Amomum Roxb. is a moderately large and diverse genus, with several widely cultivated species of economic importance. The first regional treatment of Amomum of Sumatra, in which 23 species are recognised, is presented here. Two species, Amomum mentawaiense A.J. Droop and Amomum oligophyllum A.J. Droop, are newly described, and a further nine species are recorded for the first time from the island. Detailed descriptions and provisional IUCN assessments are provided for each species, and a key to the Amomum species of Sumatra is given. The names Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton and Amomum cardamomum sensu Roxb. Are lectotypified and a transcription of Solander’s collection notes for A. compactum is provided. Evolutionary relationships within the tribe Alpinieae, and in particular within Amomum Roxb., were reconstructed based on sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the chloroplast regions matK and trnL-F. Phylogenetic analyses identified at least seven distinct groups of Amomum species within the Alpinieae, suggesting that the genus as currently defined is polyphyletic. Alpinia and Hornstedtia were also identified as being polyphyletic. Morphological character analysis identified several characters that could be used, in combination, to distinguish between the groups of Amomum and of these, fruit morphology is the most informative. A hypothesis for the temporal and spatial evolutionary history for the Zingiberaceae and tribe Alpinieae was developed using a phylogeny derived from ITS sequence data and Bayesian ancestral area and dating reconstruction analyses. A Laurasian origin of the Zingiberaceae (105 – 72 Ma) is proposed, with the Alpinieae migrating south-east across Sundaland and crossing Wallace’s Line from the west to the east. Long-distance dispersal events are suggested to account for the presence of Aframomum and Renealmia in Africa, and Renealmia in the Neotropics.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.

Essa dissertação foi subdivida em cinco capítulos que, apesar de relacionados entre, podem ser lidos e compreendidos de forma independente. O primeiro capítulo trata de um breve histórico sobre o espessamento primário em caules de monocotiledôneas. Seu principal objetivo é deixar evidente para o leitor a problemática referente tanto à nomenclatura dos tecidos relacionados ao espessamento primário em monocotiledôneas, quanto explicar as hipóteses que embasam essas nomenclaturas. O segundo capítulo teve como principal objetivo evidenciar que, apesar da discordância de muitos autores da atualidade, existe continuidade dos tecidos endoderme e periciclo entre os órgãos no corpo vegetativo de monocotiledôneas, apresentando indícios que apóiam esse pensamento. Já o terceiro capítulo, Caule, demonstra dados que corroboram o pensamento defendido nessa dissertação: endoderme e periciclo são os tecidos responsáveis pelo espessamento do corpo primário do caule de monocotiledôneas. O quarto capítulo, Folha, discute e demonstra a presença de endoderme (entorno da unidade vascular desse órgão) e periciclo (como parte dessa unidade vascular) em folhas de Zingiberaceae e Costaceae. O quinto e último capítulo aborda a importância dos já mencionados tecidos, quais sejam endoderme e periciclo, na formação da raiz primária. / Since ends of 19th century, arised a great diversity of terminologys to name meristematic region responsible for primary thickening in monocotyledons. Despite of this great number of denominations, a few hypothesis and ideas are utilized to base this great complex of terminologys. This historical chapter aims explain the origin from this terminologys and understand correlations between hypothesis basis. At the end of this explanation, you can understand why the defense of presence of endodermal and pericycle tissue as the two meristematic tissues responsible for this primary thickening in monocotyledonous rather than the currently most accepted name of \"PTM\", a single meristem advocated by many authors. Despite of many authors consider fact the continuity between the vascular tissues of stem and leaf and stem and root, few authors consider that the endodermis (between stem and leaf and between stem and root) and pericycle (between stem and leaf and stem and between root) of these organs may be continuous. It was shown, with verification of the continuity of the tissues mentioned above, the plant is a unit and can be found in the root and leaves the same tissues found in the stem, in this case, the main tissues examined in this chapter: endodermis and pericycle. This chapter aims to discuss, demonstrate, and finally prove the continuity of the tissues mentioned in Zingiberaceae, and also describe the morphology of these tissues in each of the aforementioned organs. The stems of monocots has been the subject of studies since the nineteenth century. But despite the large amount of work produced since then, there is still controversy regarding the primary tissue responsible for thickening of this organ. The families Zingiberaceae Costaceae and serve as a model for which more data were collected showing not only the presence of endodermis and pericycle in the stem, but also to show that these are the meristematic tissues responsible for primary thickening in this organ. It was observed in the underground stem, the presence of strips of Caspary in the region farthest from the apex. Already in the air stem, the endodermis was seen only parenchymatous, without any morphological alteration in its walls. The meristematic pericycle was found in the underground stem, but in the aerial stems it is pluriseriated and have cell walls thick. Many authors recognize that the leaf is a projection of stem. But despite this recognition of the origin of this organ, few authors admit that there is continuity between the tissue found in these two organs. This chapter aims to show that tissue found in the stem, which are endodermis and pericycle, are also present in the leaves of species of Zingiberaceae and Costaceae families. Although not possible to observe strips of Caspary involving the vascular unit found in the leaves, could be observed in leaf expansion an accumulation of phenolic substances in tissue, facilitating the visualization of the cells corresponding to the endodermis. The pericycle, forming pericycle fibers was also observed and described. The root is one of the most preserved organs of all vegetative organs of vascular plants. This is the only organ where the tissues endodermis and pericycle are found in any textbook and that are part of primary body of the root. But despite this recognition, the endodermis is not seen by the authors in general, as being important for the formation of the root cortex. This chapter shows the presence of endodermis with meristematic activity, and demonstrate its derivatives (DEMs) in the root cortex of species of families Zingiberacaea and Costaceae.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.

Essa dissertação foi subdivida em cinco capítulos que, apesar de relacionados entre, podem ser lidos e compreendidos de forma independente. O primeiro capítulo trata de um breve histórico sobre o espessamento primário em caules de monocotiledôneas. Seu principal objetivo é deixar evidente para o leitor a problemática referente tanto à nomenclatura dos tecidos relacionados ao espessamento primário em monocotiledôneas, quanto explicar as hipóteses que embasam essas nomenclaturas. O segundo capítulo teve como principal objetivo evidenciar que, apesar da discordância de muitos autores da atualidade, existe continuidade dos tecidos endoderme e periciclo entre os órgãos no corpo vegetativo de monocotiledôneas, apresentando indícios que apóiam esse pensamento. Já o terceiro capítulo, Caule, demonstra dados que corroboram o pensamento defendido nessa dissertação: endoderme e periciclo são os tecidos responsáveis pelo espessamento do corpo primário do caule de monocotiledôneas. O quarto capítulo, Folha, discute e demonstra a presença de endoderme (entorno da unidade vascular desse órgão) e periciclo (como parte dessa unidade vascular) em folhas de Zingiberaceae e Costaceae. O quinto e último capítulo aborda a importância dos já mencionados tecidos, quais sejam endoderme e periciclo, na formação da raiz primária. / Since ends of 19th century, arised a great diversity of terminologys to name meristematic region responsible for primary thickening in monocotyledons. Despite of this great number of denominations, a few hypothesis and ideas are utilized to base this great complex of terminologys. This historical chapter aims explain the origin from this terminologys and understand correlations between hypothesis basis. At the end of this explanation, you can understand why the defense of presence of endodermal and pericycle tissue as the two meristematic tissues responsible for this primary thickening in monocotyledonous rather than the currently most accepted name of \"PTM\", a single meristem advocated by many authors. Despite of many authors consider fact the continuity between the vascular tissues of stem and leaf and stem and root, few authors consider that the endodermis (between stem and leaf and between stem and root) and pericycle (between stem and leaf and stem and between root) of these organs may be continuous. It was shown, with verification of the continuity of the tissues mentioned above, the plant is a unit and can be found in the root and leaves the same tissues found in the stem, in this case, the main tissues examined in this chapter: endodermis and pericycle. This chapter aims to discuss, demonstrate, and finally prove the continuity of the tissues mentioned in Zingiberaceae, and also describe the morphology of these tissues in each of the aforementioned organs. The stems of monocots has been the subject of studies since the nineteenth century. But despite the large amount of work produced since then, there is still controversy regarding the primary tissue responsible for thickening of this organ. The families Zingiberaceae Costaceae and serve as a model for which more data were collected showing not only the presence of endodermis and pericycle in the stem, but also to show that these are the meristematic tissues responsible for primary thickening in this organ. It was observed in the underground stem, the presence of strips of Caspary in the region farthest from the apex. Already in the air stem, the endodermis was seen only parenchymatous, without any morphological alteration in its walls. The meristematic pericycle was found in the underground stem, but in the aerial stems it is pluriseriated and have cell walls thick. Many authors recognize that the leaf is a projection of stem. But despite this recognition of the origin of this organ, few authors admit that there is continuity between the tissue found in these two organs. This chapter aims to show that tissue found in the stem, which are endodermis and pericycle, are also present in the leaves of species of Zingiberaceae and Costaceae families. Although not possible to observe strips of Caspary involving the vascular unit found in the leaves, could be observed in leaf expansion an accumulation of phenolic substances in tissue, facilitating the visualization of the cells corresponding to the endodermis. The pericycle, forming pericycle fibers was also observed and described. The root is one of the most preserved organs of all vegetative organs of vascular plants. This is the only organ where the tissues endodermis and pericycle are found in any textbook and that are part of primary body of the root. But despite this recognition, the endodermis is not seen by the authors in general, as being important for the formation of the root cortex. This chapter shows the presence of endodermis with meristematic activity, and demonstrate its derivatives (DEMs) in the root cortex of species of families Zingiberacaea and Costaceae.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-107) / Microfiche. / xiii, 107 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

No description available.

abstract: The Zingiberales, including the gingers (Zingiber), bananas (Musa) and ornamental flowers (Strelitzia, Canna, and Heliconia) are a diverse group of monocots that occupy the tropics and subtropics worldwide. The monophyly of the order is well supported, although relationships between families are not well resolved. A rapid divergence of the Zingiberales has been proposed to explain the poor resolution of paraphyletic families in the order, and direct fossil evidence shows members of both of these lineages of Zingiberaceae and Musaceae were present by the Late Cretaceous. Comparisons of the fossils with extant relatives and their systematic placement have been limited because variation within modern taxa is not completely known. The current study focuses on describing zingiberalean fossil material from North Dakota that includes seeds, leaves, buds, adventitious roots and rhizomes. A survey of extant zingiberalean seeds was conducted, including descriptions of those for which data were previously unknown, in order to resolve the taxonomic placement of the fossil material. Upon careful examination, anatomical characters of the seed coat in fossil and extant seeds provide the basis for a more accurate taxonomic placement of the fossils and a better understanding of character evolution within the order. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Plant Biology 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4556_1.pdf: 380828 bytes, checksum: a8c151b4a15b25b76bb62047379c7843 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / A produção de plantas pode ser otimizada pelo uso de bioinsumos, entre os quais se incluem os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), que tornam as plantas mais aptas para suportar estresses bióticos e abióticos. Para avaliar a eficiência micorrízica em substratos usados na aclimatização de Alpinia purpurata (alpinia) e Zingiber spectabile (sorvetão) e a tolerância de plantas de alpinia micorrizadas, ao ataque de nematóides, foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial, com quatro tratamentos de inoculação (sem ou com Gigaspora albida, Glomus etunicatum e Acaulospora longula), três substratos (solo; solo:vermicomposto e solo:areia:vermicomposto) com oito repetições. Após 100 dias não houve interação entre FMA e substratos relacionada ao crescimento das duas espécies, porém o substrato solo:vermicomposto beneficiou a produção vegetal. No segundo experimento, plantas de alpinia micorrizadas foram inoculadas com Meloidogyne arenaria. Após 270 dias plantas infestadas com o nematóide e associadas com G. etunicatum e com A. longula tiveram maior massa seca aérea e área foliar em relação aos demais tratamentos. A micorrização com G. albida e A. longula reduziu o número de galhas, enquanto o número de ovos do nematóide foi menor no tratamento com G. albida. A presença de M. arenaria afetou a colonização micorrízica. Concluiu-se que na fase de aclimatização, substratos orgânicos favorecem a formação de mudas vigorosas de alpinia e sorvetão, dispensando a inoculação com FMA, e que a micorrização de A. purpurata com A. longula induz tolerância a M. arenaria, constituindo alternativa para diminuir os prejuízos da meloidoginose

All the results showed that TCMs can provide a source for discovering anti-angiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer, and all these experiments in the zebrafish and mammalian models further confirmed the value of zebrafish model in anti-angiogenic drug discovery. / Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood capillaries from pre-existing ones, and is essential in a series of normal physiological processes such as embryonic development and pathological responses. However, persistent unregulated angiogenesis causes "angiogenic diseases" such as diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth and metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory diseases. The linkage between angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis was first hypothesized by Dr. Judah Folkman in the 1970s, and now this controversial idea is widely accepted and the inhibition of angiogenesis, or anti-angiogenesis, is considered as a promising anticancer therapeutic strategy. Bevacizumab (Avastin RTM by Genentech Inc.), the first approved anti-angiogenic drug by U.S. FDA in 2004, is a humanized monoclonal antibody to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, advanced breast cancer, glioblastoma, metastatic renal cell cancer. / Anti-angiogenic therapy in cancer treatment has led to the development of compounds designed to control a tumor's growth by blocking its ability to develop a blood supply. The development of agents with different mechanisms of action requires powerful preclinical models for the analysis and optimization of the therapy. Some in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenic assays are already developed, for example, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) assay, Chorioallantoic Membrane assay, Matrigel plug assay et al. Zebrafish, as a relatively new model organism, is firmly established as a powerful research platform for many areas of biology and drug discovery, allowing the testing of bioactive compounds in a whole organism and in cells undergoing normal cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Many anti- and pro-angiogenic molecules tested in zebrafish demonstrated similar effects to those observed in humans or other mammalian models. Besides providing a powerful platform for drug screening, zebrafish model can also be used for probing biological processes, and generate insights into mechanisms. / Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body, which causes a vast medical problem and is a leading cause of death worldwide nowadays. However, for many years the main methods of treating cancer have been surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Among these treatments, chemotherapy has played a major role in cancer therapy for half a century. Despite improving managements and efforts, it is not surprising that the prognosis has not greatly improved because of the limitations of current therapies, such as toxicity, inherent and acquired resistance, and metastatic spread. This calls for novel cancer therapies and new group of anticancer agents for selectively targeting cancers without or with lower toxicity to normal tissues. / Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have long been recognized as a rich source for discovering drugs, and various TCMs and their components have shown anti-angiogenic properties. In this thesis study, as a continuing pursuit for elucidating the anti-angiogenic properties of TCMs, our attention is focused on those with effects of anti-inflammation, anti-rheumatoid arthritis and anti-cancer. On zebrafish screening model, three of the selected TCMs, Rheum palmatum, Alpinia oxyphylla (seeds), and Kaempferia galanga showed potential anti-angiogenic activity, indicating the existence of potent anti-angiogenic components in these herbs. The ethyl acetate fraction of R. palmatum showed strong inhibition of vessel formation in zebrafish embryos. Further testing of the anthraquinones of this herb showed three of them displayed potent anti-angiogenic activities. The most potent compound---rhein could inhibit HUVEC migration and affect the mRNA expression of vegfa, kdr, angiopoietin1/2 and tie1/2; The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of A. oxyphylla and K. galangal showed anti-angiogenic potentials both in zebrafish and HUVEC assays. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of A. oxyphylla could both inhibit the proliferation, migration and tube formation processes of HUVEC. And the most potential component, trans-ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate from K. galanga, could inhibit HUVEC migration and tube formation, and reduce all gene expressions involved in angiogenesis process except for vegfa. / He, Zhiheng. / Adviser: Wei Ge. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-108). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.