Surfactans are synthetically made surface-active ingredients contained in washing and cleaning products. They decrease the surface tension and remove dirt. Surfactans can be divided into four basic classes: anionic, cationic, non-inonic and ampholitic. The most commonly used are the anionic ones. Thanks to the massive use they penetrate into waste water and can disturb the environment. This thesis is focused on the optimization methods and the determination of three anionic surfactants by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Evaluating data in capillary zone electrophoresis usually involves many steps that require using several different programmes. Apart from evaluating the electrophoreogram itself, it is usual to process the obtained data in some other way. For example, a suitable model is fit to the data in order to obtain physical and chemical parameters of the separation (e.g. stability constant in case of complexation). It is also important to know the accuracy of the evaluation (the calculation error). In this work, new parts of the Eval programme, originally developed for electrophoreogram evaluation, were implemented. The programme now automatically estimates the Haarhoff-van der Linde function (solution of continuity equation in capillary) parameters for analyte peak. Complexing agents are often used to improve the separation in the capillary zone electrophoresis. Complexation in the capillary can be described by its physical and chemical parameters. A new part was added to the Eval programme that allows the user to fit a rectangular hyperbole function to the obtained data. Thus, the regression parameters of this dependence can be gained. The programme can also draw profile diagrams for these parameters, from which the confidence intervals can be read. An option that allows two dependencies to be fitted at...

Martina Riesová Abstract of Ph.D. Thesis Capillary electrophoresis is a method of choice in many analytical laboratories for its high separation efficiency, rapidity, low consumption of chemicals and therefore low costs. Inherent to each electrophoretic separation system are system peaks, which can significantly affect or confuse the electrophoretic results. In capillary zone electrophoresis, position of system zones can be predicted easily and reliably by means of prediction software based on a theoretical description of electromigration. However, the prediction of only position of a system zone may not be sufficient for identification of system peaks in obtained electropherograms. Therefore, an existing theoretical model was significantly extended and new version of PeakMaster software (PeakMaster 5.3) was introduced in the framework of this thesis. PeakMaster 5.3 enables to predict not only the positions of system zones, but also their shapes and polarity. Thus, PeakMaster 5.3 improves the prediction possibility of overlapping or interaction of system peaks with analyte peaks. Moreover, composition of the sample can be optimized in order to obtain convenient shapes and amplitudes of system peaks. The applicability of capillary zone electrophoresis can be extended by addition of a complexation agent into...

A determination of corrosion inhibitors in engine coolants represent a difficult analytical problem due to their different physicochemical properties. Nowadays a lot of instrument methods are needed to determine them. The aim of this work was the development of methods for their determination using only one instrumentation. Capillary zone electrophoreses was chosen as a suitable technique. Three electrophoretic methods for three groups of corrosion inhibitors were developed. Firstly, method for determination of inorganic anions was developed in range from 5 to 50 ppm with limit of detection around 1 ppm. Background electrolyte contains sodium chromate, CTAB and CHES solution. Analytes were detected indirectly at 450 nm. Another method was for determination of organic acids anions. They were determined in range from 5 to 500 ppm. Limit of detection for each analyte was around 1 ppm. Measurement was made with PDC a CTAC water solution. Indirect detection was used for this determination at 350 nm. Last developed method can be use for determination of aryltrizoles in range from 5 to 500 ppm. Limit of detection was around 1 ppm. As a background electrolyte was used sodium tetraborate solution. The developed methods were validated and their suitability for determination of corrosion inhibitors in real...

Neste trabalho são apresentados processos de microfabricação de estruturas contendo microcanais e sistemas de manipulação hidrodinâmica e eletroosmótica de fluídos. Foram desenvolvidos processos de microfabricação utilizando toner sobre poliéster, toner sobre vidro, toner como resiste, além de métodos alternativos de perfuração de lâminas e selagem de microestruturas em vidro, desenvolvimento de microestruturas para eletroforese capilar e espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletronebulização. A caracterização dos materiais e processos permitiu uma ampla visão das potencialidades e alternativas dos processos de microfabricação, tendo sido demonstrado que os dispositivos produzidos em toner-poliéster são quimicamente resistentes às substâncias tipicamente utilizadas em eletroforese capilar. Neste trabalho, um detector condutométrico sem contato foi implementado em microestruturas de toner-poliéster e a separação eletroforética de alguns metais alcalinos é demonstrada. A microestrutura foi projetada no formato padrão em cruz, tendo o canal de separação 22 mm de comprimento, 12 µm de profundidade e largura típica. A cela condutométrica foi construída sobre o canal de separação utilizando-se fita adesiva de cobre (1 mm de largura) como eletrodos. O sinal aplicado na cela foi de 530 kHz e 10 Vpp . A separação de K+, Na+ e Li+ na concentração de 100 µmol L-1 foi efetuada em torno de 0,8 min, utilizando-se 1 kV como potencial de separação. Foram desenvolvidos microchips para análise por espectrometria de massas com introdução de amostra por eletronebulização, sendo determinado cluster do íon cloreto em concentração de 1 mmol L+. Também solução com 1 mmol/L de glucosamina em água/metanol 1: 1 (v/v), sob corrente de 100 nA gerou sinal estável e livre de descarga corona. Utilizando detecção amperométrica, obteve-se eletroferogramas mostrando a separação de iodeto (10 mmol L-1) e ascorbato (40 mmol L-1) em potencial de separação de 4,0 kV (800 V cm-1 potencial de detecção de 0,9 V (vs. Ag/AgCI), injeção com 1,0 kV/1°s, tampão borato de sódio 10 mmol L+ com CTAH 0,2 mmol L-1, pH 9,2. Obteve-se eficiência de 1,6.104 pratos/m e foi possível obter limites de detecção de 500 nmol L-1 (135 amol) e 1,8 µmol L-1 (486 amol) para iodeto e ascorbato, respectivamente. O processo de fabricação utilizando toner como material estrutural para microchips em vidro foi bem estabelecido, assim como os modos de detecção fotométrico e condutométrico foram demonstrados. Foram obtidos eletroferogramas par detecção condutométrica sem contato de solução 200 µmol L-1 de K+, Na+ e U+, em tampão histidina/ácido lático 30 mmol L-1 9:1 (v/v) água:metanol, injeção eletrocinética de 2,0 kV/5,0 s, potencial de separação de 1 kV, 530 kHz de frequência e tensão de 2,0 Vpp. Também foi implementado um sistema de detecção fotométrico para microchip operando em 660 nm, tendo sido utilizado para a detecção de azul de metileno 1,0 mmol L-1 em tampão de corrida de barato de sódio 20 mmol L-1 (pH 9,2), com o detector posicionado a 40 mm do ponto de injeção e com injeção eletrocinética a 2,0 kV por 12 s com picos bem resolvidos em menos de 1 min. / Microfabrication processes and devices for hydrodynamic and electroosmotic manipulation were developed based on toner-polyester, toner-glass and toner-as-resist techniques. Additionally, techniques to perforate glass slides and sealing of glass devices were introduced. Microdevices for capillary electrophoresis and electrospray for mass spectrometry were developed using these techniques. The characterization of the materiais and the processes demonstrated that the devices obtained by the toner-polyester process are compatible with the media used for capillary electrophoresis. The detection of alkaline ions with capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection was demonstrated. The typical cross shape microstructure was designed with a 22-mm long and 12-µm deep separation channel. The conductivity cell was implemented with 1-mm wide adhesive copper stripes. The applied signal was 530kHz and 10Vpp . The separation of 100µmo1L-1 K+, Na+, and Li+ was accomplished in 0.8 min under a voltage of 1 kV. Another toner-polyester microchip was developed to demonstrate its usefulness for electrospray/mass spectrometry. Solutions of 1 mmol L-1 potassium chloride and 1 mmol L-1 glucosamine in water/methanol 1:1 (v/v) were introduced with stable current of 100 nA without corona discharge. Capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection was also demonstrated. The separation of iodide (10 mmol L-1) and ascorbate (40 mmol L-1) was carried out at 4.0 kV (800 V cm-1) with detection potential of 0.9 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), electrokinetic injection at 1.0 kV/10 s, running buffer of sodium borate 10 mmol L-1 with CTAH 0.2 mmol L-1 , pH 9.2. The efficiency was 1.6.104 plates/m and the limits of detection were 500 nmol L-1 (135 9mol) and 1.8 µmol L-1 (486 amol) for iodide and ascorbate, respectively. The toner-glass process was proposed and conductivity and photometric detections were demonstrated for the devices generated by this new technique. The separation of 200 pmol L-1 K+, Na+, and Li+ was achieved in buffer histidine/lactic acid 30 mmol L-1 water/methanol 9: 1 (v/v), electrokinetic injection at 2.0 kV/5.0 s, separation potential of 1 kV, and contactless conductivity detection at 530 kHz and 2.0 Vpp. The photometric detection of methylene blue at 660 nm was carried out in sodium borate 20 mmol L-1 (pH 9.2).

Gemifloxacino (GMFLX) é um agente fluorquinôlonico, antibacteriano recentemente desenvolvido que apresenta um amplo espectro de atividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar métodos seletivos e sensíveis para a determinação quantitativa de GMFLX em comprimidos revestidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE). O método por CLAE foi realizado em uma coluna LiChrospher&#174; 100 RP-8e, 5&#181;m (125 x 4 mm) e uma fase móvel composta por tetraidrofurano:água (25:75, v/v) com 0.5% de trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O tempo de retenção do GMFLX foi de 2.3 min. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r2 0.9989) e precisão (RSD% < 0.89). A exatidão foi expressa em percentagem de recuperação (R% &#8804; 101.3%). O método por CZE foi realizado utilizando 50 mmol L-1 de tampão tetraborato de sódio (pH 8.6). As amostras foram injetadas hidrodinâmicamente (0.5 psi, 5s) e o sistema eletroforético foi operado sob polaridade normal, em +20 kV e temperatura de 18 °C. O capilar utilizado foi de sílica fundida de 40.2 cm de comprimento (30 cm efetivos) x 75 &#181;m (d.i.) x 375 &#181;m (d.e.). Esse método apresentou um tempo de migração de 2.55 min para o GMFLX e 1.66 min para o metoprolol (padrão interno). Os parâmetros avaliados apresentaram linearidade (r2 0.9992), precisão (RSD% < 4.2) e exatidão (R% &#8804; 101.8%). Tanto a CLAE quanto a CZE foram consideradas técnicas interessantes e eficientes para serem aplicadas no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas. / Gemifloxacin (GMFLX) is a recently developed fluorquinolone antibacterial agent presenting a broad spectrum of activity. The aim of this study was to develop and validate selective and sensitive methods for quantitative determination of GMFLX in coated tablets by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The HPLC method was carried out on a LiChrospher&#174; 100 RP-8e, 5&#181;m (125 x 4 mm) column with a mobile phase composed of tetrahydrofuran-water (25:75, v/v) with 0.5% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The retention time of GMFLX was 2.3 min. The method showed good linearity (r2 0.9989) with good precision (RSD < 0.89%). Accuracy was expressed as percentage recovery (R% &#8804; 101.3%). The CZE method was performed using 50 mmoL-1 sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 8.6). Samples were injected hydrodynamicaly (0.5 psi, 5s) and the electrophoretic system was operated under normal polarity, at +20kV and temperature of 18°C. A fused-silica capillary 40.2 cm (30 cm effective length) x 75 &#181;m (i.d.) x 375 &#181;m (o.d.) was used. This method presented a migration time of 2.55 min for GMFLX and 1.66 min for metoprolol (internal standard). The evaluated parameters presented acceptable linearity (r2 0.9992), precision (RSD < 4.2%) and accuracy (R% &#8804; 101.8%). Both, HPLC and CZE method could be interesting and efficient techniques to be applied for quality control in pharmaceutical industries.

As estatinas são os fármacos mais usados para tratamento das hiperlipidemias em prevenção primária e secundária, com o propósito de diminuir os níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas ricas em colesterol e reduzir os riscos de doença arterialcoronária (DAC) (WITZTUM, 2005). Estes efeitos são resultantes da atividade inibidora das estatinas sobre a enzima HMG-CoA redutase (hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutase), com a propriedade de bloquear a conversão do substrato HMG-CoA em ácido mevalônico, inibindo os primeiros passos da biossíntese de colesterol. Estas substâncias, (fluvastatina FS, atorvastatina ATC e rosuvastatina RC) são capazes de mimetizar o substrato natural. Podem ser divididas em naturais e sintéticas e diferem fundamentalmente, em termos de potência, perfil farmacocinético, interação farmacológica e efeito indesejado relacionado à miotoxicidade. Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de separação (cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e eletroforese capilar) para cada fármaco. Estes métodos foram aplicados a medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. O método por CLAE foi realizado em coluna LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5&#181;m) Merck® e uma fase móvel composta por metanol:água (70:30 v/v) para FS e ATC, (60:40 v/v) para RC, com 5 mM trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r 0,9915), (LD 2,02 e LQ 6,12) FS; (r 0,9959), (LD 0,44 e LQ 1,34) ATC e (r 0,9945), (LD 1,55 e LQ 4,70) RC. A exatidão foi expressa em porcentagem de recuperação (R% 99,59) FS, (R% 100,24) ATC e (R% 99,2). Pelo método MEKC foi realizado utilizando capilar de sílica fundida de 40,2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm até detector); eletrólito: tampão borato 20 mM: SDS 30 mM: metanol10% v/v pH 9,24; voltagem aplicada: +22 kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/3s, apresentaram linearidade (r 0,9997), (LD 0,94 e LQ 2,85) FS; (r 0,9999), (LD 2,36 e LQ 7,17) ATC. A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 104,61) FS, (R% 103,96) ATC. Pelo método CZE foi realizado utilizando sílica fundida de 40,2 cm de cumprimento sendo 30 cm até o detector, 75 &#181;m de d.i. e 375 &#181;m de d.d., eletrólito: tampão tetraborato de sódio 20 mM, pH 9,20; voltagem aplicada: +25kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/5s, apresentou linearidade (r 0,9989), (LD 4,92 e LQ 14,91) RC; A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 100,66) RC. / Statins are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of hyperlipidemia in primary and secondary prevention, with the aim of reducing levels of lipoproteins rich in cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary-artery disease (CAD) (Witztum, 2005). These effects are due to the inhibitory activity of statins on the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), with the property to block the conversion of the substrate HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, inhibiting the first steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. These substances (fluvastatin FS, atorvastatin ATC and rosuvastatin RC) may mimic the natural substrate, can be divided into natural and synthetic, and differ fundamentally in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and unwanted effects related to muscle-toxicity. In the present study were developed and fully validated analytical methods of separation (high efficiency liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) for each drug. These methods were applied to drugs marketed in Brazil. The method was performed by HPLC column LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5mm) Merck® and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (70:30 v / v) for FS and ATC (60:40 v / v) to RC, with 5 mM triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The method showed good linearity (r 0.9915), (2.02 LD and LQ 6.12) FS; (r 0.9959), (0.44 LD and LQ 1.34) ATC; (r 0.9945), (1.55 LD and LQ 4.70) for RC. The accuracy was expressed as a percentage of recovery (R% 99.59%) FS, (R% 100.24) ATC and (R 99.2%) RC. The MEKC method was performed using a fused silica capillary of 40.2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm to detector); electrolyte: 20 mM borate buffer: 30 mM SDS: metanol10% v / v pH 9.24, applied voltage: +22 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/3s 0.5 showed linearity (r 0, 9997), (LQ 0.94 and LD 2.85) FS, (r 0.9999), (LQ 2.36 and LD 7.17) ATC. The percentage recovery (% R 104.61) FS, (R 103.96%) ATC. The CZE method was performed using fused silica of 40.2 cm long and 30 cm to the detector, 75 mm in di and 375 mm in dd, electrolyte: sodium tetraborate buffer 20 mM, pH 9.20, applied voltage: +25 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/5s 0.5, showed linearity (r 0.9989), (4.92 LD and LQ 14.91) RC; The percentage recovery (% R 100.66) RC.

Gemifloxacino (GMFLX) é um agente fluorquinôlonico, antibacteriano recentemente desenvolvido que apresenta um amplo espectro de atividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar métodos seletivos e sensíveis para a determinação quantitativa de GMFLX em comprimidos revestidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE). O método por CLAE foi realizado em uma coluna LiChrospher&#174; 100 RP-8e, 5&#181;m (125 x 4 mm) e uma fase móvel composta por tetraidrofurano:água (25:75, v/v) com 0.5% de trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O tempo de retenção do GMFLX foi de 2.3 min. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r2 0.9989) e precisão (RSD% < 0.89). A exatidão foi expressa em percentagem de recuperação (R% &#8804; 101.3%). O método por CZE foi realizado utilizando 50 mmol L-1 de tampão tetraborato de sódio (pH 8.6). As amostras foram injetadas hidrodinâmicamente (0.5 psi, 5s) e o sistema eletroforético foi operado sob polaridade normal, em +20 kV e temperatura de 18 °C. O capilar utilizado foi de sílica fundida de 40.2 cm de comprimento (30 cm efetivos) x 75 &#181;m (d.i.) x 375 &#181;m (d.e.). Esse método apresentou um tempo de migração de 2.55 min para o GMFLX e 1.66 min para o metoprolol (padrão interno). Os parâmetros avaliados apresentaram linearidade (r2 0.9992), precisão (RSD% < 4.2) e exatidão (R% &#8804; 101.8%). Tanto a CLAE quanto a CZE foram consideradas técnicas interessantes e eficientes para serem aplicadas no controle de qualidade em indústrias farmacêuticas. / Gemifloxacin (GMFLX) is a recently developed fluorquinolone antibacterial agent presenting a broad spectrum of activity. The aim of this study was to develop and validate selective and sensitive methods for quantitative determination of GMFLX in coated tablets by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The HPLC method was carried out on a LiChrospher&#174; 100 RP-8e, 5&#181;m (125 x 4 mm) column with a mobile phase composed of tetrahydrofuran-water (25:75, v/v) with 0.5% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The retention time of GMFLX was 2.3 min. The method showed good linearity (r2 0.9989) with good precision (RSD < 0.89%). Accuracy was expressed as percentage recovery (R% &#8804; 101.3%). The CZE method was performed using 50 mmoL-1 sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 8.6). Samples were injected hydrodynamicaly (0.5 psi, 5s) and the electrophoretic system was operated under normal polarity, at +20kV and temperature of 18°C. A fused-silica capillary 40.2 cm (30 cm effective length) x 75 &#181;m (i.d.) x 375 &#181;m (o.d.) was used. This method presented a migration time of 2.55 min for GMFLX and 1.66 min for metoprolol (internal standard). The evaluated parameters presented acceptable linearity (r2 0.9992), precision (RSD < 4.2%) and accuracy (R% &#8804; 101.8%). Both, HPLC and CZE method could be interesting and efficient techniques to be applied for quality control in pharmaceutical industries.

As estatinas são os fármacos mais usados para tratamento das hiperlipidemias em prevenção primária e secundária, com o propósito de diminuir os níveis de lipoproteínas plasmáticas ricas em colesterol e reduzir os riscos de doença arterialcoronária (DAC) (WITZTUM, 2005). Estes efeitos são resultantes da atividade inibidora das estatinas sobre a enzima HMG-CoA redutase (hidroximetilglutaril-CoA redutase), com a propriedade de bloquear a conversão do substrato HMG-CoA em ácido mevalônico, inibindo os primeiros passos da biossíntese de colesterol. Estas substâncias, (fluvastatina FS, atorvastatina ATC e rosuvastatina RC) são capazes de mimetizar o substrato natural. Podem ser divididas em naturais e sintéticas e diferem fundamentalmente, em termos de potência, perfil farmacocinético, interação farmacológica e efeito indesejado relacionado à miotoxicidade. Na presente pesquisa foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos analíticos de separação (cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e eletroforese capilar) para cada fármaco. Estes métodos foram aplicados a medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. O método por CLAE foi realizado em coluna LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5&#181;m) Merck® e uma fase móvel composta por metanol:água (70:30 v/v) para FS e ATC, (60:40 v/v) para RC, com 5 mM trietilamina e pH ajustado para 3.0 com ácido ortofosfórico. O método mostrou boa linearidade (r 0,9915), (LD 2,02 e LQ 6,12) FS; (r 0,9959), (LD 0,44 e LQ 1,34) ATC e (r 0,9945), (LD 1,55 e LQ 4,70) RC. A exatidão foi expressa em porcentagem de recuperação (R% 99,59) FS, (R% 100,24) ATC e (R% 99,2). Pelo método MEKC foi realizado utilizando capilar de sílica fundida de 40,2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm até detector); eletrólito: tampão borato 20 mM: SDS 30 mM: metanol10% v/v pH 9,24; voltagem aplicada: +22 kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/3s, apresentaram linearidade (r 0,9997), (LD 0,94 e LQ 2,85) FS; (r 0,9999), (LD 2,36 e LQ 7,17) ATC. A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 104,61) FS, (R% 103,96) ATC. Pelo método CZE foi realizado utilizando sílica fundida de 40,2 cm de cumprimento sendo 30 cm até o detector, 75 &#181;m de d.i. e 375 &#181;m de d.d., eletrólito: tampão tetraborato de sódio 20 mM, pH 9,20; voltagem aplicada: +25kV; injeção: hidrodinâmica 0,5 psi/5s, apresentou linearidade (r 0,9989), (LD 4,92 e LQ 14,91) RC; A porcentagem de recuperação (R% 100,66) RC. / Statins are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of hyperlipidemia in primary and secondary prevention, with the aim of reducing levels of lipoproteins rich in cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary-artery disease (CAD) (Witztum, 2005). These effects are due to the inhibitory activity of statins on the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), with the property to block the conversion of the substrate HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, inhibiting the first steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. These substances (fluvastatin FS, atorvastatin ATC and rosuvastatin RC) may mimic the natural substrate, can be divided into natural and synthetic, and differ fundamentally in terms of potency, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and unwanted effects related to muscle-toxicity. In the present study were developed and fully validated analytical methods of separation (high efficiency liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) for each drug. These methods were applied to drugs marketed in Brazil. The method was performed by HPLC column LiChrospher® RP-18 (125x4 mm, 5mm) Merck® and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (70:30 v / v) for FS and ATC (60:40 v / v) to RC, with 5 mM triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The method showed good linearity (r 0.9915), (2.02 LD and LQ 6.12) FS; (r 0.9959), (0.44 LD and LQ 1.34) ATC; (r 0.9945), (1.55 LD and LQ 4.70) for RC. The accuracy was expressed as a percentage of recovery (R% 99.59%) FS, (R% 100.24) ATC and (R 99.2%) RC. The MEKC method was performed using a fused silica capillary of 40.2 cm x 75 m d. i. (30 cm to detector); electrolyte: 20 mM borate buffer: 30 mM SDS: metanol10% v / v pH 9.24, applied voltage: +22 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/3s 0.5 showed linearity (r 0, 9997), (LQ 0.94 and LD 2.85) FS, (r 0.9999), (LQ 2.36 and LD 7.17) ATC. The percentage recovery (% R 104.61) FS, (R 103.96%) ATC. The CZE method was performed using fused silica of 40.2 cm long and 30 cm to the detector, 75 mm in di and 375 mm in dd, electrolyte: sodium tetraborate buffer 20 mM, pH 9.20, applied voltage: +25 kV, injection: hydrodynamic psi/5s 0.5, showed linearity (r 0.9989), (4.92 LD and LQ 14.91) RC; The percentage recovery (% R 100.66) RC.

<p>This thesis concerns the development and utilisation of techniques for characterisation and transdermal delivery of various systems for pharmaceutical applications.</p><p>The degree of dissociation of drug molecules and the mobilities of the different species formed are essential factors affecting the rate of drug delivery by iontophoresis. Hence, determination of drug mobility parameters and equilibrium constants are important for the development of iontophoretic systems. With capillary zone electrophoresis using a partial filling technique and methyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, the enantiomers of orciprenaline were separated. The association constants between the enantiomers of the drug and the selector were also evaluated. Precision conductometry studies were performed for the hydrochloride salts of lidocaine and 5-aminolevulinic acid in aqueous propylene glycol and water as media, respectively.</p><p>Iontophoresis is a technique for drug delivery where charged molecules are transported into and through skin by application of a weak direct electrical current. The drugs 5-aminolevulinic acid and its methyl ester were used as model compounds and incorporated in two different drug delivery vehicles, a sponge phase and carbopol gel. The bicontinuous structure of the sponge phase, constituted of monoolein and a mixture of propylene glycol and water, makes it interesting for use in iontophoretic delivery, since ions can move more or less freely in the aqueous as well as in the lipid domains. Furthermore, all three components are known for their penetration enhancing abilities. Hydrogels like carbopol gels are interesting media with respect to iontophoretic studies, since devices for iontophoresis often utilize hydrogels as contact interfaces between the skin and the electrodes. The results indicate that the transport achieved iontophoretically using the gel (1 % active substance) was comparable with the passive delivery of clinically used formulations (16 % - 20 % active substance).</p>