The metallic binary-alloy fuel Uranium-Zirconium is important for use in the new generation of advanced fast reactors. Uranium-Zirconium goes through a phase transition at higher temperatures to a (gamma) Body Centered Cubic (BCC) phase. The BCC high temperature phase is particularly important since it corresponds to the temperature range in which the fast reactors will operate. A semi-empirical Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) potential is presented for Uranium-Zirconium. This is the first interatomic potential created for the U-Zr system. The bulk physical properties of the Uranium-Zirconium binary alloy were reproduced using Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with the MEAM potential. The simulation of bulk metallic alloy separation and ordering phenomena on the atomic scale using iterative MD and MC simulations with interatomic potentials has never been done before. These simulations will help the fundamental understanding of complex phenomena in the metallic fuels. This is a large step in making a computationally acceptable fuel performance code, able to replicate and predict fuel behavior.

Zirconium- and tantalum-based diborides, and diboride/carbide composites are of interest for ultra-high temperature applications requiring improved thermomechanical and thermochemical stability. This thesis focuses on the synthesis, processing and sintering of nanocrystalline powders with Zr- and Ta-based diboride/carbide/silicide compositions. A solution-based processing method was developed to prepare reactive mixtures that were precursors for ZrB₂-based powders. The precursors reacted to form the ceramic powders after suitable pyrolysis and borothermal/carbothermal reduction heat treatments. Single-phase ZrB₂ powders were prepared with initial composition of C/Zr = 4.8 and B/Zr = 3.0. ZrB₂-based composite powders with ZrC, ZrO₂, TaB₂, TaC, SiC, TaSi₂ and B₄C were prepared with particle sizes of 10-500 nm for different phases based SEM micrographs. The composite powders were highly sinterable with proper processing methods developed to avoid and remove oxide impurities. The relative densities of ZrB₂/B₄C, ZrB₂/TaB₂, ZrB₂/TaB₂/B4C, ZrB₂/TaSi₂ were in the range of 91%-97% after pressureless sintering at 2020 ℃ for 1 h or 30 min.

Specimens of ZrB2 containing various concentrations of B4C, SiC, TaB2, and TaSi2 were pressureless-sintered and post-hot isostatic pressed to their theoretical densities. Oxidation resistances were studied by scanning thermogravimetry over the range 1150 - 1550 degree C. SiC additions improved oxidation resistance over a broadening range of temperatures with increasing SiC content. Tantalum additions to ZrB2-B4C-SiC in the form of TaB2 and/or TaSi2 increased oxidation resistance over the entire evaluated spectrum of temperatures. TaSi2 proved to be a more effective additive than TaB2. Silicon-containing compositions formed a glassy surface layer, covering an interior oxide layer. This interior layer was less porous in tantalum-containing compositions. The oxidation resistances of ZrB2 containing SiC, TaB2, and TaSi2 additions of various concentrations was studied using isothermal thermogravimetry at 1200, 1400, and 1500 degree C, and specimens were further characterized using x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Increasing SiC concentration resulted in thinner glassy surface layers as well as thinner ZrO2 underlayers deficient in silica. This silica deficiency was argued to occur by a wicking process of interior-formed borosilicate liquid to the initially-formed borosilicate liquid at the surface. Small (3.32 mol%) concentrations of TaB2 additions were more effective at increasing oxidation resistance than equal additions of TaSi2. The benefit of these additives was related to the formation of zirconium-tantalum boride solid solution during sintering, which during oxidation, fragmented into fine particles of ZrO2 and TaC. These particles resisted wicking of their liquid/glassy borosilicate encapsulation, which increased overall oxidation resistance. With increasing TaB2 or TaSi2 concentration, oxidation resistance degraded, most egregiously with TaB2 additions. In these cases, zirconia dendrites appeared to grow through the glassy layers, providing conduits for oxygen migration.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-202).

Cette thèse est axée sur la caractérisation microstructurale des précipités dans les oxydes des alliages binaires de zirconium (1 wt.% Fe, Cr , Ni ou 0.6 wt.% Nb). La température d'oxydation est fixée au 415°C. Les échantillons sont oxydés dans l'air et dans l'autoclave sous des pressions différentes et dans un microscope électronique à balayages environnemental sous vapeur d'eau. Les résultats des recherches peuvent être résumés ci-dessous : -Deux types d'oxydation (retardée et non retardée) ont été observés pour les précipités. -Le facteur de Pilling-Bedworth des précipités est plus élevé par rapport à celui de zirconium. -Les précipités contenant du fer entrainent une formation des cristaux de l'oxyde de fer pur à la surface du matériau, quand les précipités sont à la surface ou à la proximité. Ces observations mènent à la conclusion que le comportement d'oxydation des précipités peut être corrélé à leurs compositions et à la tendance d'oxydation de leurs éléments constituants. / This thesis is focused on the microstructural characterisation of precipitates in the oxide of binary zirconium alloys (1 wt.% Fe, Cr or Ni or 0.6 wt.% Nb) under different oxidation conditions at 415°C. The samples were oxidised in autoclave in air and steam and in an environmental scanning electron microscope in water vapour. The microstructural evolution of the precipitates during oxidation was characterised using electron microscopy. The findings from the analysis are the following: -Two types of oxidation behaviour are observed for precipitates. -Pilling-Bedworth ratio of precipitates is higher than that of the zirconium matrix. -Formation of pure iron oxide crystals on the surface for iron bearing precipitates close to or at the surface. From these observations it is concluded that the precipitate oxidation behaviour can be correlated to precipitate composition and oxidation tendency of the elements in the precipitates. Iron exhibits clearly different behaviour.

Les alliages de zirconium sont utilisés comme matériaux de gainage des combustibles nucléaires dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée. Ces gaines sont utilisées dans un milieu extrêmement radiatif et corrosif, elles peuvent dans certains cas être le siège de fortes variations de température et doivent répondre à des sollicitations mécaniques importantes, que ce soit en conditions de service ou accidentelles. Dans un tel contexte, il est intéressant de pouvoir prédire les transformations de phases ayant lieu au sein de la gaine en fonction des variations de température et de composition chimique, la précipitation de phases fragiles induites par la présence des éléments d’alliages, mais aussi de tester de nouvelles compositions d’alliages afin de l’optimiser.La méthode la plus adaptée pour la modélisation thermodynamique de systèmes multiconstitués est la méthode Calphad (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams). Il s’agit d’une méthode semi-empirique, consistant à modéliser les enthalpies libres des différentes phases constitutives d’un système par ajustement de certains paramètres, dans le but de reproduire les données expérimentales.Ce mémoire détaille la construction d’une base de données thermodynamiques du système quinaire Cr-Fe-Nb-Sn-Zr selon la méthode Calphad. L’originalité de notre démarche est liée à l’utilisation des calculs DFT de manière systématique et massive. Il s’agit en particulier de calculer par DFT les enthalpies de formation de tous les end-members des phases intermétalliques constitutives du système quinaire. De plus, des calculs sur des mailles « quasi aléatoires » (SQS) sont également effectués de manière systématique afin de déterminer les enthalpies de mélange des solutions solides binaires en structure fcc, bcc et hcp. En outre, une étape importante de ce travail consiste à compléter les données expérimentales de la littérature par de nouvelles mesures sur des systèmes choisis. En particulier, nous nous sommes employés à décrire quelques équilibres de phases des systèmes ternaires Cr-Nb-Sn, Cr-Fe-Sn, Cr-Sn-Zr et Fe-Nb-Sn qui n’avaient jamais été déterminés expérimentalement. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ces calculs et ces nouvelles données expérimentales en complément de données de la littérature comme données d’entrée pour la modélisation thermodynamique des vingt sous-systèmes binaires et ternaires du système quinaire considéré. Enfin, le pouvoir prédictif de notre base de données a pu être vérifié en confrontant ces prédictions à des données expérimentales relatives à des alliages quinaires industriels ou à de nouveaux concepts de gaines / Currently, zirconium alloys are used as fuel cladding materials in PWR (Pressurized Water Reactors). The claddings stand in a very corrosive and radiative environnement, and can be submitted to temperature variations. In addition, the claddings will be subjected to mechanical stresses in reactor or accidental conditions. Thus, it appears useful to have a better understanding of phase transformations occurring in these alloys, as a function of temperature and chemical composition variations, but also to forecast the precipitation of fragile phases induced by the addition of alloying elements. At last, the ability to test new alloy compositions may allow to optimize it.The most suitable method for the thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent systems is the Calphad method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams). The Calphad method is a widely used technique of semi-empirical modelling of phase diagrams. It consists in the description of the Gibbs energies of the different phases by fitting parameters allowing to describe the experimental data.This report details the design of a thermodynamic database considering the five following elements Zr, Cr, Fe, Nb, and Sn. The originality of this database lies in a systematic use of DFT calculations. Indeed, DFT calculations are performed to predict the formation enthalpy of the intermetallic phases appearing in these systems. Moreover, the SQS method (Special Quasirandom Structure) is used to predict the mixing enthalpy of the fcc, bcc and hcp binary solid solutions. Besides, experimental investigations are an important step of this thesis. Since no experimental data were available for the Cr-Fe-Sn, Cr-Nb-Sn, Cr-Sn-Zr and Fe-Nb-Sn ternary systems, new experimental data are provided, within this study, on the isothermal sections of these systems at different temperatures. All these calculated data in addition to the experimental data and the data from literature are used as input data for the Calphad modelling of the twenty binary and ternary systems which are then combined in the new database. A last part is dedicated to comparisons between predictions obtained with our new database and experimental results on industrial quinary alloys and a new concept of claddings

La « shadow corrosion » est un phénomène observé sur les gaines en alliages de zirconium des assemblages de combustibles dans les réacteurs nucléaires. Il consiste en l'augmentation de la corrosion sur les zones de la gaine qui sont à proximité d'autres parties de l'assemblage en Inconel. Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de ses mécanismes, des modèles numériques sont développés suivant deux axes d'études. Un premier modèle de couplage galvanique a pour but de dégager les facteurs de premier ordre. Les résultats des simulations montrent que l'intensité du courant anodique, et sa dépendance en potentiel, contrôlent le caractère local (effet d'ombre) de ce phénomène. D'autre part, cet effet nécessitant un courant cathodique assez élevé révèle l'importance du pouvoir oxydant de l'électrolyte. Un deuxième modèle d'oxydation du zirconium est développé en intégrant le transport multi particules dans l'oxyde. Ce modèle, couplé aux effets d'interfaces (métal/oxyde et oxyde/électrolyte), permet de démontrer le rôle crucial de la polarisation et de l'hydrogène provenant de la dissociation de l'eau sur les cinétiques d'oxydation. A partir de ces modèles, un scénario explicatif de la shadow corrosion est élaboré suggérant l'importance de la radiolyse de l'eau. / La « shadow corrosion » est un phénomène observé sur les gaines en alliages de zirconium des assemblages de combustibles dans les réacteurs nucléaires. Il consiste en l'augmentation de la corrosion sur les zones de la gaine qui sont à proximité d'autres parties de l'assemblage en Inconel. Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de ses mécanismes, des modèles numériques sont développés suivant deux axes d'études. Un premier modèle de couplage galvanique a pour but de dégager les facteurs de premier ordre. Les résultats des simulations montrent que l'intensité du courant anodique, et sa dépendance en potentiel, contrôlent le caractère local (effet d'ombre) de ce phénomène. D'autre part, cet effet nécessitant un courant cathodique assez élevé révèle l'importance du pouvoir oxydant de l'électrolyte. Un deuxième modèle d'oxydation du zirconium est développé en intégrant le transport multi particules dans l'oxyde. Ce modèle, couplé aux effets d'interfaces (métal/oxyde et oxyde/électrolyte), permet de démontrer le rôle crucial de la polarisation et de l'hydrogène provenant de la dissociation de l'eau sur les cinétiques d'oxydation. A partir de ces modèles, un scénario explicatif de la shadow corrosion est élaboré suggérant l'importance de la radiolyse de l'eau.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal explorar a produção, a dispersão e a consolidação de zircônia (óxido de zircônio – ZrO2), em sua forma hidratada, obtida a partir do tungstato de zircônio (ZrW2O8), em meio alcalino e em condições de temperatura de até 100°C. A produção dos materiais particulados foi realizada sob diferentes condições experimentais (concentração de NaOH, tempo e temperatura) de modo a investigar como as características cristalográficas, morfológicas, químicas e térmicas dos pós produzidos são afetadas e, com base nesses resultados, buscou-se inferir o mecanismo pelo qual o ZrW2O8, pó micrométrico e insolúvel em água, originou partículas nanométricas de zircônia em condições brandas de síntese. Neste trabalho também se explorou a dispersão das partículas de zircônia, no momento de sua síntese, com o uso de trietanolamina (TEOA) como surfactante, de modo a obter soluções coloidais estáveis que pudessem ser ultracentrifugadas visando à obtenção de corpos de zircônia transparentes de forma controlada. Verificou-se, de um modo geral, que os materiais particulados produzidos sem a adição de TEOA são compostos por aglomerados de nanopartículas constituídas majoritariamente por Zr e O, com partículas primárias de tamanho próximo a 5 nm e cristalitos inferiores a 3 nm. Os pós apresentaram uma estrutura cristalina semelhante à da ZrO2 cúbica (ou de uma mistura de fases tetragonal e cúbica dependendo da condição de síntese), que formam aglomerados de elevada área superficial, mesoporosidade e capacidade para adsorção de água e dióxido de carbono em diferentes sítios superficiais. O mecanismo da síntese parece ser constituído, primeiramente, por uma reação química de substituição entre os tetraedros de WO4 e íons hidroxila, com posterior solubilização de parte da estrutura, pelo excesso de hidroxilas no meio, formando íons zircônio coloidais que polimerizam/condensam para a formação de núcleos cristalinos para posterior crescimento, em um processo facilitado por nucleação heterogênea e supersaturação. Além disso, a presença de tungstênio remanescente em todas as amostras parece ser um fator importante para a estabilização do tamanho e da estrutura cristalina dos materiais produzidos. A utilização de TEOA no processo de síntese permitiu a obtenção de corpos amarelados e transparentes, por ultracentrifugação, semelhantes a géis, que podem ser entendidos como um híbrido contendo material orgânico e WOx/ZrO2. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-05-11T19:20:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Marjore Antunes.pdf: 13646783 bytes, checksum: f9ad9dd04536ebae6f6140e93117a8d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T19:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Marjore Antunes.pdf: 13646783 bytes, checksum: f9ad9dd04536ebae6f6140e93117a8d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS / The aim of the present work is to explore the production, dispersion and consolidation of zirconia (zirconium oxide – ZrO2), in its hydrous form, obtained from zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) in alkaline medium using temperatures up to 100°C. The production of particulate materials was carried out under different experimental conditions (NaOH concentration, time and temperature) in order to investigate how the crystallographic, morphological, chemical and thermal characteristics of the powders are affected and, based on these results, it was possible to infer the mechanism by which micrometric ZrW2O8 powder, water insoluble, yielded nanosized zirconia particles under mild synthesis conditions. This work also explored the dispersion of zirconia particles using triethanolamine (TEOA) as a surfactant, to obtain stable colloidal solutions which could be ultracentrifuged in order to obtain transparent zirconia bodies. It was found, generally, that the particulate materials produced without the addition of TEOA are composed of agglomerated nanoparticles composed mainly of Zr and O, with primary particle sizes near 5 nm having crystallites of less than 3 nm. The powders had a similar crystalline structure to cubic ZrO2 (or a mixture of tetragonal and cubic phases depending on the synthesis conditions), which create high surface area agglomerates with mesoporosity and capacity for water and carbon dioxide adsorption onto different surface sites. The mechanism of synthesis seems to be related to a chemical reaction of substitution between WO4 tetrahedra and hydroxyl ions, with subsequent solubilization of some portions of the structure due to the hydroxyl groups excess in the medium, originating colloidal zirconium ions which polymerize/condense to form crystal nuclei for further growth, in a process facilitated by heterogeneous nucleation and supersaturation. Furthermore, the presence of the remaining tungsten in all samples seems to be an important factor for stabilizing the size and crystalline structure of the materials produced. The use of TEOA in the synthesis process was responsible for the production of yellowish and transparent bodies by ultracentrifugation, similar to gels, which can be understood as a hybrid containing organic material and WOx/ZrO2.