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Orientador: Yoshitaka Gushikem / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leidens_VictorLuis_D.pdf: 1636627 bytes, checksum: 06d33a05e6bcd33c4077ff16a21c70b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Foram obtidos, pelo método de processamento sol-gel, os materiais compósitos SiO2/ZrO2/Fosfato, partindo de tetraetil ortosilicato (TEOS), butóxido de zircônio, e três diferentes precursores H3PO4, Cl3OP e (CH3O)3PO, originando os materiais compósitos designados respectivamente como SZP1, SZP2 e SZP3. Utilizou-se etanol como solvente e catálise ácida para promover a hidrólise do TEOS. A área superficial específica, SBET, apresentou um valor maior para SZP2 (270 ± 10 / m g) e menor para SZP1 (176 ± 10 / mg). No caso de SZP3 a área se mostrou pequena (56 ± 10 / m g), fato considerado normal devido ao precursor de natureza orgânica, empregado na síntese. A espécie fosfato contida na superfície foi determinada como sendo dihidrogênio fosfato para SZP1 e mono hidrogênio fosfato para SZP2 e SZP3. Estudos de RMN P CPMAS e XPS demonstraram este fato. As imagens de SEM mostram uma superfície significativamente lisa das partículas em um aumento de 30.000 vezes. Já as imagens de TEM demonstram que, assim como foi observado pelos dados de difratometria de raios-X, o material é constituído de uma estrutura amorfa, sendo possível avaliar que as partículas são de tamanho nanométrico. As qualidades eletrocatalíticas para a determinação simultânea de ácido ascórbico, dopamina e ácido úrico foram avaliadas e o material SZP1/AM (sílica/fosfato de zircônia/ azul de metileno) demonstrou picos voltamétricos em potenciais suficientemente separados para a quantificação simultânea das três espécies / The synthesis of the ceramic material SiO2/ZrO2/Phosphate were carried out through the sol-gel method, by reaction of tetraethyl orthossilicate (TEOS) with zirconium tetrabuthoxyde and three different reagents (phosphoric acid to SZP1; phosphoryl chloride to SZP2; and methyl phosphate to SZP3) to obtain phosphate group in the surface of solid particles. The solvent used was ethanol, with acid catalysis to start TEOS hydrolisis. The materials were characterized by different techniques and properties of acidity, thermical resistance and electrochemical activity were studied. The specific surface area, SBET, showed a higher value to SZP2 (270 ± 10 / m g) and lower to SZP3 (56 ± 10 / mg). The small specific surface area value for SZP3 was expected due to the use of reagent with organic groups. The phosphate species on surface of the solids were assigned as dihydrogen phosphate to SZP1 and mono hydrogen phosphate to SZP2 e SZP3. This was showed by XPS and NMR P CP MAS studies. The SEM images show a smooth surface on 30.000 times of amplification. TEM images show, as in X ray diffraction experiments, that the materials have an amorfous structure, being possible to say that that particles are of nanometric size. The electrochemical potentials to determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid were studied and the material SZP1/MB (silica/zirconium phosphate/ metilene blue) showed voltametric peaks enough disconnected to makes the simultaneous determination of the three substances / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

Studies have been made of the reactions which take place when zirconium compounds and vegetable tannins react with chromium tanned leather, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of the reactions which occur on retannage. Statistical procedures have been used in all investigations because of the variable nature of the substrate, and computer techniques have been applied to the repetitive statistical computations. Although chromium and vegetable tannages are well understood, further information on the reaction of zirconium with collagen was necessary before attempting to interpret the results of the studies of combination tannages with chromium, and this has been obtained by a comparative study of the reactions of chromium and zirconium with modified collagen. It is concluded that the mechanism of the reaction of basic zirconium sulphate with collagen is multipoint attachment of the tanning material by residual valency forces, although charge effects with basic groups may be supplementary. Zirconyl chloride reacts with carboxyl groups but does not form satisfactory, stable cross-links with collagen. Further evidence for this theory was obtained from the investigation of the reaction of zirconium compounds with chromium tanned collagen. Zirconyl sulphate does not interfere with effective chromium tannage and therefore can have little affinity for the carboxyl groups on the protein, but it displaces chromium complexes loosely held by auxiliary valencies without reducing the shrinkage temperature of the chromium leather Zirconyl chloride, although only fixed to a limited extent, apparently forms co-ordination compounds with the carboxyl groups, disrupting the chromium tannage because there is an over-all loss of hydrothermal stability. There is no evidence that zirconium co-ordinates with, or releases acid from chromium-collagen complexes, since combination chromium/zirconium tanned leathers are stable on storage. Retannage of chromium tanned leather with vegetable tanning materials generally results in loss of strength and a product which tends to deteriorate on ageing. Lower initial strength is probably due to the increased avidity of chromium tanned pelt for vegetable tannins, resulting from the liberation of internally neutralised reactive sites which are not normally available in vegetable tannage, and from the co- ordination of vegetable tannins and non-tannins to the chromium complex with the displacement of sulphate radicals. From a study of the retannage of chromium tanned modified collagen, it appears that basic groups probably play an important part in the rapid absorption of vegetable tannin. These reactions result in overloading of the fibre and an increased number of cross-links, both of which tend to produce weak leather. Deterioration with age is primarily a hydrolytic degradation of the protein which is catalysed by acid liberated from the chromium complexes by the entry of vegetable tannins, those factors which favour the formation of acid causing greater and more rapid deterioration.

Le but de ce travail était de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes complexes qui sous-tendent la formation et l’évolution des hydrures dans le zirconium α et ses alliages. Dans ce contexte, des approches multi-échelles, mêlant simulations atomiques et par champ de phase, ont été employées pour aborder les propriétés structurales et énergétiques des interfaces hétérophases α|hydrures. Un intérêt particulier a été porté à l'hydrure γ-ZrH, en raison de sa stabilité et ses relations avec les chemins de précipitation controversés, via l’étude des interfaces basales et prismatiques complétée par une étude soignée des plans d’habitat. Une méthodologie originale transposable à d’autres systèmes, fondée sur la théorie microélastique combinée à des calculs ab initio, a été proposée pour estimer les énergies relatives à ces interfaces. Les résultats montrent une forte anisotropie jusque-là négligée dans la littérature. Du fait du caractère semi-cohérent des interfaces prismatiques, une évaluation correcte de leur énergie s'est révélée difficile. Une approche alternative a donc été suggérée, fondée sur un formalisme de champ de phase à même de décrire la structure de cœur des dislocations inhérentes à des interfaces prismatiques hc|cfc. Elle s’est avérée utile pour estimer la stabilité interfaciale de divers systèmes et pour prédire la perte de cohérence d’un germe croissant. Il a été montré que l'hydrure ζ-Zr2H cohérent constituerait un bon précurseur de γ. Enfin, l'emploi de la théorie microélastique aux interfaces α|hydrures a clairement indiqué la préférence pour des plans d'habitat pyramidaux πI. Un effet notable de la teneur en hydrogène a aussi été observé. / The goal of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underpinning the formation and evolution of hydrides in α zirconium and its alloys. In this context, multi-scale approaches combining atomic and phase-field simulations were employed to address the structural and energetic properties of heterophase α|hydrides interfaces. A peculiar attention was focused on the γ-ZrH hydride due to its controversed stability and to its supposed role one many sequences of precipitation. In particular, the study was concentrated on the basal and prismatic interfaces complemented by a meticulous study of the habit planes. An original methodology, transferable to other systems and based on the microelasticity theory combined with ab initio calculations, was proposed to estimate the energies related to these interfaces. The results show a strong anisotropy hitherto neglected in the literature. Due to the semi-coherent nature of prismatic interfaces, a correct evaluation of its energy was proven to be difficult. Thus, an alternative approach, grounded in a phase-field formalism and able to describe the core structure of inherent dislocations in prismatic interfaces, has been suggested. This approach turned out useful to estimate the interfacial stability of various systems as well as to predict the coherency loss of a growing seed. It has been showed that the coherent ζ-Zr2H hydride could constitute a good precursor of γ-hydride. Finally, the application of the microelasticity theory to α|hydrides interfaces has clearly showed a preference for πI pyramidal habit planes where a significant effect of hydrogen content in the hydride has also been observed.

La mise en forme des matériaux passe par la déformation à l'échelle atomique de sa structure. Cette déformation implique la création et le déplacement de défauts tels que les dislocations. La mobilité des dislocations joue un rôle majeur dans la plasticité des matériaux. Il existe différents types de dislocations se déplaçant sur différents systèmes. Actuellement les systèmes de glissement principaux sont bien connus mais les systèmes secondaires, essentiels à la bonne modélisation du comportement plastique, ne le sont pas. Notre travail est de définir les systèmes principaux et secondaires, de les hiérarchiser et de donner une valeur de la contrainte permettant l'activation de la dislocation. Nous avons pour cela choisi d’utiliser la méthode de la Dynamique Moléculaire associée à des potentiels de type Embedded Atom Method (EAM). Nous avons débuté notre étude par la comparaison des performances des différents potentiels de Zirconium et de Titane publiés dans la littérature par rapport aux propriétés plastiques et élastiques obtenues expérimentalement ou par méthode ab initio. Nous avons ensuite étudié les dislocations coins dans les plans prismatiques 1, basal et pyramidal type 1. Nous avons calculé les cissions critiques d'activation de ces dislocations dans le Zirconium et le Titane. Nous nous sommes enfin intéressés aux énergies de fautes des différents plans de glissement du Zirconium et du Titane. Nous avons pour cela calculé toutes les surfaces γ de ces deux métaux. Nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus par dynamique moléculaire à des résultats obtenus par méthode ab initio. Nous avons ensuite donné un classement des différents plans de glissement / The forming of a material requires the deformation at an atomic level of his structure. This deformation involves the creation and movement of defaults like the dislocations. The dislocations mobility plays a major role in the plasticity of the materials. There are different types of dislocations gliding on different gliding systems. Currently the principal gliding systems are well known but the secondary systems aren't. Our work is to define the principal and the secondary gliding systems, to rank them and to calculate the value of the critical resolved shear stress responsible for the dislocation movement. For that we chose to use Molecular Dynamics with EAM (Embedded Atom Method) potentials. We began our studies by comparing the results of several EAM potentials for Zirconium and Titanium to the plastic and elastic properties obtained experimentally or by ab initio calculation.We studied edge dislocations in the prismatic, basal and pyramidal 1 planes. We calculated the critical resolved shear stress of these dislocations in Zirconium and Titanium. Finally we got interested in the fault energies of several gliding planes of Zirconium and Titanium. For that we calculated the γ surfaces of those planes. We compared results obtained by molecular dynamics to results obtained by ab initio calculation. We finally gave a classification of those planes

Thesis (Nucl. E. and S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. / Shadow corrosion of zirconium alloy fuel cladding in BWR environments, the phenomenon in which accelerated corrosion is experienced when the cladding surface is in close proximity to other metals, has become a potentially life-limiting issue for BWR fuel. Recent results from experimentation at MIT, Halden, and Studvik suggest that a galvanic coupling drives the phenomenon between the cladding and the adjacent material. However, the actual processes involved are not understood. One key parameter that would help in the understanding of the phenomenon would be a measurement of the actual corrosion current between fuel cladding and adjacent materials in the actual in-reactor environment. The limitations placed on the bum-up of uranium oxide fuel correlates to the amount of corrosion seen through a directly measurable oxide thickness on the waterside of the zirconium alloy cladding. This oxide corrosion product directly correlates to distance from structural components, leading to the effect commonly referred to as shadow corrosion. In recent experiments, Studvik determined that there are large ECP differences associated with Inconel and zirconium alloys that correlate to increased galvanic current density when the materials are coupled. / (cont.) In this thesis research, four electrode pairs were used to measure galvanic current densities in the irradiation environment: Pt-Pt, Zircaloy 2 (Zr-2)-Pt, Inconel (X-750)-Pt, and Zr-2-X-750. To determine the changes in the coolant water conductivity due to the presence of radiolysis products, electrochemical potential measurements of Pt-Pt coupled electrodes were analyzed. Finally, attempts to characterize the observed oxide behavior using measurements from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), also known as Alternating Current Impedance, were conducted. Through the measurements taken, analysis of the mechanisms potentially causing the shadow corrosion phenomenon was conducted. The results of the observations included: -- Measurement of increased conductivity of coolant water correlating to increases in reactor power. -- Measurement of increased galvanic current measurements correlating to increases in reactor power. / by Nicole M. Treeman. / Nucl.E.and S.M.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE / Bibliography: leaves 217-219. / by Nicola Anthony Pisano. / M.S.

The first stable “free” N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) was isolated in 1991, since then many classes of NHCs were synthesized and isolated. N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have become a common ligand in the synthesis of metal complexes, due to their strong σ-donation with poor πeptor ability. Among all the NHC metal complexes, Hollis group was interested in exploring -NHC pincer complexes. In 2005, Hollis and co-workers synthesized and isolated first achiral -NHC zirconium pincer amido complex and studied its catalytic ability to perform intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes. Later, Hollis group designed and developed new NHCs with a saturated chiral backbone, and used these new ligands to generate a new series of metal complexes. This dissertation is focused on the design, synthesis and characterization of several chiral bi-dentate NHC ligands with varying substituents on the backbone. These NHC ligands were used to synthesize several chiral mono, bis and tris amido -NHC zirconium pincer complexes. Further, transmetallation to cobalt complexes were achieved. Intramolecular hydroamination was measured for several chiral bis and tris amido -NHC pincer zirconium catalysts. Variants of these catalytic systems were generated with differing steric hinderance and electronic structure. The enantioselectivity of these novel new molecules were studied.