Port of Kaohsiung is the most important harbor of southern Taiwan and it was once the third biggest cargo harbor in the world. Recently, the ranking of Port of Kaohsiung dropped from the 3rd to the 13th, thus the Central Government of Taiwan has introduced a plan to enhance the situations. ¡§Urban Renewal Project of Kaohsiung Port Railway Station,¡¨ involves the development planning of many sites and the waterfront regeneration along the Kaohsiung Harbor. This paper argues that the sustainability is the key of success of the project. This paper will (1) to discuss the gains from the economic developments, (2) to examine the details and discuss the coming challenges and potential obstacles in pursuing greater socio-economic goodness, and (3) outline the possible solutions, practices, and mechanisms which might be useful in attaining a sustainable development of Kaohsiung Harbor by studying other countries¡¦ success and failures in their waterfront redevelopment projects.

Climate change and anticipated impacts of sea level rise such as increased coastal erosion, inundation, flooding due to storm surges and salt water intrusion to freshwater resources will affect all the countries but mostly small island countries of oceans and low-lying lands along coastlines. Turkey having 8333 km of coastline including physically, ecologically and socio-economically important low-lying deltas should also prepare for the impacts of sea level rise as well as other impacts of climate change while participating in adaptation and mitigation efforts. Thus, a coastal vulnerability assessment of Turkey to sea level rise is needed both as a part of coastal zone management policies for sustainable development and as a guideline for resource allocation for preparation of adaptation options for upcoming problems due to sea level rise. In this study, a fuzzy coastal vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) of a region to sea level rise using physical and human activity indicators of impacts of sea level rise which use commonly available data are developed. The results enable decision makers to compare and rank different regions according to their vulnerabilities to sea level rise, to prioritize impacts of sea level rise on the region according to the vulnerability of the region to each impact and to determine the most vulnerable parameters for planning of adaptation measures to sea level rise. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis performed for the results of the model (FCVI) is the first time application of a fuzzy uncertainty analysis model to coastal vulnerability assessments. These analysis ensure that the decision makers could be able to interpret the results of such vulnerability assessments based primarily on expert perceptions accurately enough. This in turn, would increase the confidence levels of adaptation measures and as well as accelerate implementation of adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. The developed coastal vulnerability assessment model is applied successfully to determine the vulnerability of G&ouml / ksu, G&ouml / cek and Amasra regions of Turkey that have different geological, ecological and socio-economical properties. The results of the site studies show that G&ouml / ksu has high vulnerability, G&ouml / cek has moderate vulnerability and Amasra shows low vulnerability to sea level rise. These results are in accordance with the general literature on impacts of sea level rise at different geomorphological coastal areas thus the applicability of fuzzy vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) to coastal areas is validated.

Tourism is acquiring the attention worldwide especially in the developing countries (Akpabio et al. 2006). In the case of coastal areas, tourism is more sensitive to environmental degradation compared to other economic activities because the environment is its primary resource. With the help of efficient planning and proper management of natural resources, tourism can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and to achieve environmental sustainability in coastal areas (Orhon et al. 2011). The main purposes of this study are to explore the tourism development trend in coastal areas of Cox’s Bazar, to analyse existing environmental conditions of Cox’s Bazar coastal area, to examine the importance of environmental sustainability at coastal region. More positively, the study shows environmental sustainability can be achieved through more eco-friendly planning of installations in tourism hubs like Cox’s Bazar. The main methods of conducting this study were desktop research; data collection through questionnaire survey and expert interview; data input in SPSS, processing and analysis; evaluation of policies, strategies and institutional framework. To formulate study goal and objectives, a comprehensive literature review has been conducted to understand about tourism, tourism development, sustainability, sustainable development by reviewing relevant reports, journals, and international cases which has helped to develop the conceptual framework of the study. After extensive literature review and formulation of goal and objectives, the conceptual framework of the study data collection instruments such as questionnaire has been prepared to collect data from the field. The study is largely based on the primary data collected through field visit, interviews to the experts on tourism and environment, and questionnaire survey at the study area, Cox’s Bazar. In this study, the statistical data on the study area has been collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Apart from this, information has also been collected from various sources e.g. journals, projects, periodicals, and the daily newspapers, archives of both home and abroad. From the analysis, it found that Cox’s Bazar sea beach is a good place for tourism development, and it is also found that the level of tourism is improving gradually. Tourism in Cox’s Bazar mainly depends on natural beauty and environment of the coastal area. Tourism is producing long term negative effects on the coastal environment. If the environmental systems degrade tourism will not sustain any more. However, tourism can provide incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. Nearly half of the respondents stated that because of tourism, natural environment is in better condition in Cox’s Bazar and tourism provides incentive for the conservation and restoration of the natural environment. The analysis also identifies that policies and strategies play a big role to the conservation of natural environment and resources, and the implementation of principles of sustainable development. Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been formulated some policies and strategies related to tourism development, sustainable development and coastal zone management, but most of the policies and strategies are not implemented properly because of institutional conflicts. In the light of the data analysis, discussion and findings, some recommendations are suggested here to help and guide future decisions regarding tourism development, conservation of the environment, sustainable development and sustainability at coastal areas in Bangladesh. / published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

The Port of Durban is a resource utilised by a wide range of stakeholders. The water quality of this resource is a prerequisite for sustaining the preferred uses of the bay for future generations. Given the extent of development in the port the abundance of fauna and flora is remarkable. Based on the current literature available the management of the port uses a combination of international and local standards to manage the water resource. An associated problem however is that the local legislation does not address the heart of the pollution problem - the polluter. This is highlighted in all chapters of this thesis, as the South African water quality guidelines are not legally enforceable, and do not take into account the combined use of resources. The uncontrolled nutrient loads and pollution present in the port system could ultimately affect the ecosystem health. This is amplified by apparent inability of officials to protect the receiving environment of the Port of Durban. The subsequent condition of water quality in the port compared with the Department of Water Affairs guidelines indicates that there is less than 5% compliance with the target water quality variables. in comparing the same water quality to international water quality Legislation the compliance percentage increased marginally, however the bacterial contamination and nutrient contamination of the resource is apparent even with more relaxed international comparisons. The noticeable cause was clearly evident when comparing results, indicating extensive unacceptable bacterial and nutrient contamination emanating from stormwater systems from the city of Durban, and highly urbanised river catchments. Based on the water quality results it is highly recommended that sustainable environmental management practices be implemented to protect and address the water resource. The metropolitan authorities need to investigate the origins of the stormwater pollution and dialogue must ensue between Portnet and the City to reach consensus on receiving water quality objectives with the aim of compiling a water management policy. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

A mass balance approach was used in an attempt to quantify nutrient flux to the nearshore at the West Coast, Barbados, W.I. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels of the groundwater at inland pumping stations and above beach margins, as well as in the water of the nearshore zone and approximately 2 km offshore, were obtained. Nearshore groundwater seepage rates and salinity data were also taken. This study attempted to use this raw data to estimate flushing rates, nutrient loading rates, and nutrient loss rates, to ultimately create a picture of the fate of nutrients as they travel in groundwater into the nearshore zone. Annual loading for the entire West Coast was calculated at 1.46 x 105 kg NO3---N for nitrogen and 1.19 x 103 kg PO4 3---P for phosphorus. Mean nutrient levels in groundwater above the beach margin were estimated at 969.83 muM for nitrogen and 3.63 muM for phosphorus. For nitrogen and phosphorus respectively, these levels were twice and three times higher than at the pumping stations farther inland; and there was also a fourfold and fivefold drop in nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in the nearshore zone relative to this groundwater above the beach margin. This indicated that the dense coastal population at the West Coast was adding significant amounts of nutrient to groundwater after it had left the inland pumping stations. There were no patterns of gradation in nutrient concentrations detected within the immediate nearshore, making completion of an accurate mass balance impossible, though indicating that there was significant advection of submarine groundwater offshore, beyond the study zone. This may contribute to the poor health of West Coast reefs, where sewage and fertiliser leaching and runoff are suspected as the primary sources for nutrient input to submarine groundwater to the south and northern parts of the West Coast, respectively.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, School of Biological Sciences. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 161-203.

Univ., Diss.--Bremen, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 152 - 174.

Thesis (M.M.S.-Res.)--University of Wollongong, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 135-149.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Delft University of Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references and abstracts in English and Dutch.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, 2004. / Errata slips (3 p.) inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [242]-260).