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How successful has wetland mitigation been? : an examination of wetland compensatory mitigation success in the Coos Watershed, OregonShaffer, Laura Jean, 1972- January 1999 (has links)
Typescript.
Includes vita and abstract.
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-216).
Description: xiv, 216 leaves : maps ; 29 cm.
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Variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos e físicos de um latossolo cultivado com pimenta-do-reino no norte do Espírito SantoAmorim, Diego Dantas 17 May 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-17 / O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos e físicos do solo pode ser uma ótima ferramenta para auxílio no manejo das culturas de importância agronômica. A partir de mapas de isocores pode-se traçar estratégias de manejo, adubação e calagem, podendo propiciar à planta um melhor desenvolvimento e rendimento. O experimento foi conduzido em uma lavoura de pimenta-do-reino da variedade Bragantina, plantada no espaçamento 3,0 x 1,8 m (1852 plantas ha-1), sob Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, localizada no município de São Mateus - ES. As análises de solo foram realizadas no Laboratório de Solos e Análise Foliar (LAGRO) e no Laboratório de Física do solo situados no Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES-UFES). Instalou-se uma malha retangular de 100 x 120 m (12.000 m2) com 126 pontos georreferenciados com distâncias mínimas de 5 x 5 m, a malha amostral apresenta declividade variando de 3 a 10%. Em cada ponto amostral foram coletadas amostras de solo para análise química do solo onde foi determinado valores de pH, H+Al, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SB, V, t, T e m. Para cada ponto de amostragem coletou-se ainda uma amostra indeformada na profundidade de 0,00-0,20 m para a determinação da densidade do solo (Ds), volume total de poros (VTP), macroporos (Macro) e microporos (Micro). O estudo da resistência do solo à penetração (Rp1 e Rp2) foi realizado em cada ponto amostral, com sua respectiva umidade volumétrica (U1 e U2) do solo nas camadas de 0,00-0,20 e 0,020-0,40 m. Uma calagem foi realizada na área estudada, de acordo com mapa de Necessidade de Calagem (NC), a taxa diferenciada para a avaliação da influência da necessidade de calagem nos atributos químicos do solo. Objetivou-se descrever a variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos e físicos de uma lavouRA de pimenta-do-reino sob Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Verificou-se dependência espacial moderada para as variáveis Macroporos, Microproros, densidade do solo, umidade nas duas camadas; forte para volume total de poros e resistência ao penetrômetro na camada de 0,00-0,20, se apresentando fraca para a mesma na camada de 0,20-0,40. Tais variáveis apresentaram alcances de 29,1, 33,81, 39,22, 99,59, 22,33, 25,44, 10,38 e 23,31 m para os atributos físicos, respectivamente. Evidenciou-se correlação espacial negativa entre a produtividade e a Ds. Com a calagem diferenciada, conseguiu-se distribuir melhor o calcário na área segundo a NC para cada zona de manejo / Knowledge of the spatial variability of chemical and physical properties of soil, can be a great tool to aid in the management of crops of agronomic importance. From Contour maps showed we can strategize management, fertilizatilizing and liming, the plant may provide a better growth and yield. The experiment was conducted in a field of black pepper variety Bragantina, planted at 3.0 x 1.8 m spacing (1852 plants ha-1), in Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distroférrico, located in City of São Mateus - ES. The soil analysis will be performed at the Laboratory of Soil and Foliar Analysis and the Soil Physics Laboratory at the Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES-UFES). Installed a rectangular grid of 100 x 120 m (12.000 m2) with 126 georeferenced points, apart from each other at distances of 5 x 5 m, 10 x 10 m and 20 x 20 m with geo minimum distance of 5 x 5 m, the sampling grid has slope ranging from 3 to 10%. At each sampling point were collected soil samples for chemical analysis of soil chemical analysis shall consist of pH values, H + Al, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SB, V, T , and T m. For each sampling point was collected sample has a depth in the 0.10-0.20 deformed for the determination of bulk density, total pore volume, macropores and micropores. Study was conducted on the resistance to penetration was performed on each sample point, with their respective water content in the soil layers from 0.00-0.20 and 0.020-0.40 m. A liming was made in the study area, according to the statement of need for liming, the fees for the evaluation of the influence of lime requirement on soil chemical properties. The objective was to describe the spatial variability of chemical and physical attributes of a field of black pepper kingdom under Latossolo vermelho-amarelo distrófico. There was moderate spatial dependence for variables macropores, Microproros, bulk density, soil moisture in two layers; strong for total porosity and soil resistance in the layer of 0.00 to 0.20, appearing weak to the same layer from 0.20 to 0.40. These variables had ranges of 29.1, 33.81, 39.22, 99.59, 22.33, 25.44, 10.38 and 23.31 m for the physical attributes, respectively. It was proven negative spatial correlation between productivity and Ds. With the different liming, we were able to better distribute the limestone in the area under the need liming for each management area
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Diagnóstico sócio-ambiental do Balneário Cassino e áreas adjacentes - Rio Grande-RS : subsídio ao gerenciamento costeiro integrado localSarilho, Karina Aparecida January 2003 (has links)
As preocupações com a integridade e o equilíbrio ambiental das regiões costeiras decorrem do fato de serem as mais ameaçadas do planeta, justamente por representarem para as sociedades humanas um elo de ligação e de intensa troca de mercadorias entre si, com a exploração desordenada e muitas vezes predatória de seus recursos naturais, tornado-se, já na era industrial o principal local de lazer, turismo ou moradia de grandes massas de populações urbanos. A vocação de uso de determinada paisagem esta relacionada às funções que a mesma desempenha. O que ocorre é que o padrão de desenvolvimento adotado e a atual configuração sócio-econômica determinam usos que nem sempre coincidem com a sua melhor utilização. A fim de subsidiar futuros planos de uso e ocupação racional do solo das áreas naturais adjacentes ao Balneário Cassino (Rio Grande, RS), de acordo com os preceitos do Gerenciamento Costeiro Integrado, desenvolveu-se um Dianóstico Sócio-Ambiental da área dentro de abordagem sistêmica. Foram considerados principais componentes e processos urbanos e ambientais, definidos a partir da interpretação de aerofotografias, levantamentos de campo quali-quantitativos e informações bibliográficas. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de tabelas, quadros, levantamentos fotográficos, modelos diagramáticos conceituais, e mapas temáticos, que permitiram entender a organização estrutural e funcional da paisagem, e fundamentar uma ordenação espacial dos usos desta área, de modo a adequá-los às suas especificidades ambientais, histórico-culturais, sócio-econômicas e legais. / The integrity and the environmental equilibrium of coastal zones are increasingly becoming a concern to environmental scientists. Coastal environments are one of the most threatened in the world. Besides, they represent, to the human societies, a link of connection and intense exchange of merchandise amongst each other, with disordered and, at many times, predatory exploration, becoming, already at the industrial age, a main site of leisure, tourism and habitation of large masses of urban population. The vocation of a determined landscape is related to the functions and roles it plays. What actually occurs is that the development pattern adopted and the actual socio-economics determine the uses, which not always coincide with its best utilization. In order to assist future plans of rational use and occupation of natural areas adjacent to Cassino's Bathing Resort (Rio Grande, RS), in agreement with the Integrated Coastal Zone Management, a social-environmental diagnosis of the study site was developed using the systemic approach. The main environmental and urban processes and components were considered. They were defined based on aerophotos interpretation, quail-quantitative field survey and bibliographic information. The results, presented in the form of tables, photographic surveys, conceptual diagrammatic models and thematic maps, allowed to understand the structural and functional organization of the landscape and to establish a spatial ordering of land use to adequate them to their environmental, historic-social, socioeconomics and legal specificities.
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As ondas do litoral norte (SP) : difusão espacial das praticas caiçaras e do veraneio no Nucleo Picinguaba do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (1966-2001) / The waves of the coast north (SP) : spatial diffusion of caiçaras practices and the summering in the Picinguaba Nucleus of the Serra do Mar State Park (1966-2001)Raimundo, Sidnei 25 June 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Marcos Cesar Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa avaliou a formação territorial no extremo norte do litoral paulista em 40 anos, discutindo suas mudanças sócio-espaciais. Para tal, foi realizado levantamento das características da sociedade e da natureza. A sociedade foi analisada pela ¿Situação¿, da Escola Espacial, considerando o arranjo espacial condicionado por dois dos principais objetos geográficos da região: a BR-101 que dinamizou o processo de ocupação e o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, que ofereceu resistência a essa ocupação. Esta análise foi complementada pelas categorias do Espaço: forma, função, estrutura e processos. A natureza foi analisada pelo ¿Sítio¿, da Escola Espacial, complementada pela análise integrada Geossistêmica. Estes foram classificados como ¿em biostasia¿, ¿de transição¿ e ¿em resistasia¿. Todas essas informações foram correlacionadas, permitindo entender a distribuição espacial dos usos sobre os Geossistemas, destacando as persistências de usos no tempo e os problemas ambientais. Com isso, pôde-se propor atividades para melhorar o gerenciamento deste setor do litoral. As inovações ligadas ao veraneio e turismo estabeleceram-se nas vilas caiçaras existentes no interior do parque e a difusão espacial em 40 anos, desde a abertura da BR-101, se deu de uma forma radial, a partir destes ¿pontos¿ formados pelas vilas. Nesse setor, não se observou abertura de novas frentes, mas uma dinamização no interior dessas vilas. Dentro do parque, mas fora da área das vilas, há uma involução da ocupação do veraneio e a tendência espacial é a evolução de ¿ambientes de transição¿ ou ¿em resistasia¿ para ¿em biostasia¿. Fora dos limites do parque, a ocupação se dá também pela intensificação das ocupações nas vilas, mas com um padrão generalizado, ao longo das praias e das estradas vicinais. Conclui-se que a rodovia BR-101, principal vetor de ocupação, não propiciou uma ocupação generalizada em áreas além de sua faixa de domínio e da linha de costa, devido às funções sócio-econômicas (turísticas e de veraneio) atribuídas à região, concentrando a ocupação na faixa costeira. Assim, a baixa pressão de uso fora da orla, ajudou o parque estadual a oferecer um ¿atrito¿ espacial, reduzindo os processos de ocupação, apesar dos poucos recursos que dispõe, mantendo a ocupação restrita às vilas caiçaras. No litoral norte de Ubatuba, no sertão e na orla, as planícies configuraram-se nas principais ¿persistências espaciais¿ ao longo do tempo. Foram utilizadas pelas práticas caiçaras e, posteriormente ocupadas pelo turismo e veraneio, devido à maior atratividade para essa atividade. Transformaram-se nas paisagens naturais mais alteradas e desconectadas da região. A paisagem natural apresenta uma grande associação entre as formas do relevo e a cobertura pedológica. A vegetação está conservada nas altas vertentes, formando um continuum ao longo das escarpas da Serra. Não se conseguiu, pelo método utilizado, associar a vegetação com o embasamento e assim, ter maiores informações sobre os processos naturais que ocorrem na área. Enquanto as práticas sócio-econômicas permanecerem com esse padrão geral de uso - predominantemente pontual e de forma descontínua na paisagem -, não afetarão os ambientes mais conservados, contribuindo para manutenção da qualidade da paisagem natural / Abstract: This research evaluated the territorial formation in the extremity north of the São Paulo coast in 40 years, discussing its social-spatial changes. For such, it was surveyed the society and nature characteristics. The society was analyzed by the "Situation", of the Spatial School, considering that the space¿s arrangement was conditioned for two of main geographic objects of the region: the BR-101 (a highway) that increased the occupation process and the ¿Serra do Mar¿ State Park, that offered resistance to this occupation. This analysis was complemented by the Space categories: form, function, structure and processes. The nature was analyzed by the "Site", of the Spatial School, complemented for the Geosystem's integrated analysis. These Geosystems were classified as "in biostasy", "of transition" and "in resistasy" areas. All of the informations were correlated, to understand the human uses and their space distribution on the Geosystems, detaching the persistence¿s uses on time and the environmental problems. With this, it could be considered activities to improve the management of this coast. Inside the park, the innovations to the summering and tourism were established in the Caiçaras villages (fisherman and little farmer that lived in Brazilian Coast). The spatial diffusion in 40 years, since the opening of the BR-101, has had a radial standard, from of these "points" formed by the Caiçara's old villages. In this sector, opening of new fronts was not observed, but an increase inside these villages. In the park, but out of the villages, the summering occupation has reduced, and the space trend is going from ¿of transition or in resistasy¿ to ¿in biostasy¿ Geosystem. Out of the park limits, the occupation has been increased in the Caiçara's old villages, but with a generalized standard, to the long of the beaches and the vicinal roads. It was possible to conclude that highway BR-101, main vector of occupation, does not produce a generalized occupation, but concentrate it between the shoreline and the highway, because of the social-economics functions (tourism and summering) attributed to the region. Thus, low use¿s pressure out of shoreline helped the state park to offer "space attrition", reducing the occupation processes, keeping the restricted occupation to the Caiçaras¿s villages. In this region, the plains had been configured in the main ¿persistence¿s space¿ to the long of the time. The plains were used by practice¿s caiçaras and later, by the tourism and summering, due to bigger attractiveness for these activities on the plains. The plains are the places that more have changed into the natural landscapes from the region. The natural landscape presents a great association between the landforms and the soil covering. The vegetation is conserved in high areas, forming one continuum in the ¿Serra do Mar¿. While this general use standard remains, with the socio-economics practices observed - predominantly punctual and discontinuous in the landscape -, it will not affect conserved environments more, contributing for maintenance of the quality of the natural landscape / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Ciências
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População e riscos as mudanças ambientais em zonas costeiras da Baixada Santista = um estudo socio-demografico sobre os municipios de Bertioga, Guaruja e São Vicente / Population and risks to environmental changes in Baixada Santista coastal zoner : a socio-demographic study on the municipalities of Bertioga, Guaruja and São VicenteSilva, César Augusto Marques da, 1985- 15 August 2018 (has links)
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Durante as últimas décadas a demografia discutiu importantes conceitos ao tratar da relação entre dinâmica populacional e mudança ambiental. Surgiram novos caminhos, buscando compreender essa relação em análises centradas no entendimento do papel do espaço, dos padrões de produção e consumo, do risco e da vulnerabilidade. Recentemente, com a confirmação das estimativas das mudanças climáticas, a demografia é novamente desafiada a elucidar os elementos da dinâmica populacional que afetam o clima e que por ela são afetados. Nessa pesquisa objetiva-se compreender elementos desse segundo ponto, analisando riscos ambientais às mudanças climáticas em populações residentes em zonas costeiras. Mais especificamente, analisamos a dinâmica de três municípios costeiros do Estado de São Paulo, na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista: Bertioga, Guarujá e São Vicente. Tais municípios, majoritariamente urbanos, abrigam espaços diferenciados e desiguais, tanto do ponto de vista geográfico como social. Geograficamente, a presença de morros, rios, estuários e do próprio mar, condicionam a formação de riscos ambientais diferenciados. Socialmente, com a ocupação dos espaços para usos diversos (residenciais, turísticos e industriais), e por grupos com perfis sócio-econômicos particulares, cada um desses riscos atinge populações também específicas. A partir desses fatores a hipótese do trabalho é que populações com características distintas passam por diferentes riscos ambientais. Desse modo, os riscos que selecionamos são relativos às mudanças ambientais: a elevação do nível do mar, as inundações e os deslizamentos. Para cada um desses riscos, e de suas possíveis combinações, foram criadas zonas de risco, utilizando os dados de setores censitários. Os resultados indicaram a confirmação da nossa hipótese: populações mais pobres estão nas imediações de corpos d'água e morros, áreas onde a possibilidade das intensificações de inundações e deslizamentos é maior, enquanto as mais ricas localizam-se próximas ao mar, onde o maior risco é o da elevação do nível médio do mar / Abstract: Demography has discussed important concepts in concern with the relation between population dynamics and environmental change through last decades. New ways were developed and the role of space, patterns of production and consumption, risk and vulnerability were incorporated in theses analysis. Recently, with more accuracy estimates of climate change, demography is again challenged to elucidate the elements of population dynamics that affect climate and vice-versa. This research aims to understand this elements, analyzing risks of climate change on populations living in coastal areas. More specifically, we analyze the dynamics of three coastal municipalities of Sao Paulo State, in the Metropolitan Area of Baixada Santista: Bertioga, Guarujá and São Vicente. These municipalities, mostly urban, harbor differentiated and uneven spaces, both geographically and socially. Geographically, the presence of hills, rivers, estuaries and the sea, influence different environmental risks. Socially, space has been transformed according to several social uses (residential, tourist and industrial), resulting in specific groups, with particular socio-economic profiles, living in distinct risks zones. Based on these factors, the hypothesis adopted is that populations with different characteristics are replaced by different environmental risks. Therefore, the risks selected represent some of the environmental changes dangers: rising sea levels, more intensive flooding and landslides. For each of these risks, and their possible combinations were created risk areas, using data from census tracts. The results indicated the poorest are in the vicinity of ponds and hills, where the possibility of intensification of floods and landslides is higher, while the richest are sited near sea, where the greatest risk is the elevation of the average sea level / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia
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Coastal dune ecology and management in the Eastern CapeAvis, Anthony Mark January 1993 (has links)
The importance of understanding the ecological functioning of coastal dune systems is emphasized as being fundamental to the correct management of the dune landscape. Dune vegetation along the Eastern Cape coastline, from Cape St Francis in the west to Kei Mouth in the east was described in terms of the distribution and phytochorological affinities of the taxa. At a regional scale species distribution was strongly influenced by both the climate, particularly rainfall, and the phytochorological affinities of the taxa. Seven communities were defined using TWINSPAN, and the interrelationships between these communities in anyone area appeared to be linked to a successional gradient. Dune Slacks are thought to play a key role in this successional sequence, and a temporal study of this community led to a conceptual model of plant succession in these dunefields. Climate, particularly rainfall and wind, are major factors influencing plant succession. Wind-borne sand causes the slacks to migrate in an easterly direction under the influence of the predominantly westerly winds, although easterly winds, mainly in summer months may reverse these trends. Autogenic changes appeared to be important in this succession, and a comparative study of a good example of a primary succession at Mtunzini in Natal was undertaken to elucidate the main mechanism of change. Eight communities that were identified here were concluded to be distnbuted along a gradient of increasing age, with successional changes predictable, linear and directional. Species were grouped in distinct zones along the continuum and edaphic changes (decrease in soil pH, increase in organic matter and exchangeable bases) were related to the community based changes in species composition. The mechanism of change supported the facilitation model of plant succession which is a modification of the original Clementsian concept. Similar results were found in the Eastern Cape, but due to the harsh environment, multiple pathways of succession exist. Data from this study lent support to the model of plant succession developed earlier, and confinned that the dune slacks played an important role in this facilitation by acting as centres of diversity. The foredunes were found to have an indirect role in protecting these slacks from salt spray and sand movement. The central theme of the management studies was to investigate the ecological consequences of recreational pressure within the dune environment. Current levels of beach utilization at East London were lower than other beaches in South Africa, but a general trend of increasing utilization due to sociopolitical changes can be expected. The suitability of questionnaire surveys to assess aspects such as the adequacy of facilities, perceptual carrying capacity and the beach users opinion of natural vegetation and preference for particular beaches was demonstrated. The dune vegetation was found to be sensitive to human trampling, but at current levels, the ecological carrying capacity will not be exceeded since results of the aerial census counts and questionnaire survey revealed that few people entered sensitive zones such as the coastal forest. More detailed long term studies on the susceptibility of dune vegetation to both trampling and off-road vehicle impacts revealed a low resilience of dune plant communities to these effects. Although susceptibility differed between the three communities tested, generally the greatest amount of damage occurred after the first few passages, and vehicles caused a more significant decrease in height when compared to trampling. Recovery rates were slow and low levels of repeated damage were sufficient to retard or prevent the recovery of the plants. Stricter control of vehicle use on beaches is therefore required, and in high use zones the ecological carrying capacity should be increased by providing access tracks if possible, or if not possible, by restricting access. A historical account of the process of dune stabilization showed that although first initiated in 1845, indigenous species were only used in the past three decades. The use of alien species has resulted in problems such as a reduction in the ecological integrity and aesthetic appeal of coastal systems. The techniques applied in the stabilization of drift sands with indigenous vegetation have been successful, as revealed by a quantitative survey of 17 sites in the Eastern Cape. Sites were grouped by multivariate analysis on the basis of their species composition, and variability between sites was dependent on the types of species planted. Selection of suitable species is therefore important and is discussed with respect to their natural distribution along the coast. The long term objective of stabilization should be the creation of functional, diverse, aesthetic ecosystems, since the intrinsic and economic value of the dune landscape for tourism lies therein. However, detailed studies should be undertaken prior to implementing a manipulative process such as dune stabilization, since ecological processes may be disrupted. An understanding of such processes is therefore important if one wishes to effectively manage the dune landscape.
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Coastal dune dynamics and management at the Bushman's River mouth, Kenton-on-SeaFraser, Claire January 2005 (has links)
A study of the dynamics and functions of a coastal dunefield at the Bushman’s River Mouth in Kenton-on-Sea was conducted to provide essential information for the formulation of a management strategy based on an ecosystem approach. Bi-monthly tacheometric surveys were undertaken at the Westbourne Road Car Park dunefield to investigate the sedimentological processes. Changes in the topography, the amount and rate of sand accretion were monitored. Accretion and progradation were the dominant long-term sedimentological processes at the site. Long-term spatial variation in these processes corresponded to the temporal pattern of sedimentation in the river mouth while short-term variation resulted from dynamics inherent to the types of dunes present. Factors affecting aeolian accretion at the site are topography, river mouth configuration, dune types and the presence of vegetation as well as the seasonal wind regime. A vegetation study, recording species present, cover and abundance of the plants along the surveyed transects, was also conducted to examine the progressive establishment of vegetation. Five plant communities were discerned namely, saltmarsh, pioneer, enriched pioneer, open scrub, closed scrub and scrub-thicket communities. The spatial distribution of these communities coincided with the north-westerly development of the sandbank. A successional trend in community change occurred along a gradient of increasing diversity, complexity and age. Initially, autogenic changes wrought by pioneer species facilitated the recruitment and survival of other species and commenced succession at the study site. Multiple successional pathways were discussed in relation to subsequent species establishment that occurred after facilitation. The amalgamation of ecological data with a social study in the form of public perception surveys allowed for a greater understanding of the present interactions between the ecosystem and the demands placed on it. The area primarily functions as a recreational site that offered numerous beach and water-related activities. A lack of information regarding the ecology and management programmes influenced public perception of the environment and management issues in general. Different management perspectives and the use of the information presented in this study were also discussed.
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Optimisation of a sampling protocol for long-term monitoring of temperate reef fishesBennett, Rhett Hamilton January 2008 (has links)
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries management (EAF) and Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) have been identified as possible alternatives to traditional linefish management measures, which have largely failed. Monitoring and assessment of fish communities on a long-term basis is necessary, and will provide a means to evaluate the effectiveness of such management measures. Therefore, standardised protocols and optimal sampling methods for long-term monitoring (LTM) and assessment of coastal fish communities are essential. This study aimed to identify suitable methods and develop a protocol for assessment of inshore reef fish communities. A suitable location for evaluation of proposed methods was identified in the warm temperate biogeographical region of South Africa, encompassing the well-established Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park MPA and an adjacent exploited area. Chrysoblephus laticeps (roman) was identified as an indicator species for the study, as it has been well-studied and is well represented in the area. Underwater visual census (UVC) and controlled fishing were identified as suitable methods. UVC transects were found to be superior to point counts, in terms of sampling efficiency, variability, bias and required sample size. An effort of two angler hours per fishing station was shown to provide low catch variability, while at the same time a representative catch and low overall cost and required time. The methods were incorporated in a proposed sampling protocol, and evaluated. The methods were able to detect known differences between protected and exploited communities. It is recommended that LTM within protected areas, for detection of natural change, be focused on community-level indicators, while LTM in exploited areas, aimed at detection of anthropogenic change, be focused on species-level indicators. The proposed protocol with standardised methods will allow for comparisons across a network of LTM sites and provide the opportunity for a broad-scale assessment of the effects of environmental variables on reef fish stocks. The protocol developed in this study has application in other biogeographical regions in South Africa, and other parts of the world. Shift in the focus of much marine research, in South Africa and elsewhere, to LTM, highlights the relevance and timeous nature of this study.
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Towards a new approach for coastal governance with an assessment of the Plettenberg Bay nearshore linefisheriesSmith, Martin Kyle Stratford January 2006 (has links)
Under the guidance of the new coastal management policies within South Africa this thesis advocates a more integrated, co-operative approach to local coastal management. The project aimed to acquire baseline information on the local nearshore fishery and resource state and to propose a set of indicators that could be incorporated into the new management strategy. To gather the required information the project was split into two parts: 1) An assessment of the local linefisheries and 2) A comparative study of the reef fish community structure between exploited and unexploited reefs. The local linefisheries were assessed through the use of launch records, commercial catch records, access point and boat based surveys. A questionnaire was used to gather data on catch and effort, fisher demographics, fisher attitudes towards and knowledge of the current management regulations, assess the efficacy of the fisheries inspectorate and highlight spatial areas of fishing pressure. A total of 252 interviews and catch inspections were conducted. Total effort for the ski-boat fishery estimated from the access point survey was 890 boat days.year⁻¹ or 3560 fisher days. year⁻¹ compared to 736 boat days.year⁻¹ or 2944 fisher days. year⁻¹ recorded in the launch records. Effort was seasonal with greater pressure occurring over the summer holiday period. Analysis of the catch showed that Merluccius capensis, Argyrozona argyrozona, Argyrosomus inodorus, Chrysoblephus laticeps and Atractoscion aequidens were the most frequently caught species. The overall CPUE was 3.00±5.54kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 4.71±4.117 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹. Estimated targeted CPUE was 0.91±0.67kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 0.97±0.77 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for C. laticeps, 8.47±8.57kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 1.24±1.16 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for A. aequidens and 2.05±3.78kg.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ or 1.10±1.80 fish.fisher⁻¹.day⁻¹ for A. inodorus. Issues identified included poor fisher knowledge regarding linefish regulations, the low occurrence of fishery inspections and a limited degree of noncompliance. Although most fishers supported the current linefish management regulations, when tested on the size limits, bag limits and closed seasons of their target species a high proportion of fishers did not know the regulations (recreational 64%, charter 53%, commercial 42%). Furthermore only 27% of fishers had had their catch inspected whilst fishing in Plettenberg Bay and the majority of these had only been inspected once. Just over half the interviewees (60%) indicated that fishing had deteriorated within Plettenberg Bay with fewer and smaller fish being caught. The most common causes cited for this decline were commercial and recreational overfishing respectively. Underwater point counts and experimental angling were used to rapidly assess the state of the reef fish resource in Plettenberg Bay through a comparative study of the community structure between two exploited sites in Plettenberg Bay and two protected sites within the Tsitsikamma National Park. Generalized linear modeling showed that relative density of certain species was significantly different between the protected reefs inside the TNP and those exploited reefs within Plettenberg Bay. Both P. rupestris and C. laticeps had greater densities within the protected area whilst Chisquared tests showed that the size frequency distributions were significantly different with larger size-classes and the maximum size of fish greater within the reserve. These trends were noted with both the underwater visual surveys and the experimental angling. Multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis showed that there was an overall difference in the community structure between the study sites. It is hypothesised that through removal of key reef species and larger individuals that fishing has directly and indirectly affected the overall community structure. Within a simple framework based on ecological, institutional and social sustainability domains along with the results of the study area, a set of indicators is proposed and the sustainability of the local fishery scored within a rapid assessment matrix. The socio-economic domain scored the highest (83%) whilst the institutional domain scored the lowest (8.3%) and the ecological domain scored 25%, giving a total sustainability score of 38.8%. The results of this matrix show that at present the local fishery is non-sustainable and in need of greater management. By synthesizing papers dealing with and based on the concepts involved in Integrated Coastal Management, a structured approach is proposed to developing and implementing more holistic local coastal governance. It is envisaged that the framework to implement such an approach should be through the development of a local Coastal Management Plan and a subsidiary Bay Management Plan. Although stakeholder participation and representation is an essential component in the development of these plans, it is recommended that the local municipality should be the lead agent and incorporate the plans into the local Integrated Development and Spatial Plans thereby gaining long term local government support.
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Mobilising processes of abstraction, experiential learning and representation of traditional ecological knowledge in participatory monitoring of mangroves and fisheries : an approach towards enhancing social learning processes on the eastern coast of TanzaniaSabai, Daniel January 2014 (has links)
This study addresses a core problem that was uncovered in records from coastal management monitoring initiatives on the eastern coast of Tanzania associated with the application and use of coastal monitoring indicators developed by external development partners for the coastal zone. These records suggest that local communities, who are key actors in participatory monitoring of coastal and marine resources, face many challenges associated with adapting and applying the said frameworks of indicators and monitoring plans. These indicators tend to be scientifically abstracted and methodologically reified; given prevailing contextual and socio‐cultural realities amongst them. The research project addresses the following key research question: How can processes of abstraction, conceptualisation, and representation of TEK contribute to the development of coastal management indicators that are less reified, more contextually and culturally congruent, and which may potentially be used by resource users in the wider social learning process of detecting trends, threats, changes and conditions of mangrove and fisheries resources? In response to the contextual problem and the research question, the study employs processes of abstraction and experiential learning techniques to unlock knowledge that local communities have, as an input for underlabouring existing scientific indicators on the Eastern coast of Tanzania. The research is constituted as critical realist case study research, involving two communities on the eastern coast of Tanzania, namely the Moa and the Boma communities (in Mkinga coastal district). Overall, the study involved 37 participants in a series of interviews, focus group discussions, and experiential learning processes using visualised data, and an experiential learning intervention workshop, and follow‐ups over a period of 3 years. The study worked with mangroves and fisheries to provide focus to the case study research and to allow for in‐depth engagement with the assumptions and processes associated with indicators development and use. Through the above mentioned data generation processes, critical realist analysis, and experiential learning processes involving abstraction and representation of traditional ecological knowledge held by mangrove restorers and fishers in the study areas, the study uncovers possible challenges of adapting and applying scientific indicators in participatory monitoring of a mangrove ecosystem. Using ampliative modes of inference for data analysis (induction, abduction and retroduction) and a critical realist scientific explanatory framework known as DRRREI(C) (Resolution, Re‐description, Retrodiction, Elimination, Identification, & Correction) the study suggests a new approach that may lead to the development of a framework of indicators that are less reified, more congruent to users (coastal communities), and likely to attract a wider context‐based social learning which favours epistemological access between scientific institutions (universities inclusive), and local communities. It attempts to establish an interface between knowledge that scientific institutions produce and the potential knowledge that exists in local contexts (traditional ecological knowledge), and seeks to widen and improve knowledge sharing and experiential learning practices that may potentially benefit coastal and marine resources in the study area. As mentioned above, the knowledge and abstraction processes related to the indicators development focussed on the mangrove ecosystem and associated fisheries, as engaged in the two participating communities in the eastern coast of Tanzania. The specific findings are therefore limited by the case boundaries, but the methodological process could be replicated and used elsewhere. The study’s contributions are theoretical and methodological, but also social and practice‐centred. The study brings into view the need to consider the contextual relevance of adapted knowledge, the capacity or ability of beneficiaries to adapt and apply scientific models, frameworks or tools, and the potential of local knowledge as an input for enhancing or improving monitoring of mangroves and mangrove‐based fisheries. Finally, the study comes up with a framework of indicators which is regarded by the coastal communities involved in the study as being less reified, more contextually and culturally congruent, and which may potentially be used in detecting environmental trends, threats, changes and conditions of mangrove and fisheries resources, and attract wider social learning processes.
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