Nowadays, using the LED as backlight module's light source becomes generalization gradually, and the application of LED light source develops from the liquid crystal display to the liquid crystal TV. However, thermal dissipative problem of LED component is still an important issue to study presently, since it can affect the service lives of LED and LCD seriously. In order to increase the luminous energy of the LED component, one need to increase the supply of electric power and it will cause the increment of thermal dissipative problem of the LED component also. Therefore, by considering the LED components as the light source of the backlight module , the purpose of this study is to reduce number of the required LED components in order to decrease the thermal dissipative problem of LEDs, and maintain the luminous and uniformity of the backlight module simultaneously. A new packaging for LED, named SMD type metallic reflection cup LED component, was proposed in this study. The new LED package not only has a better thermal dissipative property, but also can control its radiation property by changing the angle of its reflection cup. So, the proposed LED package can be applied for different purposes. By applying the proposed LED components as the light source of a backlight module, under the condition of same illumination, it can be shown that the required number of LED components can be decreased tremendously and so the thermal dissipative problem can be decreased too. Also, the numerical simulated results showed that by choosing the suitable angle of the reflection cup, the uniformity of the backlight module can be improved. Besides, this study proposed a modified method for assessing the uniformity of a backlight module. The simulated results showed that the proposed method can assess the uniformity of a backlight module more suitable than the traditional nine points measurement method can do.

<p>This is a Bachelor Degree Project report based on the design of a plastic vending cup.The project is carried out in cooperation with the company Promens Lidköping,manufacturer of a wide range of plastic products as food packaging, trays, pots, cups andsheets for the food industry.</p><p>A vending cup is a product used to contain hot beverages which come from vendingcoffee machines. It is a product daily used in many different environments as hospitals,offices, libraries and common places, etc. Consequently it is aimed at a varied public.</p><p>The redesign was focused mainly on the aesthetics aspect attempting to transmit aninnovative touch that would change the concept of today’s simple vending cup in a waythat it attracts the customer’s attention.</p><p>The so called Mistral Vending Cup is a plastic cup which is out of the ordinary currentvending cup by means of a new bright colour, orange, and also its innovative shape, inthis field, constituted basically from organic lines and curve surfaces unlike the today’svending cups. The Mistral Vending cup introduces a great change, a new era in thehistory of the vending cups due to its organic shapes never seen in the market.</p>

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty is touted as an attractive alternative to total hip arthroplasty for treatment of severe joint pain and limited mobility in young patients because it is bone conserving and allows for a greater range of motion. There is concern in the orthopaedic community, however, regarding surgically-induced deformation of hip resurfacing cups. Cup deformation could potentially compromise the tight clearance between the femoral head and cup, resulting in increased wear, acoustic emissions, and joint binding. This phenomenon has been investigated both experimentally and with finite element analysis (FEA). Finite element studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of cup deformation, such as the effect of different cup dimensions on deformation results, but unfortunately such studies were deficient in a number of ways. The first objective of this thesis was to create a three-dimensional finite element model of resurfacing cup deformation that addressed the limitations of previous models pertaining to pelvic geometry, meshing, material properties, and cup insertion, in order to more fully elucidate cup deformation. The second objective was to demonstrate that two-dimensional characterization of cup deformation at the cup rim is insufficient, by more fully characterizing cup deformation in three-dimensions. The geometry was obtained via laser scanning and digital processing of a hemi-pelvis replica, meshing was performed without the use of shell elements, linear elasticity with strain-hardening after the onset of yielding was assigned to the cup and bone, and the most appropriate method for simulation of cup insertion was determined via two-dimensional axisymmetric analyses. Also, cup deformation was characterized in three-dimensions. The key findings of this thesis are that bone yield behaviour has important implications on press-fitting simulation, and the cup deforms irregularly and possibly plastically during press-fitting. A three-dimensional finite element model of resurfacing cup deformation that addressed the limitations of previous models was successfully created. Measurement of deformation at the rim of the resurfacing cup for characterization of cup deformation is insufficient; full characterization of cup deformation in three-dimensions is necessary. Future work should incorporate clinical testing to obtain model inputs such as impact and muscle forces, as well as model validation.

No description available.

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty is touted as an attractive alternative to total hip arthroplasty for treatment of severe joint pain and limited mobility in young patients because it is bone conserving and allows for a greater range of motion. There is concern in the orthopaedic community, however, regarding surgically-induced deformation of hip resurfacing cups. Cup deformation could potentially compromise the tight clearance between the femoral head and cup, resulting in increased wear, acoustic emissions, and joint binding. This phenomenon has been investigated both experimentally and with finite element analysis (FEA). Finite element studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of cup deformation, such as the effect of different cup dimensions on deformation results, but unfortunately such studies were deficient in a number of ways. The first objective of this thesis was to create a three-dimensional finite element model of resurfacing cup deformation that addressed the limitations of previous models pertaining to pelvic geometry, meshing, material properties, and cup insertion, in order to more fully elucidate cup deformation. The second objective was to demonstrate that two-dimensional characterization of cup deformation at the cup rim is insufficient, by more fully characterizing cup deformation in three-dimensions. The geometry was obtained via laser scanning and digital processing of a hemi-pelvis replica, meshing was performed without the use of shell elements, linear elasticity with strain-hardening after the onset of yielding was assigned to the cup and bone, and the most appropriate method for simulation of cup insertion was determined via two-dimensional axisymmetric analyses. Also, cup deformation was characterized in three-dimensions. The key findings of this thesis are that bone yield behaviour has important implications on press-fitting simulation, and the cup deforms irregularly and possibly plastically during press-fitting. A three-dimensional finite element model of resurfacing cup deformation that addressed the limitations of previous models was successfully created. Measurement of deformation at the rim of the resurfacing cup for characterization of cup deformation is insufficient; full characterization of cup deformation in three-dimensions is necessary. Future work should incorporate clinical testing to obtain model inputs such as impact and muscle forces, as well as model validation.

This paper examines the determinants of FIFA World Cup performances of nations. The study incorporates socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and football-specific factors to investigate how World Cup results can be explained. A linear regression is used to study the last five tournaments, and the model finds that being seeded for the draw, and the host country effect are statistically significant variables. Additionally, I discover two new variables – namely, having a star player and having become a member of FIFA before 1924, as being statistically significant in my analysis.

Hintergrund: Wird bei älteren Risikopatient:innen mit Hüft-Totalendoprothese ein Revisionseingriff erforderlich und ist die zementfreie Pfanne noch gut knöchern integriert, besteht die Möglichkeit zur Zementierung einer Dual Mobility Pfanne (DMC) nach Inlay-Entfernung. Neben der postoperativen Prävention einer erneuten Luxation ist ein Vorteil dieser Off-Label-Anwendung einer DMC, dass die alte Pfanne belassen und somit Knochensubstanz erhalten werden kann. Aus dieser Vorgehensweise resultiert auch eine geringere Operations (OP)-Dauer, was gerade für multimorbide Patientengruppen von Bedeutung ist. Fragestellung: Da es bislang nur wenige Untersuchungen zu diesem Verfahren gibt, sollte ermittelt werden, ob die Zementierung einer DMC in eine fest knöchern verankerte Pfanne eine effektive Option für den Revisionseingriff bei Risikopatient:innen darstellt. Methoden: In dieser retrospektive Kohortenstudie wurden 33 Fälle zwischen 2015 und 2020 eingeschlossen. Häufigste Indikationen waren Rezidivluxationen (42 %) und Periprothetische Femurfrakturen (PPF) (39 %). Weitere Indikationen waren Inlay-Verschleiß (9 %), (Pseudo- )Tumor (6 %) und Schaftlockerung (3 %). Das mittlere Patientenalter betrug 79 ± 7 Jahre, die mittlere Nachuntersuchungs (NU)-Zeit 28,5±17,3Monate. Zur NU waren 15Patient:innen verstorben und ein Patient Lost-to-Follow-Up. Die klinische Auswertung erfolgte für 17 und die radiologische Auswertung für 33 Patient:innen. Primärer Endpunkt war die Pfannenrevision aufgrund jedweder Ursache. Sekundärer Endpunkt war die Prothesenlockerung im Röntgenbild. Die Funktion des Hüftgelenks und die Lebensqualität der Patienten wurden als tertiärer Endpunkt zusammengefasst und mit Hilfe des HHS, WOMAC und UCLA erhoben. Ergebnisse: Der mittlere ASA-Score zum Zeitpunkt des Revisionseingriffs betrug 2,8 ± 0,6. Die mittlere OP-Dauer belief sich auf 124 ± 52 min. In zwei Fällen kam es zur Re-Luxation (6 %, Wechsel auf Constrained Liner). Es zeigte sich eine aseptische Lockerung der DMC (3 %) sowie eine Konusschädigung (3 %). Weitere Revisionen waren erforderlich wegen einer PPF (3 %, ORIF) sowie einer Wundheilungsstörung (3 %, Implantat-erhaltende Wundrevision). Die mittleren Punktwerte der einzelnen Scores zur NU lagen bei 59 ± 22 (HHS), 60 ± 26 (WOMAC) und 4 ± 2 (UCLA). Insgesamt ergaben sich nach Auswertung der Röntgenbilder – abgesehen von der erwähnten Revision bei Pfannenausbruch – keine weiteren Anzeichen für Lockerungen oder Veränderungen der DMC-Position, sodass die Überlebensraten nach einer mittleren NU von 28,5 Monaten bei 86,8 % (n = 33) für den primären Endpunkt und bei 92,3 % (n = 22) für den sekundären Endpunkt lag. Schlussfolgerung: Die Off-Label-Zementierung einer DMC in eine fest verankerte Pfanne weist kurz- bis mittelfristig eine geringe Lockerungs- sowie Gesamtkomplikationsrate auf. Ob das Verfahren auch bei längerer Beobachtungszeit gute Ergebnisse zeigt, müssen weitergehende Untersuchungen klären. / Background: If a revision procedure is required in an elderly high-risk patient after a previous total hip arthroplasty and if the cementless acetabular cup is still well integrated in the bone, it is possible to insert a cemented Dual Mobility Cup (DMC) after removal of the inlay. In addition to the postoperative prevention of re-dislocation, this “off-label” application allows the old cup to be left in place. Therefore, bone substance can be preserved. It also usually results in a shorter Operation (OP) time, which is particularly important for this high-risk patient groups. Objective: As there are only few studies on the success of this procedure so far, the aim is to determine whether cementing a DMC into a firmly anchored cup is an effective option for revision surgery in high-risk patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 33 patients between 2015 and 2020. The most common indications were recurrent dislocation (42 %) and periprosthetic fracture (39 %). Other indications were inlay wear (9 %), (pseudo-)tumour (6 %) and socket loosening (3 %). The mean patient age was 79 ± 7 years, and the mean follow-up (FU) time was 28.5 ± 17.3 months. At FU, 15 patients were deceased, and one patient was lost-to-follow-up. Data from 17 patients were available for the clinical evaluation and data from 33 patients for the radiological evaluation. The primary endpoint was revision of the inserted cup due to any cause. The secondary endpoint was prosthesis loosening as determined by the radiograph. The function of the hip joint and the quality of life of the patients were summarized as the tertiary endpoints and assessed using the HHS, WOMAC and UCLA. Results: The mean ASA-score at the time of revision surgery was 2.8 ± 0.6 and the mean operative time was 124 ± 52 min. Re-dislocation occurred in two cases (6.1 %, conversion to a constrained liner). There was one aseptic loosening of the DMC construct (3.0 %) and one case of cone damage (3.0 %). Further revisions were required due to a periprosthetic fracture (3.0 %, open reduction with internal fixation) and a wound healing disorder (3.0 %, implant-preserving wound revision). The mean scores at FU were 59 ± 22 (HHS), 60 ± 26 (WOMAC) and 4 ± 2 (UCLA). Overall, after evaluation of the radiographs, there was no evidence of loosening or change in DMC position, apart from the aforementioned revision for acetabular loosening. Thus, the survival rate after the mean FU of 28.5 months was 86,8 % (n = 33) for the primary endpoint and 92,3 % (n = 22) for the secondary endpoint. Conculsion: The “off-label” cementation of a DMC into a firmly anchored acetabular cup has a low loosening rate and a low overall complication rate in the short to medium term. Whether the procedure also shows good results over a longer observation period must be clarified in further studies.

Different contact surface parameters and operating characteristics are observed during the deep drawing process. It is not possible to find a formulation that can be used for all lubrication regimes. Therefore, several friction models have been developed in order to overcome this problem. In this study, a math program is developed which combines Wilson&rsquo / s and Khonsari&rsquo / s friction models in a new model in order to increase accuracy and efficiency in friction calculations. By comparing the results of both friction models, the film thickness ratio of 0.035 is introduced for 0.15 &mu / m standard deviation of surface summits. Below the ratio of 0.035, Khonsari&rsquo / s model gives more accurate results since asperity friction is dominant and the model is based on asperity contact. Above the ratio of 0.035, Wilson&rsquo / s model gives more accurate results since hydrodynamic friction is dominant and the model is based on lubricant flow. In this study, a finite element program is used to simulate 50 mm cylindrical and 50.5x50.5 mm square shallow drawing processes which are performed in single stage. The final cup depths are selected as 18 mm and 23 mm for square and cylindrical cup drawing respectively. The FEM model and the program codes developed are verified by the previous studies in literature. After verification, the simulation results of the cylindrical and square cup drawing are input to a math program which calculates local friction coefficients using the combined friction model. Finally, the combined friction model and the results are further discussed.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a theoretically informed account of the decision-making process in mega sports events policy in Marseille. This is intended to allow an evaluation of the major theoretical frameworks developed in the Anglo-Saxon literature on urban governance and their applicability to the French local government context, and more specifically to the context of sports policy in Marseille. Following an analysis of the development of the local political culture of Marseille, the thesis undertakes a review of theoretical frameworks developed in the urban policy literature identifying three major approaches / concepts which have dominated Anglo-Saxon literature, namely the growth coalition (Logan and Molotch 1987), policy network (Rhodes 1981; 1988), and urban regime (Stone 1989) approaches. These theoretical frameworks have been little used in French urban policy literature (Le Gales 1995; 2003) and feature rarely, if at all, in French sports policy literature. In reviewing this literature the thesis identifies a set of indicators, which may be used in empirical contexts to differentiate growth coalitions from policy networks and urban regimes. A major question for the research is thus to what extent Anglo-Saxon theoretical frameworks / concepts can be usefully employed to understand French decision-making and that of Marseille in particular. Subscribing to critical realism, the thesis aims to give an account of the mega sport event phenomena in Marseille, and of the actors' understanding and interpretation (in effect their social construction) of the phenomena. The data collected were documents for the period 1991 - 2003 from official sources (minutes and proceedings of local government and event-related bodies, reports, political speeches, and local government publications), local press coverage, and interviewees conducted with the major decision-makers. An ethnographic content analysis was made, partly employing a deductive approach based on the set of common indicators developed from the review of urban policy, and partly inductively from themes, which emerged in the analysis (Altheide 1996). The thesis concludes that while there is some evidence of the development of policy networks the specificity of the French context, and that of Marseille, with its heavily state-led approach to policy, means that the use of urban regime, and still less of growth coalition approaches, is not warranted by the evidence.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Introduction: In-house contamination of drinking water stored in wide-mouthed buckets (even with lids) has been widely reported in epidemiologic investigations as vehicles for diarrhoea disease transmission. The long handled mukombe cup (LHM cup), recently developed by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), a department of the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC) in Zimbabwe, is a promising low cost dipping devise for extraction of water from wide-mouthed containers. Aim: The study aim was to assess the effectiveness and household acceptability of the long handled mukombe cup in reducing bacteriological contamination of drinking water stored in wide-mouthed vessels in the home in a peri urban settlement in Harare, Zimbabwe. Methodology: A randomised controlled trial of a long handled mukombe cup was conducted in Hatcliffe, Harare. After collecting baseline data on demographics, household water quality, and other sanitation and water handling practices, households were given basic health education before the two selected communities were randomly assigned to one of the two groups of 119 households each. The intervention group received the LHM cup while the control group received no intervention. Households were followed up after two months and assessed effectiveness and user acceptability of the intervention. Data Analysis: Data analysis was conducted using STATA 11. Descriptive statistics were calculated and reported as percentages, proportions, frequencies and measures of central tendency. Bivariate statistics were carried out to test independent associations between use of the LHM cup and E. coli. All analyses were conducted in an intention-to-intervene analysis. Results: A total of 230 households were analysed during follow-up. Samples of stored drinking water from intervention households were significantly lower in E. coli levels than those of control households (geometric mean E. coli of 0.8/100 ml vs 13.0/100 ml, p <0.0001). Overall, 78.4% (987/111) of samples from the intervention households met World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 0 cfu/100ml sample, while 52.1% of the 119 samples from control households met such a benchmark (p < 0.0001). In addition, 94.6% of intervention household samples were in compliance with this intervention or presented low risk, 27.7% of samples from control group households presented intermediate or high risk. There was a statistically significant association between LHM cup use and reduced E. coli bacterial contamination in stored drinking water (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in turbidity in both intervention and control groups, both for turbidity <5 and >5 (p = 0.071). Acceptability of the LHM cup was very high (100%). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the evaluation and acceptability of the LHM cup in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Positive results were recorded that showed that the LHM cup was effective in minimising E. coli contamination in the intervention group as compared to the control group. It is postulated that this is because the LHM cup reduces hand contact with stored water during scooping, thus maintaining improved water quality in communities in Zimbabwe that collect and store drinking water in wide-mouthed containers with lids where extraction is by scooping. However, more research is required to document the LHM cup's continued and effective use, durability and overall sustainability in the absence of any serious sampling or monitoring.