Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), being a relatively new technology, largely employ protocols designed for other ad hoc networks, especially mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, on the basis of applications, there are many differences between WSNs and other types of ad hoc network and so WSNs would benefit from protocols which take into account their specific properties, especially in routing. Bhatti and Yue (2006) proposed an addressing scheme for multi-hop networks. It provides a systematic address structure for WSNs and allows network topology to avoid the fatal node failure problem which could occur with the ZigBee tree structure. In this work, a new routing strategy is developed based on Bhatti and Yue’s addressing scheme. The new approach is to implement a hybrid flooding scheme that combines flooding with shortest-path methods to yield a more practical routing protocol for static WSN applications. The primary idea is to set a flooding counter K as an overhead parameter of control messages which are used to discover routes between any arbitrary nodes. These route request messages are flooded for K hops and then oriented by shortest-path routing from multiple nodes in the edge of the flooding area to the destination. The simulation results show that this protocol under certain wireless circumstances is more energy conscious and produces less redundancy than reactive ZigBee routing protocol. Another advantage is that the routing protocol can adapt any dynamic environment in various WSN applications to achieve a satisfactory data delivery ratio in exchange for redundancy.

Over the last decade, research into unmanned and autonomous vehicles has greatly increased. With applications ranging from science and exploration to humanitarian and military efforts, the rising need for autonomous vehicles demands constant innovation and growth. The Intelligent Dependable Embedded Architectures (IDEA) lab at the University of Kentucky is continually launching research oriented programs [1]. A few key projects focus on the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Through this research, at the University of Kentucky, the need to develop a reliable, lightweight, node based hardware for use in light UAVs and other unmanned and autonomous vehicles became apparent. This paper addresses the design and implementation of a network processing node for light UAVs. This system utilizes a Controller Area Network (CAN) noise tolerant communications bus, a low power ZigBee Wireless Network for expanded inner plane communications and Silicon Laboratories C8051F041 microcontrollers to provide the necessary inputs/output and data processing. The final result will be a flight ready light UAV featuring distributed processing nodes to handle the servo communications and controls.

An aging population is one common challenge faced by many developed countries including Australia. The Australian government has realised that the existing healthcare system must be improved to provide better support longer-term for the healthcare needs of this population. This research examines one such opportunity by suggesting a reform on how the care needs of residents living in Australian residential aged care facilities (RACF) are assessed. A recent study has shown that the current assessment system, known as the Residential Classification Scale (RCS), is subjected to high administrative procedural overhead costs and significant deviations in assessment results. This thesis documents a technical feasibility study of a novel method aimed to solve issues related to the time demands and subjectivity of the RCS through the design and implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This WSN is engineered to unobtrusively collect data from wireless sensor nodes either embedded in the RACF environment or attached to the resident??s body. The collected data can be potentially used to provide automatic and accurate care level assessments for the resident. The methodology of preparing and conducting the experiments to prove the hypotheses is justified and described, including the experimental instruments and procedures involved. The results show that this WSN surpasses similar research systems in terms of its application scale, the number and types of sensor nodes involved and the complexity of its hardware and firmware architectures. The major contributions of this thesis are: ?? The WSN developed satisfies certain technical requirements to be declared fit for use in a mock Australian RACF. ?? The WSN provides high sensor detection accuracies (between 88% and 100%), superior location tracking capability (94.75%) and activities of daily living inference capability over similar studies. Opportunities for further improvements of this WSN include: ?? Fine tuning the detection accuracy of Passive Infra-red (PIR) motion sensors. ?? Minimising the down time of the sensor nodes due to firmware memory leak. ?? An extra location tracking mechanism to improve location accuracy determination.

An aging population is one common challenge faced by many developed countries including Australia. The Australian government has realised that the existing healthcare system must be improved to provide better support longer-term for the healthcare needs of this population. This research examines one such opportunity by suggesting a reform on how the care needs of residents living in Australian residential aged care facilities (RACF) are assessed. A recent study has shown that the current assessment system, known as the Residential Classification Scale (RCS), is subjected to high administrative procedural overhead costs and significant deviations in assessment results. This thesis documents a technical feasibility study of a novel method aimed to solve issues related to the time demands and subjectivity of the RCS through the design and implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This WSN is engineered to unobtrusively collect data from wireless sensor nodes either embedded in the RACF environment or attached to the resident??s body. The collected data can be potentially used to provide automatic and accurate care level assessments for the resident. The methodology of preparing and conducting the experiments to prove the hypotheses is justified and described, including the experimental instruments and procedures involved. The results show that this WSN surpasses similar research systems in terms of its application scale, the number and types of sensor nodes involved and the complexity of its hardware and firmware architectures. The major contributions of this thesis are: ?? The WSN developed satisfies certain technical requirements to be declared fit for use in a mock Australian RACF. ?? The WSN provides high sensor detection accuracies (between 88% and 100%), superior location tracking capability (94.75%) and activities of daily living inference capability over similar studies. Opportunities for further improvements of this WSN include: ?? Fine tuning the detection accuracy of Passive Infra-red (PIR) motion sensors. ?? Minimising the down time of the sensor nodes due to firmware memory leak. ?? An extra location tracking mechanism to improve location accuracy determination.

Τα ασύρματα δίκτυα μικρής εμβέλειας (short-range wireless networks) γνωρίζουν σήμερα μεγάλη ανάπτυξη. Ένα βασικό δομικό στοιχείο των ασύρματων δικτύων είναι οι δέκτες (receivers), οι οποίοι περιλαμβάνουν μεταξύ των άλλων συστήματα για τον υποβιβασμό της συχνότητας του σήματος (down conversion) σε χαμηλότερες ενδιάμεσες συχνότητες (Intermediate Frequencies-IF). Κατά τη διαδικασία αυτή δημιουργείται το πρόβλημα της εμφάνισης ενός ειδώλου συχνότητας (image frequency), το οποίο συνυπάρχει με το σήμα προς επεξεργασία και θα πρέπει να απομακρυνθεί με χρήση κατάλληλων ηλεκτρονικών μιγαδικών φίλτρων (complex filters). Στόχος της Μεταπτυχιακής Διπλωματικής Εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη νέων δομών μιγαδικών φίλτρων τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται σε δέκτες που λειτουργούν με τα πρότυπα Bluetooth/Zigbee. Κύρια πλεονεκτήματα αποτελούν η δυνατότητα λειτουργίας σε χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας (1.2V), η ρύθμιση των χαρακτηριστικών τους με το ρεύμα πόλωσης, καθώς και η απουσία αντιστατών. Η εξομοίωση της λειτουργίας καθώς και η φυσική τους σχεδίαση έγιναν με χρήση του λογισμικού Cadence, σε τεχνολογία AMS 0.35μm. / Short-range wireless networks nowadays find great development. A basic structural component of wireless networks is the receivers, which include among others systems for down conversion of the signal into lower Intermediate Frequencies (IF). The problem of image frequency is created due to this procedure, which coexists with the under process signal and it should be removed through suitable electronic complex filters. The objective of this diploma Thesis is the development of new complex filters structures which are compatible with the Bluetooth/ZigBee standards. The main advantages are the operation availability in low-voltage supply (1.2V) environment, the adjustment of its characteristics through the dc bias current, and also the absence of resistors. The simulation of the filter and, also, the physical layout design were performed through the utilization of the Cadence with AMS BiCMOS 0.35um design kit.

Com o aumento das aplicações e dispositivos para Internet das Coisas, muitos esforços para reduzir potência dissipada nos transceptores foram investidos. A maioria deles, entretanto, focam individualmente no rádio, nos conversores analógicos para digital e viceversa, e na arquitetura de banda base digital. Como consequência, há pouca margem para melhorias na potência dissipada nestes blocos isolados que compense o enorme esforço. Portanto, este trabalho propõe uma arquitetura adaptativa a nível de sistema focando em reduzir o consumo no conversor analógico para digital e no receptor digital. Ele utiliza um algoritmo robusto para o receptor banda base digital, um conversor analógico para digital topologia Sigma-Delta e um bloco de controle realimentado conforme a relação sinal ruído medida do pacote recebido. O sistema foi projetado para o protocolo IEEE 802.15.4. Para validação do sistema e estimar a potência consumida foi feito um modelo de sistema utilizando a ferramenta Matlab, uma descrição do hardware em linguagem Verilog e uma síntese lógica utilizando o processo da X-FAB XC018. As simulações mostram uma redução na potência consumida pelo sistema de até 13% e ainda atingindo os requisitos do protocolo. Os resultados deste trabalho foram publicados na conferência internacional em tecnologia de instrumentação e medidas de 2014 realizada na cidade de Montevidéu no Uruguai. / With the increase of Internet of Things applications and devices, many efforts to reduce power consumption in transceiver has been invested. Most of them targeted in RF frontend, converters, or in the digital baseband architecture individually. As result, there are few margins nowadays for power improvement in these blocks singly that compensates the huge hard work required. The next optimization step leads to a system level analysis seeking design space and new possibilities expansion. It is in this field that adaptive systems approaches are conquering ground recently. The solutions combines Radio Frequency (RF) and process variation techniques, Low Pass Filters (LPF) and Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) adjustment for better performance, digital baseband bit width adaptive according to income packet SNR, configurable ADC resolution and topology, and others. In this scenario the current work proposes an adaptive system level architecture targeting ADC and digital receiver power reduction. It uses a robust algorithm for digital baseband receiver, a Sigma-Delta ADC, and suggests a feedback control block based on packet SNR measure. The system was designed for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and required system modeling using Matlab tool, hardware description in Verilog language, and logic synthesis using X-FAB XC018 process for validation and power consumption estimation. Simulations show up to 15% of system power reduction and still meeting the standard requirements. The work results were published in the International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference of 2014 occurred in Montevideo - Uruguay.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Roberto Santana Casella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Atualmente existem diversos padrões de redes sem fio destinados ao monitoramento de sensores em aplicações de redes sem fio. O Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) e o Zigbee são duas tecnologias em destaques que estão sendo amplamente empregadas em Smart Grids e Internet of Things (IOT) e foram desenvolvidas para o envio rápido de pequenos pacotes de dados em baixa latência com suporte a elevados números de nós operando em baixo consumo de energia. A degradação da potência de um sinal de rádio transmitido por dispositivos Bluetooth Low Energy e Zigbee pode ser ocasionada pela existência de objetos (paredes, portas, janelas e vegetações) que interferem na livre propagação do sinal eletromagnético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e comparar, através de uma modelagem computacional, os impactos da atenuação do sinal de rádio de redes sem fio BLE e Zigbee operando em ambiente indoor. Foram medidos os valores da potência do sinal recebido, relação sinal-ruído, taxa de dados e taxa de erro de bit estimada para diferentes fatores de perda de percurso e considerado o efeito de Shadowing.A modelagem computacional foi desenvolvida com auxílio do software OPNET Modeler e contemplou algoritmos que simulam as camadas PHY, MAC e enlace do BLE e do Zigbee, que permitiu analisar o comportamento das redes sem fio durante as trocas de pacotes de dados entre os dispositivos móveis. Além das simulações computacionais, foram feitos experimentos práticos com redes sem fio BLE e Zigbee localizadas em ambiente indoor em zona urbana. Os resultados das medições em campo foram comparadas e configuradas no modelagem computacional. Desta forma, foram criados modelos computacionais do BLE e Zigbee que descrevem parcialmente os mesmos comportamentos das redes sem fio ensaiadas nos experimentos práticos, o que tornou os resultados das simulações da modelagem computacional muito mais realistas. Através destes novos modelos computacionais, foi possível medir, comparar e analisar o desempenho das redes sem fio BLE e Zigbee em ambiente indoor. e da taxa de dados e provoca um aumento de BER à medida que o receptor se distância do transmissor em uma rede de dispositivos BLE e a adição do Shadowing tornou os resultados da modelagem computacional muito mais realista. Além das análises, este trabalho contribuiu com detalhes do desenvolvimento da modelagem computacional do BLE e Zigbee que foi realizado.Os resultados das simulações demonstraram que o aumento do fator de perda de percurso causou uma redução significativa da potência de recebimento e da taxa de dados e provoca um aumento de BER à medida que o receptor se distância do transmissor em uma rede de dispositivos BLE e a adição do Shadowing tornou os resultados da modelagem computacional muito mais realista. Além das análises, este trabalho contribuiu com detalhes do desenvolvimento da modelagem computacional do BLE e Zigbee que foi realizado. / Currently there are different standards of wireless networks for the sensors monitoring in wireless networking applications. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Zigbee are two technologies widely used in Smart Grids and Internet of Things (IOT) and were developed for the fast sending of small data packets at low latency with high numbers of nodes operating in low energy consumption. The degradation of the power of a radio signal transmitted by a BLE and Zigbee devices can be caused by the existence of objects, walls, doors, windows and vegetation, that interfere with the free propagation of electromagnetic signals. The objective of this work was to analyze and compare, through computer simulations, the radio signal attenuation of wireless networks BLE and Zigbee when operating in indoor environment. The value of the received signal strength, signal to noise ratio, data rate and bit error rate estimated for different path loss factors were measured and considered the effect of shadowing. The computer simulations was developed with the help of OPNET Modeler software, which included algorithms that simulate the PHY, MAC and Link Layer of the BLE and Zigbee, which allowed analyzing the behavior of wireless networks for the exchange of data packets between the mobile devices. In addition to the computer simulations were made practical experiments with wireless networks BLE and Zigbee located in indoor environment in urban areas. The results of field measurements were compared and set in computational modeling. Thus they were created computer models of BLE and Zigbee that describe partially the same behaviors of the tested wireless networks in the field via practical experiments, which made the simulation results of computer modeling more realistic. Through these new computer models were possible to measure, compare and analyze the performance of wireless networks BLE and Zigbee in indoor environment. The results of computer simulations have shown that increasing the path loss factor caused a significant reduction in received power and data rate and causes an increased BER when the receiver is away from the transmitter in a network BLE devices and adding the shadowing in computer simulations became more realistic results. In addition, this work contributed to the development details of computational modeling of BLE and Zigbee.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_jrg_me_bauru.pdf: 4191682 bytes, checksum: d4e7ba9da361bba449aa5305e441f61c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O sistema de distribuiçã de energia elétrica no Brasil é constituído, na grande maioria, de alimentadores aéreos na classe 15 kV sujeitos a muitos tipos de defeitos. Embora existam muitos trabalhos propondo técnicas para a identificação e a localização das faltas, a maioria deles foi desenvolvida objetivando as redes de transmissão pouco ramificadas. Em se tratando de redes muito ramificadas e extensas, características princiapais de redes de distribuição elétrica, esses métodos não apresentam alta confiabilidade e segurança em termos de detecção, dificultando a localização das faltas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de baixo custo voltado para a monitoração de alimentadores aéreosm de distribuição de energia elétrica, que possibilite a identificação e a localização de faltas bem como a avaliação da qualidade da energia elétrica fornecida. Para tal, uma rede de sensores sem fio no padrão IEEE 802.15.4 é utilizada para adquirir os dados de tensão e corrente de cada frase e, a partir do processamento dessas informações, possibilitar a identificação de um ramal sob falta e a determinação do seu tipo. Com a instação de mediadores em pontos onde a rede de distribuição se ramifica, o ramal sob falta pode ser localizado, reduzindo assim o tempo de desligamento e os custos de manutenção / The system of eletrecity distribution in Brazil is made mostly of air handlers in the class 15 kV, subject to many kinds of defects. Although there are many papers proposing techniques for the identification and location of faults, most of them were developed aiming at the broadcast networks little branched. In terms of networks very extensive and branched, like in distribution networks, these methods have low reliability and safety in terms of detection, makind the location of faults difficult. This paper aims to describe the development of a measurment system focused on low-cost monitoring of overhead distribution feeders of electricity, allowing for the identification and location of faults and the quality of power supplied. For this purpose, a network of wireless sensors on the IEEE 208.15.4 is used for data acquisition of each phase voltage and current and from the processing of such information is possible to determine a faulted extension and identification of its type. With the installation of meters at points where the distribution networks branches, the faulted extension can be located, thereby reducing the shutdown time and maintenance costs

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-02T22:51:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelDePaivaRego_DISSERT.pdf: 6599454 bytes, checksum: 76f8a4693f2da9ef04e230e849725726 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-04T00:00:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelDePaivaRego_DISSERT.pdf: 6599454 bytes, checksum: 76f8a4693f2da9ef04e230e849725726 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T00:00:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelDePaivaRego_DISSERT.pdf: 6599454 bytes, checksum: 76f8a4693f2da9ef04e230e849725726 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / O projeto ?ePoste? ? um sistema de monitoramento por comunica??o sem fio que tempor objetivo sensorear e atuar em um ou v?rios pontos de ilumina??o p?blica. O presentetrabalho consistiu na elabora??o da estrutura e do protocolo de comunica??o do projetoePoste e tamb?m o tratamento de dados para detec??o de eventos nos sensores localizadosnos postes. Anteriormente a comunica??o com os sensores era local, e quandohavia a necessidade de coleta de dados ou atua??o nestes dispositivos, o operador tinhaque se deslocar at? o alcance da rede local. De posse disso, a proposta tem o interessede aumentar a dinamicidade do sistema, chegando a poss?veis integra??es com sistemasj? existentes para gest?o de ilumina??o. ? levado em considera??o a mesma tecnologiade comunica??o j? existentes entre os sensores, utilizando o protocolo ZigBee operandosobre rede mesh, onde a comunica??o com essa rede ? feita pela internet atrav?s de umgateway. O protocolo desenvolvido, trata da forma??o de quadro em n?vel mais baixo,onde se define in?cio, tamanho, e checagem de erros, utilizado na comunica??o entre osensor, concentrador e servidor; e tamb?m o protocolo de n?vel mais alto, tratando-se deum servi?o que utiliza atributos de nomes para atender requisi??es GET e POST sob oprotocolo HTTP, implementado no servidor de dados, estando dispon?vel para a comunica??ocom os sistemas clientes, no caso, sistemas de gerenciamento de ilumina??o. / The study consists in the structure elaboration and the ePoste project communicationprotocol, which is a system of monitoring by wireless communication with the aim tosensor and act with one or many public lighting points, and also the treatment of data todetect the activity in the sensors located on the posts. Previously the communication withsensors were made in locus and when data collect was necessary or the performance inthe devices, the operator had to move until the net place. Accordingly, the purpose has theconcern to increase the system dynamic, achieving the possible integrations with the systemsalready available to the lighting management. The same technology of communicationbetween the sensors are considerate, using the ZigBee protocol running on the meshnet, the communication with this net is made be internet through a gateway by GPRS,device with two basics functionalities, which bypass for data and the firmware update inthe sensor. This functionality test of data management is being tested; integrate way withlocal net of sensors and the internet data server operates. The protocol developed, besidesincorporating the ZigBee, that it is formation of framework in lower level, where definesbeginning, size and errors check, as well as the communication of sensor with the concentrator,which it is encapsulated in ZigBee; also the protocol of upper level, where thatit is the names, it was developed a platform of service to meet GET and POST requestsbeneath HTTP protocol, this service is implemented in the data server, which availablethe communication with the clients systems, in case, lighting management systems.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-13T20:49:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloVarelaDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 5732938 bytes, checksum: dd7f6398532f0ae96057c5efefeb2a1d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-16T23:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloVarelaDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 5732938 bytes, checksum: dd7f6398532f0ae96057c5efefeb2a1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T23:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloVarelaDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 5732938 bytes, checksum: dd7f6398532f0ae96057c5efefeb2a1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / A procura por solu??es dom?sticas abriu caminho para a automa??o residencial por meio de sistemas que se prop?e a melhorar a qualidade de vida e economizar recursos. O presente trabalho faz um breve estudo sobre dom?tica e os componentes eletr?nicos necess?rios para sua aplica??o. Descreve ainda o m?todo para o desenvolvimento de um projeto de automa??o residencial usando conceitos de IoT e a plataforma Arduino. O sistema proposto possui, al?m do baixo custo, uma interface de f?cil utiliza??o, e ? composto por uma aplica??o para smartphones e sensores de controle para equipamentos dom?sticos, como l?mpadas e condicionadores de ar. O desenvolvimento deste sistema se deu atrav?s da utiliza??o de emissores e receptores infravermelhos, m?dulos de radiofrequ?ncia XBee e plataformas microcontroladas Arduino, nas vers?es Mega e Uno e microcontroladores ESP8266. / Demand for domestic solutions opened the way for the home automation through systems that proposes to improve the quality of life and save resources. This paper makes a brief study of home automation and electronic components required for your application. It also describes the method for the development of a home automation project using concepts of IoT and the Arduino platform. The proposed system has, in addition to low cost, a friendly interface, and consists of an application for smartphones and control sensors for household appliances such as lamps and air conditioners. The development of this system was made through the use of infrared transmitters and receivers, XBee radio frequency modules and Arduino microcontrolled platforms, in some versions, and microcontrolled ESP8266.