.5.1 Clustering _39 3.5.2 SMIP formulation_41 3.6 Conclusion _47 Chapter 4 . Hierarchical simulation of cement raw material deposit_ 49 4.1 Introduction _49 4.2 Research area _ 50 4.2.1 General description_50 4.2.2. Data set_50 4.3. Application of hierarchical simulation _53 4.3.1 Rock-type simulation _ 53 4.3.2 Grade simulation _60 4.4. Discussion_73 4.5. Conclusion_76 Chapter 5 . Application of the stochastic optimization framework_77 5.1 Introduction_77 5.2 Implementation of KHRA _77 5.3 Implementation of the SMIP model _78 5.3.1 Sensitivity of the penalty cost _80 5.3.2 The effectiveness of the SMIP model _82 5.4 Risk mitigation _85 5.5 Conclusion _87 Chapter 6 . Conclusions and future works _ 89 6.1 Conclusions _89 6.2 Future works _91 References_ 93 Appendix I. Software Application _100 A.I.1 Introduction _100 A.I.2 Input preparation _101 A.I.2.1 Format of block model input _101 A.I.2.2 Import block model input _102 A.I.2.2 Cost assignment _104 A.I.2.3 Size reduction _ 107 A.I.3 Optimization _110 A.I.3.1 Destination _110 A.I.3.2 Production capacity _ 111 A.I.3.3 Additive purchase _ 111 A.I.3.4 Pit slopes _ 111 A.I.3.5 Optimization _ 112 A.I.4 Visualization of optimization results _112

Existing reinforced concrete structures feature, as a rule, a relatively low resistance to various sorts of impact loading, such as shock, collision, or explosion. To this aim, the primary goal of the Research Training Group (in German: Graduiertenkolleg, GRK) 2250, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), is to bring substantial improvements in the impact resistance of existing buildings by applying thin layers of strengthening material. By using innovative mineralbonded composites, public safety and reliability of vitally important existing structures and infrastructure should be significantly enhanced. The scientific basis to be developed will additionally enable to build new, impact-resistant structures economically and ecologically. The framework of the GRK 2250 as well as some achievements are herein briefly presented.

Zementklinker ist der Hauptbestandteil von Zement und verbraucht zu dessen Herstellung signifikante Mengen von natürlichen Ressourcen und trägt gleichzeitig zu seiner sehr ungünstigen Treibhausgasbilanz bei. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Zementersatzstoffe mit spezifischen Eigenschaften aus Abfallstoffen wie Kieswaschschlämmen, Strassenwaschschlämmen und Gipskartonplatten ohne Leistungseinbußen auf Produktseite, bei geringeren Temperaturen und geringerer CO2 Emission hergestellt werden können. Entsprechend den angestrebten Eigenschaften solcher zum Teil anthropogener Zementbestandteile wurden lokal verfügbare geeignete Abfallstoffe ausgewählt und thermisch aktiviert. Eine industriell anwendbare Methode zur Aktivierung solcher Stoffe bei Temperaturen von 700 °C – 850 °C wurde entwickelt und patentiert. Es basiert auf einem neu entwickelten Trocknungsverfahren und der Kombination von zwei Produktionslinien, um durch die Verknüpfung der Gasströme beider Systeme eine energieeffiziente thermische Behandlung von Abfallstoffen zu ermöglichen sowie auf umweltfreundliche Weise einen Zementersatzstoff herzustellen.:Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations Glossary Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Research hypotheses and objectives 1.3 Research methodology 1.4 Thesis outline Chapter 2: State of the art in SCM production 2.1 Supplementary cementitious materials 2.2 Classification of SCMs 2.2.1 Classification according to origin 2.2.2 Classification according to reaction behaviour 2.3 Chemical composition of SCMs 2.4 Formation of hydraulic or pozzolanic minerals in thermal processes 2.4.1 Cement clinker 2.4.2 Burnt oil shale 2.4.3 Fly ash 2.4.4 Calcined clay 2.5 Performance of composite cements 2.6 Calcining technologies 2.6.1 Flash calciner 2.6.2 Rotary calciner 2.7 Comparison of process technologies 2.8 Summary of Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Alternative SCMs and a new method for activation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Target of alternative SCM 3.3 Waste materials 3.3.1 Aggregate washing sludge 3.3.2 Road cleaning sludge 3.3.3 Deconstruction gypsum 3.4 Producing alternative SCMs 3.5 Thermal activation of alternative SCMs 3.6 Limitations in current calcining technology 3.6.1 Difficult emission control 3.6.1.1 Particulate emission 3.6.1.2 Gaseous emission 3.6.2 Challenging material preparation 3.6.3 Demand for noble fuels 3.6.4 Difficult colour control 3.6.5 Strict temperature control 3.6.6 CO2 footprint of calciners 3.7 Proposed new method of calcination 3.7.1 Feed material handling 3.7.2 Thermal heat-exchange system 3.7.3 Clay calciner design 3.7.4 Grinding 3.8 Summary Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Theoretical Considerations 4.1 Material considerations 4.1.1 Composition of alternative SCM 4.1.2 Anticipated products and characteristics 4.2 Process considerations 4.2.1 System capacity 4.2.2 Material characteristics 4.2.3 Material receiving, crushing and handling 4.2.4 Thermodynamic modelling 4.2.4.1 Mass balance 4.2.4.2 Drying and cooling heat balance 4.2.4.3 Calcination heat balance 4.2.4.4 Gas balance 4.2.4.5 Impact on clinker kiln line 4.2.4.6 Impact of calcite on the gas balance 4.2.5 Calciner design 4.2.6 Colour control 4.2.7 Emission prediction 4.2.7.1 Emission during drying 4.2.7.2 Emission during calcination 4.2.8 CO2 footprint of produced material 4.2.9 Grinding requirements 4.3 Summary of Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Experimental tests and proof of concept 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sampling and characterization 5.2.1 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.2.2 Non-kaolinitic AWS from Switzerland 5.2.3 Road cleaning sludges from Switzerland 5.2.4 Deconstruction gypsum from Switzerland 5.2.5 Sample preparation and shipping 5.3 Drying screw conveyor testing 5.4 Calcination testing 5.4.1 Mineralogy of activated products 5.4.1.1 Non-kaolinitic SCM 5.4.1.2 Kaolinitic AWS from France 5.4.2 Colour 5.5 Crushing tests 5.6 Grinding tests 5.7 Mortar compressive strength testing 5.8 Water demand testing 5.9 Summary of Chapter 5 Chapter 6: Experimental results 6.1 Characteristics of activated materials 6.2 Concrete performance and colour 6.2.1 Thermally activated kaolinitic AWS from France 6.2.2 Thermally activated non-kaolinitic alternative SCM from Switzerland 6.3 Equipment dimensioning 6.3.1 Process mass flow 6.3.2 Heat-exchanging screws and thermal oil system 6.3.3 Rotary calciner dimensioning 6.3.4 Ball mill dimensioning 6.4 CO2 reduction 6.5 Summary of Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Conclusion and outlook 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Outlook. Literature

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