La modification de précurseurs oxydes commerciaux par des molécules organiques est une voie de recherche prometteuse pour l’amélioration des performances catalytiques des catalyseurs d’HDS. Le rôle de ces agents modifiants ainsi que l’influence de la nature du précurseur oxyde de départ ne sont cependant pas bien connus.Ce travail porte donc sur l’amélioration des performances des catalyseurs d’HDS de gazoles par modification de précurseurs oxydes de type CoMoP/Al2O3 préalablement séchés ou calcinés. Des tests en micro-pilote sur charge réelle ont montré que les formulations ainsi obtenues permettent d’améliorer significativement les performances catalytiques par rapport aux catalyseurs conventionnels. Les caractérisations physico-chimiques effectuées au cours des étapes de préparation et d’activation de ces solides ont permis de mettre en évidence un effet redispersant des molécules sur les métaux actifs, redispersion en outre préservée durant la sulfuration et permettant une optimisation de la quantité de phase active « CoMoS » formée. / The modification of oxidic precursors with organic agents is a promising procedure to improve the performances of HDS catalysts. The exact role of the modifying agents and the influence of the nature of the oxidic precursor are however not well known.This study therefore deals with the improvement of gasoil HDS catalysts by modification of CoMoP/Al2O3 oxidic precursors previously dried or calcined. The modified catalysts and the reference ones are tested on real feedstocks. A large improvement of the performances is obtained upon modifications. Physico-chemical characterizations performed at each step of the preparation and activation of these catalysts have highlighted a dispersing effect of molecules on active metals, this effect being preserved after sulfidation. This leads an optimization of the amount of the active phase "CoMoS" formed.

Indoor localization has emerged as a critical technology for enhancing the functionality and efficiency of smart environments. This dissertation focuses on vibro-localization, a novel IOL methodology that determines occupant positions by analyzing floor vibrations caused by footfall patterns. Unlike traditional localization techniques that rely on visual or radio-based sensing, vibro-localization leverages accelerometers fixed to the floor to capture vibro-measurements, offering a cost-effective and privacy-preserving alternative. The primary objective of this research is to address significant limitations in existing vibro-localization approaches, including sensor imperfections, measurement uncertainty, and complex wave dynamics. To this end, we develop comprehensive models that characterize both random and systematic errors introduced by accelerometers, integrating these models into the localization framework to enhance accuracy. Furthermore, we quantify the uncertainty in vibro-measurements and elucidate their contribution to localization errors, providing a robust foundation for error mitigation strategies. A key contribution of this work is the introduction of an information-theoretic Byzantine Sensor Elimination (BSE) algorithm. This algorithm assesses the reliability of vibro-measurement vectors by categorizing sensors into consistent and divergent subsets, thereby minimizing the impact of external uncertainties such as reflections and dispersion. Additionally, we propose multi-sensor vibro-localization techniques that aggregate data from multiple accelerometers, enhancing robustness against individual sensor inaccuracies and environmental variabilities. To accurately model wave propagation, this dissertation advances parametric models that account for dispersion, attenuation, and material inhomogeneities in the floor structure. These models facilitate precise occupant localization even with low-spectral resolution in transfer function estimates. Empirical validation using controlled experimental data demonstrates significant improvements in localization accuracy and precision over baseline methods, highlighting the efficacy of the proposed techniques. The outcomes of this research contribute to the development of economically feasible and ethically sound IOL technologies, broadening their applicability across various domains such as smart homes, healthcare, and energy management. By addressing critical challenges in sensor reliability and wave dynamics, this dissertation paves the way for more accurate, reliable, and scalable indoor localization systems. / Doctor of Philosophy / In our increasingly connected world, knowing the precise location of individuals within indoor spaces—such as homes, offices, and hospitals—has become essential for enhancing convenience, safety, and energy efficiency. Traditional methods for indoor localization often rely on cameras or radio signals, which can be expensive and raise privacy concerns. This dissertation introduces an innovative approach called vibro-localization, which determines the position of occupants by analyzing the subtle vibrations in the floor caused by their footsteps. Vibro-localization utilizes simple and affordable sensors called accelerometers, which are placed on the floor to detect vibrations. When a person walks, their footsteps generate unique vibration patterns that travel through the building structure. By capturing and analyzing these patterns, our system can accurately pinpoint the individual's location without the need for invasive cameras or constant radio signal transmissions. This method not only reduces costs but also preserves the privacy of occupants, as it does not capture visual or personal data. One of the main challenges in vibro-localization is ensuring accuracy despite various sources of error. Sensors can introduce noise and inaccuracies, and factors like the building's materials and layout can affect how vibrations propagate. To overcome these challenges, this research develops sophisticated models that account for sensor imperfections and environmental factors. By understanding and correcting for these variables, the system can deliver precise location data even in complex indoor environments. A significant advancement presented in this work is the development of an algorithm that intelligently selects the most reliable sensor data. This algorithm distinguishes between consistent measurements and those affected by external disturbances, such as echoes or structural inconsistencies, ensuring that only the highest quality data is used for localization. This not only improves accuracy but also makes the system more robust and reliable in real-world settings. Moreover, the dissertation explores the use of multiple sensors working together to enhance localization performance. By combining data from several accelerometers, the system can cross-verify measurements and reduce the impact of individual sensor errors. This multi-sensor approach leads to more stable and accurate location tracking, making the technology suitable for a wide range of applications. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed vibro-localization techniques, extensive experiments were conducted in controlled environments. The results demonstrated significant improvements in both accuracy and reliability compared to existing methods, showcasing the potential of vibro-localization as a practical solution for indoor positioning needs. The implications of this research are far-reaching. In smart homes, vibro-localization can enable automated lighting and climate control based on occupant presence, enhancing energy efficiency and comfort. In healthcare settings, it can assist in monitoring patient movements, ensuring safety and improving care. Additionally, in emergency situations, accurate indoor localization can facilitate quicker and more efficient evacuations. In summary, this dissertation presents a groundbreaking approach to indoor localization that is cost-effective, privacy-preserving, and highly accurate. By leveraging floor vibrations and advanced sensor data processing techniques, vibro-localization offers a viable alternative to traditional methods, with broad applications that can significantly enhance the functionality and safety of indoor environments. This research not only addresses current limitations in indoor localization technology but also paves the way for future innovations in smart building systems and occupant-aware technologies.

Th. doct.-ing.--Grenoble, I.N.P., 1985.

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In the open ocean acoustic scattering by SONAR sources can be dominated by large fish schools. Multiple scattering effects are strong and the individual fish air-filled swimbladders scatter in the 1-10 kHz frequency range for most fish sizes. Furthermore, these schools are typically large in comparison to the acoustic wavelength and the individual fish typically swim in nearly periodic arrangements with a separation distance of approximately one body length. Hence, this work takes the perspective that fish schools can be studied simply and effectively by invoking the formalism of Bloch waves in periodic media. Analysis of the periodic school is aided through the Bloch theorem which reduces the study of the entire school to the study of a unit cell containing a single fish swimbladder. Application of the Bloch formalism to the school requires study of acoustic reflection from a semi-infinite half-space composed of an infinite tessellation of air-filled swimbladders in water. This media is denoted a fluid phononic crystal (PC). The reflection is considered, using a finite element discretization of the unit cell and an expansion of Bloch waves for the transmitted wave field. Next, scattering from a large finite school is studied through the context of the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral theorem where the semi-infinite PC pressure, determined by the Bloch wave expansion, is used as the surface pressure. Validation of results is accomplished via comparison with a finite element model (two dimensions) and a low frequency analytical multiple scattering model (three dimensions). Analysis of the dispersion relationship of the infinite PC yields useful information for a large school, namely, the frequency corresponding to target strength peaks, even as wave incidence angles and internal fish spacing are varied. The scattering effects attributed to the shape and weak internal disorder of the finite school were investigated with the surface integral method and a perturbation scheme. A general model using Bloch formalism, that encompasses the internal fish structure, fish biologic properties, and realistic school effects such as varying school geometry and disorder, was formulated. Transient analysis of the frequency dependent scattering, using the proposed approach developed in this thesis, may assist SONAR operators better classify large fish schools based on the observed characteristics of the scattered field.

Le présent manuscrit contribue à l’étude des écoulements liquides dans des milieux poreux artificiels, plus spécifiquement dans les cas où la matrice poreuse présente des gradients de perméabilité importants, par exemple dans un milieu stratifié ou fracturé. Nous étudions l’influence de tels milieux poreux hétérogènes sur différents types d’écoulements. Ce travail est principalement expérimental, mettant en oeuvre une technique optique non-intrusive appelée effet Christiansen. Cette méthode permet de déterminer quantitativement des distributions soit de température, soit de concentration au sein d’un milieu poreux. Trois problèmes physiques sont étudiés: tout d’abord le problème de Horton-Rodgers-Lapwood qui est l’équivalent du très connu problème de Rayleigh-Bénard mais pour un milieu poreux, ensuite les phénomènes de dispersion hydrodynamique que l’on rencontre dans des écoulements multiphasiques. Cette dispersion hydrodynamique est essentiellement envisagée comme un processus macroscopique de diffusion, renforcé par rapport à la diffusion moléculaire que l’on rencontre en milieu fluide libre. Enfin, le troisième problème englobe les écoulements capillaires en milieux poreux en environnement de pesanteur réduite. Dans le cas d’écoulements immiscibles multiphasiques, il faut prendre en considération l’effet de la tension superficielle aux interfaces. Comme les effets capillaires sont partiellement masqués par les effets de pesanteur durant des expériences au sol, une étude précise des effets de mouillage dans ces écoulements en milieu poreux nécessite de les découpler au maximum des autres effets physiques. Un programme de recherche en microgravité a été réalisé, et un nouveau modèle mathématique qui prend en compte l’influence des forces capillaires a été élaboré dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le Service de Chimie-Physique et le Prof. N.N. Smirnov du Département de Mécanique et de Mathématique de l’Université d’Etat de Moscou. La structure de ce travail part du Chapitre 1, qui présente essentiellement les milieux poreux et leurs spécificités. Ce dernier introduit le formalisme et les concepts nécessaires au traitement des trois problèmes de recherche envisagés. Le Chapitre 2 présente ensuite une étude bibliographique du problème de Horton-Rodgers-Lapwood et des phénomènes de dispersion hydrodynamique en milieux poreux. Le Chapitre 3 est consacré à l’effet Christiansen. Le Chapitre 4 présente les dispositifs de laboratoire mis au point, ainsi qu’une compilation des résultats expérimentaux obtenus. Les problèmes d’écoulements capillaires sont exposés au Chapitre 5, étant donné que la technique expérimentale est différente de celle basée sur l’effet Christiansen. Ce Chapitre compare le nouveau modèle mathématique aux résultats des expériences menées en microgravité durant de nombreuses campagnes de vols paraboliques. Le Chapitre 6 referme ce travail par ses conclusions et perspectives.

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