Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria, way back in 1950s, the country has invariably suffered some negative environmental consequences such as oil pollution resulting from gas flaring and oil extraction, loss of mangrove trees, which before now was a source of livelihood for the indigenous people and habitat for the area’s biodiversity. Oil production activities have caused contamination of marine life, and habitat, which in turn have had negative consequences on the health of humans, who consume the sea food. Inadequate attention had been paid by the successive Governments of Nigeria and the oil companies to these environmental problems over the years. In this study, an assessment of the effects of oil and gas exploration and exploitation on the nearby communities in some of Chevron’s operational areas was carried out using the Ugborodo community as a case study. Furthermore, investigations were carried out on the toxicity effects of the Escravos crude oil on aquatic organisms like Tilapia and a terrestrial organism such as the Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris,). The study established the effect and the impact of crude oil when exposed to such organisms mentioned above. The rate of death of barbus fingerlings of Tilapia and the Earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestris) at different concentrations of crude oil was determined and reported. The community survey undertaken by polling data shows the dwindling of the natural resources of the area due to oil exploration and the survey indicate the impacts on natural resources from pollution by crude oil and the consequences on the affected communities using the Ugborodo community in the Chevron’s Nigeria Limited Operational base as a case study. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

Cet ouvrage porte sur la conception, la synthèse, les propriétés physico-chimiques et les propriétés pharmacologiques de peptides analogues de la Leu enképhaline. Ces travaux ont été effectués dans une collaboration entre les laboratoires des Pr Yves Dory et Louis Gendron. Le but à long terme de cette recherche est de développer des analgésiques (antidouleurs) basés sur le squelette de la Leu enképhaline, mais possédant une action orale. Bien sûr, par ces recherches, la compréhension des interactions intermoléculaires entre la Leu enképhaline et sa cible biologique (le récepteur opioïdergique delta; DOP) a pu être améliorée. Les informations recueillies par ces travaux pourront être d’une utilité notoire dans le développement futur d’analgésiques. Trois articles originaux sont insérés dans cet ouvrage (chapitres 1 et 3). Une introduction détaillée sur l’état des connaissances sur les analgésiques, plus particulièrement des peptides opioïdes, est présentée en premier lieu. Le chapitre 1 présente une série d’analogues d’enképhalines obtenus par remplacement systématique des amides par des alcènes. La deuxième section de ce chapitre présente une amélioration portée à la synthèse de ces analogues (réaction de déconjugaison cinétique). Aux chapitres 2 et 3 sont présentés d’autres analogues d’enképhalines obtenus par remplacement systématique des amides. Le chapitre 2 comporte les remplacements de type ester et N-méthyl amide. Le chapitre 3 comporte le remplacement de type triazole, obtenu par chimie de type « click ». Le chapitre 4 comporte des analogues de la Leu enképhaline obtenus par modification des chaînes latérales du peptide. Les chaînes des acides aminés 2 et 5 ont été modifiées pour obtenir des peptides plus sélectifs pour DOP, ainsi que pour avoir la possibilité de marquer le peptide avec un atome radioactif. L’annexe 5 relate la synthèse du SB-235863. Ce composé est un agoniste sélectif de DOP dérivé de la codéine.

Au Canada, on estime que près du tiers de la population souffrira de douleur chronique au cours de sa vie. Présentement, les agonistes des récepteurs opioïdergiques mu, telle la morphine, sont parmi les médicaments les plus efficaces et les plus utilisés pour le traitement de la douleur d'intensité modérée à sévère. Cependant, l'effet analgésique de ces composés s'accompagne souvent d'effets secondaires importants (nausée, constipation, tolérance). Il est maintenant reconnu que l'activation des récepteurs opioïdergiques delta (DOPR) s'accompagne d'effets analgésiques importants. Des résultats récents de notre laboratoire indiquent en plus que l'activation de DOPR n'entraîne pas de tolérance analgésique. Puisque les enképhalines, ligands peptidiques endogènes, possèdent une bonne sélectivité envers DOPR (versus les autres récepteurs opioïdergiques), notre laboratoire, en collaboration avec celui du Pr Dory du département de chimie de l'Université de Sherbrooke, s'intéresse à la conception et à la synthèse de peptidomimétiques, analogues des enképhalines, afin d'en améliorer les propriétés pharmacologiques. Nous avons donc procédé au remplacement systématique de chacun des liens amides (CO-NH) de la leu-enképhaline (LE) par un alcène (double lien C=C), ce dernier étant plus lipophile et plus difficilement dégradé par les peptidases que ne l'est le lien amide. Cependant, contrairement aux liens amides, les groupements alcènes ne permettent pas la formation de liaisons faibles non covalentes de type pont hydrogène qui pourraient être essentielles à la liaison de la LE sur DOPR (liaisons intermoléculaires), ou encore, à l'adoption de la conformation biologiquement active de la LE (liaisons intramoléculaires). Le but de mon projet de maîtrise était de procéder à la caractérisation in vitro de ces nouveaux analogues enképhalinergiques et ainsi, de définir l'importance de chacun des liens amides de la LE pour sa liaison à DOPR et sa capacité d'activation du récepteur. Les mesures de leur affinité pour DOPR, ainsi que de leur capacité d'activation du récepteur au moyen de différents essais in vitro indiquent que les 2e, 3e et 4e liens amides semblent importants pour conserver la liaison et l'activité de la LE sur DOPR. En effet, seul l'analogue substitué au niveau du 1er lien amide présente une affinité et des activités similaires à celles de la LE. De plus, un essai in vivo dans un modèle animal de douleur inflammatoire avec ce ligand a confirmé son potentiel antihyperalgésique. En plus de nous informer sur la conformation biologiquement active des enképhalines, les données que nous avons recueillies jusqu'à présent pourraient mener au développement d'un ligand assez lipophile pour passer la barrière hématoencéphalique et suffisamment stable pour permettre un profil pharmacocinétique adéquat pour une utilisation clinique.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / For research purposes on helicopter rotor acoustics a large data acquisition system called TEDAS (Transputer based Expandable Data Acquisition System) has been developed. The key features of this system are: unlimited expandability and sum data rate, local storage of data during operation, very simple analog anti aliasing filtering due to extensive digital filtering, and integrated computational power which scales with the number of channels. The sample rate is up to 50 kHz/channel, the resolution is 16 bit, 360 channels are realized now. TEDAS consists of blocks with 8 A/D converters which are controlled by one transputer T800. The size of the local memory is 4 Mbyte. Any number of blocks (IDAM = Intelligent Data Acquisition Module) can be combined to a complete system. Data preprocessing is done in parallel inside the IDAMs. As for 16 bit systems the analog antialiasing filtering becomes a dominant factor of the costs, delta sigma ADCs with oversampling and internal digital filtering are used. This produces an exact linear phase and a stop band rejection of -90 dB.

CD161 γδ T-cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis however their role in health and chronic liver disease requires further exploration. In health, the majority of γδ T-cells expressed CD161 – a C-type lectin, and predominantly expressed the Vδ2 chain. The CD161+ γδ T-cells demonstrated a Th1-like pattern, expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α and Granzymes/Perforin when compared to the CD161- subset. The CD161+ γδ T-cells also expressed CCR6 and IL-18R thus also displaying a Th17-like pattern. These cells were also found in the lamina propria in the gut and rapidly expanded in the 1^st few weeks of life in the periphery. On gene array analysis, there were 409 genes expressed on the CD161+ γδ T-cells when compared to their CD161-ve counterparts including those coding for β2 receptors, CCL20, Acetycholinesterase, CCR1 and IL-18R. A potential clinical correlation to cardiac diseases was found when the upregulated genes were analysed. When the CD161+ γδ and CD161+ αβ T-cell populations were compared via gene-array, an association with a risk variant for coeliac disease was found. Thus in health, CD161+ γδ T-cells are not only a distinct subset of T-cells (confirmed by a FACS approach and gene array methods), but also the expression of CD161 may be linked to common genetic signals downstream in cell processes and disease pathogenesis, irrespective of T-cell subset population. In chronic liver disease there was a significant reduction in the periphery of CD161+ γδ T-cells in patients with chronic Hepatitis C (HCV) and an increase in patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis when compared with healthy individuals. The CD161+ γδ T-cells appeared to be of a different phenotype in HCV infection. There was no overall significant localisation into of CD161+ γδ T-cells patients with chronic liver disease or specifically in HCV infection. There was however a CD161+ γδ T-cell enrichment in the liver in patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver disease. The CD161+ γδ T-cells were also found in Hepatocellular Carcinoma tissue. Overall it appears the CD161+ γδ T-cells are indeed a unique subset, playing a distinct role in health, as part of an early innate response, but also potentially involved in disease pathogenesis.

This thesis examines the potential of the indigenous right to internal self-determination as a framework accommodating the demands of the Niger Delta Peoples for Self-determination within the sovereignty of Nigeria. The unsustainable exploitation of crude oil in the Niger Delta resulted in the ecological devastation of the region and adversely affected the Niger Delta People's subsistent traditional mode of using their lands. The response of the Niger Delta People was originally to seek redress by instituting legal actions in Nigerian courts. The failure of the majority of these actions, and the combined factors of the exclusion of the Niger Delta People from the process and proceeds of the oil industry and their marginalization in the political and administrative structure of Nigeria resulted in the demand by the Niger Delta People that Nigeria recognize their right to self-determination. They justified this demand for self-determination with the arguments that:  Their dispossession from their lands by the government in Nigeria was akin to the exploitation of indigenous peoples in the Americas by colonial settlers.  The unsustainable exploitation of resources in their territory placed them in the same position as colonized peoples experienced under foreign domination in the era of colonization. In a bid to protect her sovereignty, Nigeria does not recognize the rights of self-determination or 'peoplehood' or even minority status of any ethnic groups within Nigeria. This thesis argues that the indigenous right to internal self-determination is a framework that has the potential to bring lasting solution to the conflict between the Niger Delta people and the government of Nigeria for the following reasons:  Indigenous internal self-determination prescribes a category of self-determination that is consistent with the sovereignty of states because it recommends inter alia autonomy with the territories of states. Indigenous internal self-determination provides a regime for sustainable development of resources as it recommends inter alia that states recognize the right of indigenous peoples to participation, consultation and free prior informed consent in the exploitation of resources in indigenous peoples' territory.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes the design and characteristics of a digital voice encoding circuit that uses the continuously variable slope delta (CVSD) modulation/demodulation method. With digital voice encoding, the audio signal can be placed into the pulse code modulation (PCM) data stream. Some methods of digitizing voice can require a large amount of bandwidth. Using the CVSD method, an acceptable quality of audio signal is obtained with a minimum of bandwidth. Presently, there is a CVSD microchip commercially available; however, this paper will describe the design of a circuit based on individual components that apply the CVSD method. With the advances in data acquisition technology, increased bit rates, and introduction of a corresponding MIL-STD, CVSD modulated voice will become more utilized in the flight test programs and a good knowledge of CVSD will become increasingly important. This paper will present CVSD theory, supported by graphical investigations of a working circuit under different conditions. Finally, several subjects for further study into CVSD will be addressed.

The records or both the faunal remains and artifacts recover d from the St.Mungo Cannery site in the Fraser Delta, British Columbia during 1968-1969 are analysed quantitatively for evidence of processual cultural change. Descriptions of the site and site habitat are given, and methods used to recover, describe, and analyse the two records are detailed. The patterns of variation through time are given in tables of the relative frequencies of types found in excavation units Cl and C2. Multidimensional scalogram analysis is used to delineate and visually present the separation of components. An attempt is made to distinguish cultural variation in the two records from non-cultural variation produced by sampling procedures, and to control for the latter. The relationship between sample size and the number of artifacts and faunal types found is statistically demonstrated as a major sampling error . Some comparisons are made between the patterns of variation observed in faunal and artifact types theoretically related as evidence of particular activities. The information contained in the faunal record is found to be additional as well as parallel to that contained in the artifact record. / Graduate

The Saskatchewan River Delta (SRD) in central Canada, North America’s largest inland delta, is an important spring and fall stopover site for waterfowl with thousands flocking there annually to stage. However there is very little information on their origins prior to arrival and their feeding ecology while in the Delta. To date, band recoveries are largely from birds banded south of the SRD, mostly due to limited banding activity in productive waterfowl habitats to the north such as the Peace-Athabasca Delta and the broader boreal forest. There is also very little information on the importance of the SRD as an overall recruitment area for the North American waterfowl population. No studies have used stable isotopes to infer the origins and diets of these birds. I first used stable isotopes of hydrogen (2H) and sulfur (34S) to infer migratory origins and specifically evaluate the contribution of local and non-local birds to the staging population in the SRD during fall migration. Based on 2H, I found that few birds (34%) originated in the SRD despite its known role as breeding habitat; instead, most birds (56%) were migrants from the north of the SRD and a small fraction (10%) came from south of the SRD. Stable sulfur isotope data proved a useful tool in further delineation of birds into prairie and forest regions, respectively. Secondly, I used stable carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotopes and mercury concentrations in liver tissue ([Hg]) to trace nutrient sources of these waterfowl using the SRD prior to fall migration, and tested for differences in diets among species, sexes and age groups within species. I demonstrated the importance of macrophytes as a source of food, particularly among the American Widgeon and Northern Pintail (70% of the diet). However, there was some level of partitioning of resources at the species level, as Blue-winged Teal and Green-winged Teal used invertebrate sources, as did a distinct group of Mallards. This is likely a result of birds minimizing competition for resources during the short staging period in the SRD when waterfowl densities are high. Finally, I found that 15N values in liver, a known indicator of trophic position, can be confounded by variation in basal sources; hence, there is the need to use other isotopes or tracers such as [Hg] for verification. Overall, my results suggest an important role for northern ecosystems in central Canada in contributing to the waterfowl breeding population in the Central Flyway, and a key role for the SRD in providing fuel for waterfowl during fall migration. .

The study uses subsidence analysis of three deep wells to basement combined with sequence stratigraphic mapping to show that a 85,000 km² area of the Eastern Venezuelan foreland basin in the region of the Orinoco Delta underwent three main stages of foreland-related subsidence that followed a protracted Cretaceous - late Oligocene period of precollisional, passive margin formation. Phase 1 consists of increased foreland basin subsidence in the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (23 - 13 Ma) at average sedimentation rates of 0.14 mm/yr. Clastic rocks of Phase 1 include the Freites Formation, a 1.2 km-thick section of greenish-gray fissile shale and shaly sandstone deposited in shallow marine- neritic environments. Seismic facies show progradation of Phase 1 clastic rocks as a wedge from the NE and NNE. Clastic rocks deposited during the accelerated Phase 2 in the middle to late Miocene (13 -11 Ma at sedimentation rates of 1.45 mm/yr) include the La Pica Formation, a 2.7 km-thick section of gray silt and fine-grained sandstone deposited in shallow marine/coastal proximal environments. Seismic facies show progradation of Phase 2 clastic rocks as a wedge to the northeast. Phase 3 consists of decelerating foreland basin subsidence in the period of late Miocene-mid Pliocene (11-6 Ma at average sedimentation rates of 0.86 mm/yr). Sedimentary rocks deposited during this period include the Las Piedras Formation, a 1.45 km-thick section of sandstone, carbonaceous siltstone and shale deposited in deltaic environments. Seismic facies show a progradation of Phase 3 clastic rocks as a wedge to the northeast and east-northeast. Deeper marine environments and more rapid subsidence rates of Phases 1 and 2 are interpreted as an underfilled foreland basin controlled by active thrusting along the Serrania del Interior at the northern flank of the basin. Deltaic environments and slower rates of Phase 3 are interpreted as an overfilled foreland related to rapid seaward progradation of the Orinoco Delta and its filling of the former, dynamically- maintained interior seaway. Paleogeographic maps constrained by wells and seismic lines show a large regression of the Orinoco River towards the west across the Columbus basin and Eastern Venezuelan basin during the late Miocene and the Paleocene. In this foreland basin setting, the effects of thrust-related tectonic subsidence and early deposition of the Orinoco Delta play a larger role in the early Miocene-Pleistocene sequences than eustatic effects. / text