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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Efeito da adição de óxido de cobalto na sinterização e na condutividade elétrica da zircônia estabilizada com ítria / Effect of Cobalt Oxide on Sintering and Electrical Conductivity of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia

Graziela Cristiane Telles da Silva 21 August 2008 (has links)
A zircônia estabilizada com ítria é um material com diversas aplicações tecnológicas. Uma de suas aplicações é como eletrólito sólido em células a combustível de óxido sólido. Os pós de zircônia estabilizada com ítria disponíveis comercialmente densificam a temperaturas superiores a 1400 ºC. Redução na temperatura de sinterização da zircônia seria muito útil, pois permitiria a realização da sinterização simultânea (co-firing) do eletrólito sólido e do anodo, implicando em redução de custo do processo na fabricação de células a combustível. Neste trabalho, os efeitos produzidos do Co na densificação da 8YSZ, principalmente em baixos teores do aditivo, foi estudado, como também a condutividade elétrica da zircônia-estabilizada com ítria, visando determinar o efeito da adição de Co. Foram preparados compactos com carbonato de cobalto e 8YSZ comercial em composições 8YSZ + x% mol Co com x = 0; 0,025; 0,05; 0,1; 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 7,5 e 10, por prensagem seguida de sinterização ao ar em diversas temperaturas e tempo de patamar. Os compactos sinterizados foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas. A espectroscopia Raman e a difração de raios X permitiram identificar o Co3O4 como fase predominante após a sinterização, quando o aditivo excede o limite de solubilidade. A densidade sinterizada aumentou com a adição de pequenos teores de Co, mas não foi suficiente para reduzir a temperatura de sinterização abaixo de 1400 ºC. O tamanho médio de grãos aumentou com a temperatura de sinterização. A condutividade elétrica diminui com a adição de Co para teores ³ 1% mol, mas apresenta pequeno aumento para teores de 0,025% mol. / Yttria stabilized zirconia has a wide range of applications including electrochemical devices, oxygen sensors and permeable membranes. Yttria stabilized zirconia is the preferred solid electrolyte in current solid oxide fuel cells. Commercially available yttria stabilized zirconia powders are usually sintered at temperatures higher than 1400 ºC. Reduction of the sintering temperature is desirable to allow for co-firing the solid electrolyte and the anode materials, thereby reducing the fabrication cost. In this work, the effects produced by small amounts of Co addition on sintering and on electrical conductivity of 8YSZ were investigated. Green compacts were prepared by uniaxial pressing mixtures of 8YSZ + x mol% Co with x = 0; 0.025; 0.05; 0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 7.5 and 10 followed by sintering at different dwell temperatures and soaking times. Several techniques were used to characterize the sintered compacts. Results of Raman spectroscopy along with those of Xray diffraction allowed for the identification of the cobalt oxide formed (Co3O4) when the solubility limit is exceeded. The sintered density increased with small Co additions. However, the sintering temperature is still around 1400 ºC. The average grain size increased with Co addition and with increase of the sintering temperature. The electrical conductivity remains almost unchanged with Co additions up to ~ 0.5 mol% and decreases for higher additive contents. However, a small increase of the electrical conductivity occurs at 0.025 mol% Co.
142

Estudo de degradação a baixa temperatura de cerâmicas Y-TZP/Al2O3 sintetizadas por coprecipitação / Low temperature degradation study of Y-TZP/Al2O3 ceramics synthesized by coprecipitation

Matsui, Jeferson Matsuji 24 July 2017 (has links)
A zircônia tetragonal estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP) têm sido utilizada na área odontológica para próteses livres de metais devido à estética associada ao alto desempenho mecânico. Porém, a presença de ambiente úmido pode causar a transformação acelerada da fase tetragonal para monoclínica e consequente falha catastrófica deste material, processo este conhecido como degradação a baixa temperatura ou envelhecimento. A cinética desta transformação é função da composição química da cerâmica e sua microestrutura. Tendo em vista que métodos químicos permitem a síntese de pós cerâmicos à base de zircônia de dimensões nanométricas, cuja microestrutura da cerâmica sinterizada é constituída por grãos submicrométricos quimicamente homogêneos, e que a presença de alumina é indicada para evitar a degradação de fases da zircônia, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a degradação a baixa temperatura e ambiente úmido de cerâmicas de zircônia estabilizada com 3 mol% de ítria (Y-TZP) e do compósito Y-TZP/Al2O3, proveniente de pós sintetizados pela rota de coprecipitação. A concentração de alumina na Y-TZP foi estudada na faixa de 0,05 a 20% em massa. A eficiência do processo desenvolvido foi verificada pela avaliação das características físicas dos pós obtidos (granulometria, área de superfície específica, estado de aglomeração e estrutura cristalina). As amostras cerâmicas foram prensadas, sinterizadas e avaliadas quanto à densidade aparente e microestrutura. Após a caracterização inicial das cerâmicas a degradação das amostras foi estudada in vitro em reator hidrotérmico pressurizado a 150°C. As amostras (n=4) foram submetidas à análise de difração de raios X de acordo com o tempo de envelhecimento, acompanhando a curva cinética de transformação de fase. A porcentagem de cada fase cristalina foi determinada pelo Método de Rietveld. A relação entre o tempo de envelhecimento e a concentração de fase monoclínica foi determinada pela equação de Avrami modificada por Kolmogorow (Johnson-Mehl- Avrami-Kolmogorow JMAK). Após envelhecimento a 150°C por 70 horas, todas as amostras contendo alumina apresentaram menor concentração de fase monoclínica, comparativamente à cerâmica Y-TZP, que apresentou 66,5% dessa fase. Menores porcentagens de fase monoclínica após o envelhecimento hidrotérmico foram obtidas com a adição de 10 e 20% em massa de alumina na matriz de zircônia, sendo esses valores 59,1 e 52,9%, respectivamente. Deve-se considerar, no entanto, que a diminuição da degradação total é consequência da menor porcentagem de zircônia na matriz em função da adição de alumina. Neste contexto, o efeito benéfico da adição de alumina ocorre apenas no início do envelhecimento. / The yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) is used in dentistry for metal free prosthesis due to esthetics associated with a high mechanical performance. However, the presence of humid environment can cause an accelerated tetragonal to monoclinic (t-m) phase transformation and consequent catastrophic failure of this material. This process is known as low temperature degradation (LTD) or aging. The kinetics of phase transformation is a function of the chemical composition of the ceramic and its microstructure. Considering that chemical methods allow the synthesis of nanometric zirconium-based ceramic powders, which microstructure of the sintered ceramic consists of submicrometric chemically homogeneous grains, and that the presence of alumina is indicated to delay the tetragonal phase degradation, the aim of this study was to verify the degradation at low temperature in humid environment of 3mol% yttria stabilized zirconia ceramics (Y-TZP) and the Y-TZP/Al2O3 composite prepared from coprecipitated powders. The addition of alumina at Y-TZP was studied in the range of 0.05 to 20wt%. The efficiency of the developed process was verified by the evaluation of the physical characteristics of the obtained powders (granulometry, specific surface area, agglomeration state and crystalline structure). The ceramic samples were pressed, sintered and submitted to apparent density and microstructure evaluation. After the initial characterization of the ceramics, the in vitro degradation of the samples was studied in a hydrothermal pressurized reactor at 150°C. The samples (n = 4) were submitted to X-ray diffraction analysis according to the aging time, followed by the determination of the kinetic curve of phase transformation. The Rietveld Method was employed to determine the percentage of each crystalline phase. The relationship between the aging time and the percentage of monoclinic phase was determined by the Johnson- Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorow equation (JMAK). After 70 hours aging at 150°C, all the alumina-containing samples presented a lower concentration of monoclinic phase, compared to the Y-TZP ceramics, which monoclinic phase concentration was 66.5%. The lower percentages of monoclinic phase after hydrothermal aging were obtained with the addition of 10%wt and 20 wt% alumina in the zirconia matrix (59.1% and 52.9%, respectively). This behavior is due to the lower concentration of zirconia in the composite containing alumina. In this point of view beneficial effect due to alumina addition occurs in the early stage of aging.
143

Reações de reforma de biogás sobre catalisadores de NiO-MgO-ZrO2 e NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 / Reforming of biogas on NiO-MgO-ZrO2 and NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts

Asencios, Yvan Jesús Olortiga 29 November 2012 (has links)
A fermentação anaeróbia da matéria orgânica produz uma mistura de gases chamada biogás. Este biogás contém CH4 e CO2 como componentes majoritários. Estes dois compostos são gases de efeito estufa e sua utilização é muito importante do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo produzir gás de síntese (H2/CO), uma matéria prima de alto valor industrial, a partir da reforma oxidativa do biogás com adição de oxigênio (1,5CH4+1,0CO2+0,25O2) sobre catalisadores de NiO-MgO-ZrO2 e NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2. Os catalisadores foram preparados usando o método de polimerização numa única etapa e foi estudada a variação do teor de MgO e de Y2O3 contido nas amostras. Estes materiais foram caracterizados por DRX, RTP, Adsorção-dessorção de N2, XPS, XAS-XANES, MEV e EDX e foram avaliados na reação de reforma oxidativa de um biogás modelo (composição molar:1,5 CH4/1CO2) em presença de oxigênio, a 750&deg;C e 1atm, visando à obtenção de gás de síntese. Os teores de MgO utilizados no sistema NiO/MgO/ZrO2 foram de 0%, 4%, 20%, 40% e 100% em relação ao ZrO2 (os mesmos teores foram utilizados para Y2O3 no sistema NiO/Y2O3/ZrO2) e o teor mássico de Ni foi 20%. As análises de DRX, TPR, XPS confirmaram a formação das soluções sólidas NiO-MgO e MgO-ZrO2 nos catalisadores NiO-MgO-ZrO2, e das soluções sólidas NiO-Y2O3 e Y2O3-ZrO2 nos catalisadores NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2. Estas soluções sólidas juntas, nos correspondentes catalisadores, melhoraram o desempenho catalítico, levando a altos valores de conversão e baixas taxas de deposição de coque. O teor de MgO ótimo foi de 20%mol no sistema NiO/MgO/ZrO2, e de 20% e 40% mol de Y2O3 no sistema NiO/Y2O3/ZrO2. Nos catalisadores NiO-MgO-ZrO2, a solução sólida NiO-MgO favoreceu principalmente a reação de reforma seca do metano (CH4+CO2), enquanto que nos catalisadores NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 a solução sólida Y2O3-ZrO2 favoreceu principalmente à oxidação parcial do metano (CH4+1/2O2). Os catalisadores Ni20MZ e Ni20YZ apresentaram resultados promissores para a reforma oxidativa de biogás em presença de oxigênio sendo estes catalisadores melhores do que uma amostra comercial de Ni/Al2O3 (20%Ni) testada nas mesmas condições de reação. A razão H2/CO nos produtos das reações sobre os melhores catalisadores foi muito próxima de 1,0; o que permite seu uso direto em diversas reações, como reação de Fischer-Tropsch, síntese direta de dimetil-éter (processo STD) e síntese de formaldeído. / The anaerobic fermentation of the organic material produces a mixture of gases called biogas. This biogas contains CH4 and CO2 as major components. These two compounds are greenhouse gases and their use are very important from the environmental and economic point of view. The present study aimed to produce synthesis gas (H2/CO), a high-value raw material for the chemical industry, from the oxidative reforming of biogas using oxygen (1.5CH4 +1.0CO2+0.25O2) over NiO-MgO-ZrO2 and NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts. These catalysts were prepared by the one-step polymerization method. The variation content of MgO and Y2O3 in each catalyst was studied. These materials were characterized by XRD, TPR, adsorption-desorption of N2, XPS, XAS, SEM and EDX; they were evaluated in the oxidative reforming reaction of a model biogas (molar composition: 1.5 CH4/1CO2) in the presence of oxygen at 750 &deg;C and 1atm, aiming to produce synthesis gas.<br /> The content of MgO in the NiO/MgO/ZrO2 system was varied ranging from 0-100% (0%, 4%, 20%, 40% and 100%mol in relation to ZrO2) , the same contents were used for the Y2O3 in the NiO/Y2O3/ZrO2 system. All catalysts had 20% wt of Ni. The XRD, TPR and XPS confirmed the formation of NiO-MgO and the MgO-ZrO2 solid solutions in the NiO-MgO-ZrO2 catalysts; and NiO-Y2O3 and Y2O3-ZrO2 solid solutions in the NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts. These solid solutions together, in the corresponding catalysts, inproved the catalytic performance, leading to high conversion rates and low carbon deposition rates. The optimum MgO content was 20mol% for the NiO/MgO/ZrO2 system and 20% and 40mol% of Y2O3 for the NiO/Y2O3/ZrO2 system. In the NiO-MgO-ZrO2 catalysts, the NiO-MgO solid solution promoted primarily the dry reforming reaction of methane (CH4 + CO2), while in the NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts, the Y2O3-ZrO2 solid solution primarily favored the partial oxidation of methane (CH4 + 1/2O2). The Ni20MZ and Ni20YZ catalysts showed promising results for the oxidative reforming of biogas in the presence of oxygen; these catalysts being better than a commercial catalysts (Ni/Al2O3; 20%wt Ni) tested under the same reaction conditions. The H2/CO ratio in the reaction products over the best catalysts was very close to 1.0, which allows its direct use in various processes such as Fischer-Tropsch process, Syngas-to-dimethyl-ether process (STD) and in the synthesis of formaldehyde.
144

Sistemas porosos de zircônia e céria / Zirconia-Ceria Porous Systems

Bacani, Rebeca 16 December 2009 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas sínteses de ZrO2-x%CeO2, baseadas na preparação da sílica mesoporosa ordenada SBA-15, utilizando um molde de co-polímero tribloco Pluronic P-123, diversos precursores de zircônio e cério e diferentes métodos. Os métodos de síntese testados foram com: precursores a base de cloreto hidratado (com x=50, 70 e 90), precursores a base de cloreto anidro (x=50 e 90), precursores a base de nitrato (x=90), solução supersaturada de nitrato (x=90), do tipo híbrido com Zr, Ce e Si (com 10%mol de Si e x=90), paliçada de Si (com 10 e 30%mol de Si e x=90) e paliçada de Si com temperatura de síntese de 40°C (com 30%mol de Si e x=90). Visando obter paredes compostas por fase cristalina única e grande área supercial, para futuras aplicações em catálise. Os compósitos polímero/(zircônio-cério) sintetizados a partir de cloretos formam uma estrutura lamelar organizada, que se transforma num sistema poroso desordenado após a calcinação para a retirada do molde. O processo de decomposição/remoção do molde até 540°C produz mudanças de fase nos precursores a base dos metais utilizados, além das transformações morfológicas. Para uma concentração de 90% de CeO2 obtém-se um material poroso com paredes homogêneas de estrutura fcc e de maior estabilidade mecânica. Os valores de área supercial e volume de poros dependem fundamentalmente do método de preparação do material e independem da concentração de CeO2. Aumentos signicativos da área supercial (~100m²/g) e do volume de poros (~0,4cm³/g) são obtidos a partir da introdução de sílica nesses sistemas. Foram alcançados área supercial aproximadamente 6 vezes maior e tamanho de cristalito ~4 vezes superior à do material similar nanocristalino preparado por gel-combustão. Esses valores também são iguais aos reportados para os melhores materiais porosos a base de zircônia-céria, preparados por outros métodos, encontrados na literatura. / In this work synthesis of ZrO2-x%CeO2 were developed, based on the formation of ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15, using the triblock co-polymer Pluronic P-123 as template, different precursors of zirconium and cerium and dierent methods. The tested synthesis methods were with: hydrated chloride precursors (with x=50, 70 and 90), anhydrous chloride precursors (x=50 and 90), nitrate precursors (x=90), supersaturated nitrate solution (x=90), hybrid type with Zr, Ce and Si (with 10%mol of Si and x=90), Si palisade (with 10 and 30%mol of Si, and x=90) and Si palisade with synthesis temperature of 40°C (with 30%mol of Si and x=90). Aiming to obtain crystalline single phase walls and large supercial area, for future applications in catalysis. The composites polymer/zirconium-cerium synthesized from chloride precursors formed an organized lamellar structure, which transforms into a disordered porous system after the calcination to remove the template. The template decomposition/removal up to 540°C produces phase transformations in the metallic precursors, besides morphological changes. A CeO2 content of 90% resulted in a porous material with homogeneous walls of fcc structure and better mechanical stability. The values of supercial area and pore volume depend mostly on the preparation method rather than the CeO2 concentration. Signicant increases on supercial area (~100m²/g) and pore volume (~0.4cm³/g) were obtained with the introduction of silica into the material. Supercial area ~6 times larger and crystallite size ~4 times superior to a nanocrystalline similar material, made by gel-combustion were attained. These figures are also equal to the ones reported for the best porous zirconia-ceria materials, prepared by other routes, found in the literature.
145

Design and Development of Higher Temperature Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells

Thampan, Tony Mathew 27 May 2003 (has links)
Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells are extremely attractive for replacing internal combustion engines in the next generation of automobiles. However, two major technical challenges remain to be resolved before PEM fuel cells become commercially successful. The first issue is that CO, produced in trace amounts in fuel reformer, severely limits the performance of the conventional platinum-based PEM fuel cell. A possible solution to the CO poisoning is higher temperature operation, as the CO adsorption and oxidation overpotential decrease considerably with increasing temperature. However, the process temperature is limited in atmospheric fuel cells because water is critical for high conductivity in the standard PEM. An increase in operating pressure allows higher temperature operation, although at the expense of parasitic power for the compressor. Further the conventional PEM, Nafion? is limited to 120°C due to it's low glass transition temperature. Thus, the design of higher temperature PEMs with stable performance under low relative humidity (RH) conditions is considered based on a proton transport model for the PEM and a fuel cell model that have been developed. These predictive models capture the significant aspects of the experimental results with a minimum number of fitted parameters and provides insight into the design of higher temperature PEMs operating at low RH. The design of an efficacious high temperature, low RH, PEM was based on enhancing the acidity and water sorption properties of a conventional PEM by impregnating it with a solid superacid. A systematic investigation of the composite Nafion?inorganic PEMs comprising experiments involving water uptake, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), conductivity and fuel cell polarization is presented in the work. The most promising composite is the nano-structured ZrO2/Nafion?PEM which exhibits an increase in the IEC, a 40% increase in water sorbed and a resulting 24% conductivity enhancement vs. unmodified Nafion?112 at 120°C and at RH < 40%.
146

Protein purification using expanded bed chromatography

Ramat, Fabien M 14 January 2004 (has links)
Expanded bed chromatography using ion-exchange media is a powerful first step in purification processes. Expanded bed chromatography can be used to extract components from complex and viscous solution. This can be achieved because of the void created between adsorbent particles where as in packed bed chromatography, the adsorbent is too compact and dense for a complex feed stock to flow through. Expanded bed chromatography was used to purify bovine serum albumin (BSA) from chicken egg white (CEW). The high viscosity of CEW presents a unique challenge for efficient large-scale protein purification. This project aimed to optimize and evaluate a separation method that is believed to be particularly suitable for high viscosity solutions: expanded-bed ion exchange chromatography. The BSA was admixed into the CEW and the solution was pumped through the column for purification. The media used in the column was Streamline DEAE which is an anion-exchanger. The yield obtained was 85% and the purity was 57%. A mathematical model to understand and predict the behavior of expanded bed chromatography was developed to provide an estimation of the breakthrough curves obtained for BSA. A small sized porous dense adsorbent was also synthesized to enhance the purification process. This zirconia-based adsorbent allows use of higher flow velocities that is a key factor when working with viscous fluids such as chicken egg white.
147

Evolution and Characterization of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (7wt% Y2O3) Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Bernier, Jeremy Scott 17 May 2002 (has links)
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of ZrO2-7wt% Y2O3 were deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) onto stationary flat plates and cylindrical surfaces in a multiple ingot coater. Crystallographic texture, microstructure, and deposition rate were investigated in this thesis. The crystallographic texture of EB-PVD TBCs deposited on stationary flat surfaces has been experimentally determined by comparing pole figure analysis data with actual column growth angle data. It was found that the TBC coating deposited directly above an ingot exhibits <220> single crystal type crystallographic texture. Coatings deposited between and off the centerline of the ingots the exhibited a <311>-type single crystal texture. For coatings deposited in the far corners of the coating chamber either a <111> fiber texture or a <311> single crystal type texture existed. The crystallographic texture of EB-PVD TBCs deposited on cylindrical surfaces was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) at different angular positions on the cylinder substrate. XRD results revealed that crystallographic texture changes with angular position. Changes in crystallographic texture are attributed to the growth direction of the columns and substrate temperature. Growth direction is controlled by the direction of the incoming vapor flux (i.e. vapor incidence angle), in which competition occurs between crystallites growing at different rates. The fastest growing orientation takes over and dominates the texture. Substrate temperature variations throughout the coating chamber resulted in different growth rates and morphology. Morphology differences existed between cylindrical and flat plate surfaces. Flat cross sectional surfaces of the coatings exhibited a dense columnar structure in which the columns grew towards the closest vapor source. Surface features were found to be larger for coatings deposited directly above an ingot than coatings deposited away from the ingots. Morphological differences result from substrate temperature changes within the coating chamber, which influences growth kinetics of the coating. Cylindrical surfaces revealed a columnar structure in which columns grew towards the closest vapor. Porosity of the coating was found to increase when the angular position changed from the bottom of the cylinder. Change in angular position also caused the column diameter to decreases. Morphology changes are attributed to self-shadow effects caused by the surface curvature of the cylinder and vapor incidence angle changes. Overall, the microstructure and crystallographic texture of EB-PVD coatings was found to depend on the position in the coating chamber which was found to influence substrate temperature, growth directions, and shadowing effects. The coating thickness profiles for EB-PVD TBCs deposited on stationary cylinders have been experimentally measured and theoretically modeled using Knudsen's cosine law of emissions. A comparison of the experimental results with the model reveals that the model must to be modified to account for the sticking coefficient as well as a ricochet factor. These results are also discussed in terms of the effects of substrate temperature on the sticking coefficient, the ricochet factor, and coating density.
148

Obtenção de nanowhiskers de celulose para aplicação em revestimento polimérico

Borsoi, Cleide January 2016 (has links)
Os revestimentos poliméricos podem atuar como uma barreira física entre os íons agressivos e o substrato metálico. Porém, uma exposição prolongada pode causar danos ao revestimento polimérico, conduzir a uma redução contínua do efeito barreira e por consequência a perda da proteção contra a corrosão. A utilização de nano materiais pode atuar aumentando o efeito barreira, proporcionando um aumento no caminho de difusão dos íons agressivos e água até o substrato metálico. Nanopartículas de celulose apresentam elevada cristalinidade e razão de aspecto, excelentes propriedades mecânicas e são proveniente de fonte renovável. Por outro lado, a polianilina (PAni) vem sendo utilizada em revestimentos devido a elevação do potencial de corrosão dos aços devido o seu comportamento redox que proporciona a formação de uma camada de óxidos estável no substrato metálico. A aderência do revestimento polimérico é fundamental para que este possa atuar como revestimento protetor contra a corrosão. Com isso, um pré-tratamento superficial a base de ácido hexafluorzircônico e a utilização de organosilanos na resina epóxi, podem ser utilizados melhorando as propriedades de proteção contra a corrosão e de aderência. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu na obtenção de nanowhiskers de celulose (CNW) por moagem ultrafina através da celulose microcristalina (MCC) para posterior utilização em revestimento polimérico a base de resina epóxi. A CNW foi utilizada funcionalizada ou não com PAni SE (polianilina na forma condutora – sal de esmeraldina) em comparação a MCC nas mesmas condições. Foi avaliada a incorporação de silano aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APS) na resina epóxi e a utilização de uma camada de conversão de zircônia (Zr) aplicada ao substrato metálico. Os revestimentos poliméricos foram avaliados quanto a propriedades mecânicas e à proteção contra a corrosão. As imagens da microscopia de transmissão (TEM) mostram que é possível a obtenção da CNW por meio do processo de moagem, apresentando melhor estabilidade térmica em comparação a MCC. Os revestimentos poliméricos utilizando o silano APS e a camada de conversão de Zr apresentaram as melhores propriedades físicas e mecânicas. A interação entre a carga de reforço, a resina epóxi e a superfície metálica é um fator determinante na eficiência do revestimento polimérico, pois de acordo com a análise de migração subcutânea, a superfície do aço carbono, após 1000 h de exposição, não apresentou corrosão superficial. Com relação à proteção contra a corrosão, quando incorporado a CNW funcionalizada com PAni SE ao revestimento epóxi com APS e a camada de Zr, este apresentou os melhores resultados como constatado nas análises de névoa salina e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS). / Polymeric coatings can act as a physical barrier between the aggressive ions and the metal substrate. However, prolonged exposure can cause damage to the polymer coating and conduct to a continuous reduction in the barrier effect and result in the loss of protection against corrosion. The use of nanomaterials may act by increasing the barrier effect and providing an increased diffusion path of aggressive ions and water to the metal substrate. Cellulose nanoparticles have high crystallinity and aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties and are derived from renewable sources. On the other hand polyaniline (PAni) has been used in coatings due to the increase of the corrosion potential of the steel due to redox behavior that results in the formation of a stable oxide layer on the metallic substrate. The adhesion of the polymeric coating is essential so that it can act as a protective coating against corrosion. With this, a superficial pre-treatment based on hexafluorzircônico acid and the use of organosilanes in the epoxy resin, can be used to improve the protection against corrosion properties and adhesion. The objective of this study was to obtain cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) for ultrafine grinding through microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for subsequent use in the polymer coating based on epoxy resin. The CNW was used functionalized or not with PAni SE (polyaniline in the conductive form - emeraldine salt) compared with MCC under the same conditions. The incorporation of silane aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was evaluated in the epoxy resin and the use of a zirconia conversion layer (Zr) applied to the metal substrate. The polymeric coatings were evaluated for mechanical properties and corrosion protection. Transmission microscopy (TEM) show that obtaining the CNW through the ultrafine grinding process is possible, resulting in better thermal stability compared with MCC. Polymeric coatings using APS silane and Zr conversion coating had the best physical and mechanical properties. The interaction between the reinforcing filler, the epoxy resin and the metal surface is a determining factor in the efficiency of the polymeric coating, because according to the subcutaneous migration analysis, carbon steel surface after 1000 h of exposure, showed no corrosion superficial. With regard to protection against corrosion, when incorporated CNW functionalized with PAni SE to epoxy coating with APS and the Zr layer, showed the best results as found in salt spray tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
149

Zero-direct-carbon-emission aluminum production by solid oxide membrane-based electrolysis process

Su, Shizhao 21 June 2016 (has links)
The traditional aluminum production process (Hall-Héroult process) involves electrolyzing the alumina dissolved in the molten cryolite salt. This process is energy intensive and emits massive amounts of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The market demand of aluminum and the environmental impact of the current aluminum production process justify research and development of alternative electrolytic processes for aluminum production that can both reduce the cost and eliminate adverse environment impacts. Solid oxide membrane (SOM) based electrolysis process is an innovative technology that has been demonstrated to successfully produce many energy-intensive metals directly from their oxides in an efficient, economical and environmentally sound way. During the SOM electrolysis process, an oxygen-ion-conducting SOM tube made of ytteria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) separates the pre-selected molten flux with dissolved metal oxide from the inert anode assembly inside the YSZ tube. When the applied DC potential between the cathode and the anode exceeds the dissociation potential of desired metal oxide, the metal is reduced at the cathode while oxygen ions migrate through the YSZ membrane and are oxidized at the anode. Employing the inert anode allows the oxygen to be collected at the anode as a value added byproduct. In this work, a zero-direct-carbon-emission aluminum production process utilizing SOM electrolysis is presented. The molten flux used in the electrolysis process is optimized through careful measurements of its physio-chemical properties. The liquidus temperature, volatilization rate, alumina solubility, aluminum solubility, YSZ membrane degradation rate and electrical conductivity of various flux compositions were measured, and the flux chosen for SOM electrolysis was a eutectic MgF2-CaF2 system containing optimized amounts of YF3, CaO and Al2O3. Laboratory scale SOM electrolysis employing the inert anode were performed at 1100 ~ 1200oC to demonstrate the feasibility of producing and collecting aluminum while producing pure oxygen as a byproduct. The aluminum product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). An equivalent circuit model for the electrolysis process was developed in order to identify the polarization losses in the SOM electrolysis cell. / 2016-12-21T00:00:00Z
150

"Estudo do compósito 3Y-TZP/Sl2N2O obtido por sinterização sem pressão" / 3Y-TZP/Si2N2O COMPOSITE OBTAINED BY PRESSURELESS SINTERING

Santos, Carlos Augusto Xavier 27 June 2006 (has links)
Zircônia 3YTZP apresenta propriedades excelentes à temperatura ambiente, mas estas propriedades são afetadas pelo aumento da temperatura pois esta age negativamente sobre o mecanismo de transformação de fase induzida por tensão, que fortalece a tenacidade da matriz. A adição de Si3N4 e SiC em uma matriz de 3YTZP é muito interessante porque conduz à formação de oxinitreto de silício, melhorando as propriedades mecânicas tais como dureza e tenacidade, mas esta adição está limitada por várias dificuldades que se apresentam durante o processamento e sinterização destes materiais. Neste trabalho foi estudada a obtenção, por sinterização sem pressão, do compósito Y-TZP/Si2N2O, partindo-se da adição de 20vol%Si3N4-SiC em uma matriz de zircônia dopada com 3mol% de Y2O3 - 3YTZP, utilizando-se Al2O3 e Y2O3 como aditivos de sinterização. A mistura foi moída e moldada por prensagem isostática a frio. Amostras foram sinterizadas a 1500º, 1600º e 1700ºC por 2h sem pressão e em atmosfera ambiente, utilizando-se um leito de nitreto de silício. Após sinterização, as amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X. Foram medidas a densidade, tenacidade, dureza e resistência mecânica à flexão em temperatura ambiente. A estrutura do material foi observada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, com mapeamento químico, para verificar a homogeneidade e morfologia das fases do compósito. A formação de Si2N2O foi observada no material sinterizado devido à reação entre os pós adicionados. O material obtido apresentou aumento de tenacidade e dureza com o aumento de temperatura de sinterização. As amostras apresentaram boa resistência à oxidação a 1000ºC. / Zirconia 3YTZP presents excellent properties at room temperature. These properties decrease as the temperature increases because high temperature acts negatively over the stress induced transformation toughening in the matrix. The addition of Si3N4 and SiC in a Y-TZP matrix is very interesting because leads to formation of silicon oxynitride and it increases the mechanical properties like toughness and hardness. Certainly the mechanical properties increment is limited by several difficulties which have appeared during processing and heating of these materials. This paper studies the Y-TZP/Si2N2O pressureless sintered composite, under different temperatures, showing the behavior of 20vol%Si3N4-SiC when added in YTZP matrix and heated under no pressure system. Al2O3 and Y2O3 were used as sintering aids. The mixture was milled and molded by cold isostatic pressure. Samples were heated at 1500º, 1600º and 1700ºC x 2h without pressure under atmospheric conditions using Si3N4 bed-powder. Samples were characterized by XRD and density, hardness, toughness, bending strength were measured. The structure of the material was observed in SEM/TEM/EPMA to verify the distribution and composition of the materials in the composite and the contact between filler surface and the matrix. The formation of SiON2 was observed in the sintered material due to reaction between both nitride and carbide with Y-TZP matrix. Furthermore the material showed an increment of both hardness and toughness as temperature increases. The samples presented considerable resistance to oxidation below 1000ºC.

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