This thesis describes the Delta-Normal method of computing Value-at-Risk. The advantages and disadvantages of the Delta-Normal method compared to the Historical and Monte Carlo method of computing Value-at-Risk are discussed. The Delta-Normal method of computing Value-at-Risk is compared with the Historical Simulation method of Value-at-Risk using an implementation of portfolio consisting of ten stocks for 400 time intervals. Based on the normality of the distribution of the portfolio risk factors, Delta-Normal would be suitable if the distribution is normal and Historical Simulation method of calculating Value-at-Risk would be ideally suited if the distribution is non-normal.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 19 / Nenhuma / Estimativas dos valores médios do comprimento da primeira maturação de estoques pesqueiros são necessárias para a aplicação de políticas regionais de preservação destes recursos. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver experimentalmente procedimentos para o uso sustentável do recurso pescado através da investigação da seletividade das malhas e da estimativa do comprimento total da primeira maturação para fêmeas e machos das espécies mais abundantes. As coletas foram realizadas de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009, num dos sistemas semi-fechados do Delta do Jacuí. Durante o período noturno de 12 horas, empregando-se duas baterias de redes de espera com malhas de 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 e 60 mm entre-nós adjacentes, em dois ambientes: margem e pelagial. Adicionalmente foi realizada uma hora de pesca elétrica na margem. O grau de maturação gonadal das espécies foi identificado para ambos os sexos baseando-se numa escala de cinco estádios: Estádio A/Imaturo; Estádio B/ Em Maturação; Estádio C/Maduro, Estádio D/ Esvazi

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Within the discourse of community development, the expression 'capacity development' stands out. Its common usage has somehow rendered it almost insignificant given the fact that those who use it tend to think of it in ways that hardly can be considered as having singular meaning. To be precise, there is no consensus as to its meanings; yet, it has not stopped its usage. The implication is that capacity development as a concept remains complex and has the tendency to erect difficulty in the attempt to operationalize it and apply it in evaluating development initiatives. However, this study presents an operational definition of capacity development in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria; levels of capacity development as well as dimensions used to evaluate on-going development projects/ policies in the region. The research method used to gather data was mixed. Quantitative method was more convenient due to the topography of the study area. However, qualitative method was introduced and utilized to guarantee the validity, authenticity and reliability of data collected. Mapping and an observation of government agencies/ organizations involved in capacity development in the study area (the Niger Delta region, by extension); questionnaires that spoke of practices supportive of capacity development in the region as well as resources available to Southern Ijaw LGA for capacity development; focused group discussions and in depth interviews that drew attention to factors affecting capacity development at all levels; individual, institutional and societal etc. these tools were means that efficiently helped in assessing the extent to which capacity development has been operationalized in post conflict Niger delta.

Neste trabalho foi estudado o comportamento químico e geoquímico dos íons cobre, chumbo, níquel e zinco em área impactada por efluente industrial. Foram também consideradas uma área de montante não impactada que possibilitou a caracterização de background e outras duas áreas de jusante que possibilitaram a verificação da extensão da contaminação. Em cada área foram coletadas amostras de solo da Zona Não Saturada, Franja Capilar e Zona Saturada. Amostras de água subterrânea também foram coletadas, nos períodos chuvosos e de seca. O solo é composto essencialmente por Quartzo e Caulinita. Os resultados das análises granulométricas das amostras estudadas indicam textura predominantemente areia siltica e silte arenoso, já as análises químicas apontam para quantidades quase nulas de matéria orgânica, baixo CTC e ?pH negativo. A água subterrânea apresenta características ácidas, sendo que a Área Fonte apresenta pH médio inferior a 4. Nas áreas de Montante e Jusantes os valores médios de pH são respectivamente 6,7 e 5,7. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que os altos teores de íons metálicos observados na Área Fonte podem estar associados por adsorção e oclusão junto às partículas de solo na forma de oxi-hidróxidos de Fe, Al e Mn. As altas concentrações da solução, principalmente de íons cobre, causaram saturação dos sítios de adsorção da caulinita ali presente, explicando as altas concentrações de íons também em água subterrânea. As baixas concentrações catiônicas observadas nas águas subterrâneas à Jusante possivelmente estão relacionadas aos fenômenos de dispersão, resultando na diluição da solução por variação na velocidade de percolação, bem como no transporte de contaminante de zonas mais concentradas para menos concentradas, caracterizado pela difusão. Fenômenos de adsorção e precipitação também contribuem para as baixas concentrações nas áreas de jusante, onde o pH se apresenta mais alto e as soluções mais diluídas. Assim como o sistema DPE e a barreira hidráulica, através do fenômeno de advecção. / The chemical and geochemical behavior of copper, lead, nickel and zinc was studied in an impacted area. It was also considered a not affected area located up gradient and one down-gradient to evaluate the extent of contamination. In each area soil samples were collected from the unsaturated zone and capillary fringe and saturated zone. Groundwater samples were also collected, in rainy periods and drought. The soil consists mainly of quartz and kaolinite. Soil texture analysis indicate texture predominantly sand-loam and silt-loam. Chemical analyses do not show a significant amount of organic matter, low CEC and DpH negative. Groundwater has acidic characteristics; source area has an average pH of less than 4. In the areas up gradient and down-gradient the mean values of pH are respectively 6.7 and 5.7. Results demonstrate that the high metallic ions levels observed in the source area may be associated by adsorption and occlusion with the soil particles in the form of oxy- hydroxides of Fe , Al and Mn. High ion metals concentrations observed in the source area, mainly copper ion, caused saturation of the adsorption sites, elucidating the elevated ion concentrations in groundwater. The low cationic concentrations observed in down-gradient groundwater can be linked to the dispersion phenomenon, resulting in dilution by variation in speed, as well as transport of contaminant from more concentrated to less concentrated zones, characterized by molecular diffusion . Adsorption and precipitation phenomena are expected to be in place at down gradient areas, where pH is higher and solutions more diluted. Finally, it is understood that the DPE system and the hydraulic barrier have also contributed through advection phenomenon to reduce concentrations in groundwater.

In this thesis we present the work we have done to further the understanding of neutral pion photoproduction from the proton. Our work used heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory to fourth order, and we explicitly include the ∆(1232) resonance using the delta power-counting scheme. We also test the effects of including and excluding D-waves, partial waves with orbital angular momentum quantum number of 2. We begin our discussion in chapter 1 with a brief history of nuclear physics before showing how current algebras and the partial-conservation of the axial-vector current (PCAC) can be used to describe low-energy hadronic interactions. To improve upon PCAC results, one can make use of chiral effective field theories, taking advantage of the chiral symmetry that is present in the limit of massless quarks. We formally introduce chiral perturbation theory (χPT) in chapter 2, discussing the power-counting problem that arises once baryons are included, and present two different approaches to overcome this. We conclude chapter 2 showing how the theory can be extended to include the ∆(1232) resonance. In chapter 3 we describe the model-independent framework of pion photoproduction needed to describe both theory and experiment. We discuss the various recent efforts to describe pion photoproduction within χPT in the latter half of chapter 3. We lay out the framework we have developed in chapter 4 and present our results in chapter 5. We have compared our work to the recent experimental data released by the A2 and CB-TAPS collaborations at the Mainz Microtron. Our results show that we can accurately describe the data from threshold up to an in-coming laboratory photon energy of approximately 260 MeV, a clear improvement on previous studies. We find that including the ∆ is necessary to describe the data beyond E γ ≈ 200 MeV, but the case for D-waves is not so clear. We cannot pinpoint an energy where their inclusion is necessary but we do find evidence suggesting they are important to improve the stability of the fit. Our best results require the inclusion of both the ∆ and D-waves. Finally, in chapter 6, we present our concluding remarks from what has been achieved over the last four years of study and what forms possible extensions of our work could take.

Lam Chau Lui. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Text in English with some Chinese. / Chapter A. --- INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW / Chapter A-1. --- Thesis Introduction / Chapter A-2. --- Urban Village Overview / Chapter B. --- URBAN VILLAGE DOCUMENTATION / Chapter B-1. --- "Shipai Village, Guangzhou" / Chapter B-2. --- "Daxin Village, Shenzhen" / Chapter B-3. --- "Yumin Village, Shenzhen" / Chapter B-4. --- "Huanggang Village, Shenzhen" / Chapter B-5. --- "Xiasha Village, Shenzhen" / Chapter B-6 --- "Tianmian Village, Shenzhen" / Chapter C. --- A TYPOLOGICAL STRATEGY / Chapter C-1. --- Typological Experiments / Chapter C-2. --- Typological Hybrids / Chapter D. --- Transforming Daxin Village / Chapter D-1. --- Site / Chapter D-2. --- Urban Village Transformation Strategy / Chapter D-3. --- Courtyard Housing

Kee Wai Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-155). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.v / CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF ABBREVIATION --- p.ix / CHAPTER / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Research Significance --- p.1 / Research Objectives --- p.3 / Definitions --- p.5 / Greater Pearl River Delta --- p.5 / “cross-boundary´ح --- p.8 / Thesis Outline --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- URBAN AND REGIONAL GOVERNANCE: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES --- p.11 / The Concept of Urban/Regional Governance and Its Development --- p.11 / Experiences in Cross-Border Regional Governance --- p.15 / Evolution of Regional Governance of the GPRD Region --- p.21 / The Cross-Boundary Infrastructure Development in the GPRD Region --- p.26 / Summary --- p.30 / Chapter 3 --- CROSS-BOUNDARY FLOW AND TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT --- p.34 / Introduction --- p.34 / The Economic and Social Development in the Past 25 Years --- p.36 / Economic Development --- p.36 / Social Development --- p.41 / The Transportation Development in the GPRD Region --- p.43 / Three Separated Transportation Systems --- p.44 / Cross-Boundary Transportation --- p.46 / Major Problems in the Transportation Development --- p.49 / The Future Development of Transportation --- p.52 / Summary --- p.55 / Chapter 4 --- THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-BOUNDARY LINKAGE PROPOSALS --- p.57 / Introduction --- p.57 / Conceptual Framework and Research Methodology --- p.59 / Conceptual Framework --- p.59 / Research Methodology --- p.61 / Evolution of Cross-Boundary Linkage Proposals --- p.63 / Stage 1: 1983-1989 Incubation of Idea --- p.64 / Stage 2: 1989-1997 Great Leap Forward I --- p.67 / Stage 3: 1997-2002 Time with Various Focuses --- p.71 / Stage 4: 2002-2003 Great Leap Forward II --- p.79 / Stage 5: 2003-2004 Concrete Action --- p.85 / The Advantages and Disadvantages of Bridge Scenarios --- p.91 / The Debates on the Bridge and the Participation of Stakeholders --- p.95 / The Necessity of This Cross-Boundary Linkage in the Beginning Time --- p.95 / Debates on the Advantages and Disadvantages of the LDYB and the HZMB and the Better One for the Region --- p.97 / Argues About the Development of Container Port Next to the Bridge in Hong Kong --- p.99 / Arguments about the Possibility of Including a Railway on the Bridge (HZMB) --- p.99 / The Concern on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Bridge by NGOs Such as Green Groups --- p.101 / Summary --- p.102 / Chapter 5 --- A GOVERNMENT-LED REGIONAL GOVERNANCE NETWORK AND THE ROLE OF VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS --- p.104 / Introduction --- p.104 / Governments in the Regional Governance Network --- p.106 / Lack of Good Cooperation and Joint Development Strategies in the Past --- p.108 / The Problem of the Allocation of Interests among Cities --- p.109 / The Strong Influence of the Political Leadership --- p.110 / The Strong Control Role of the Central Government --- p.112 / The Changing Roles of Governments --- p.115 / Private Sector in the Regional Governance Network --- p.117 / "Business Linkage, Business Expansion and Relationship in the Region ." --- p.118 / A Profitable Project --- p.119 / Civil Society in the Regional Governance Network --- p.121 / Academic and Professionals --- p.122 / The Media --- p.123 / Environmental Protection Groups --- p.124 / Discussion --- p.126 / Summary --- p.133 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.135 / Context of the Study --- p.135 / Major Findings --- p.137 / Suggestions for Further Research --- p.142 / REFERENCES --- p.145

Práce přibližuje základy protokolu HTTP a možnosti využití dynamického zasílání www stránek. První kapitola popisuje protokol HTTP na obecné úrovni, druhá se věnuje dynamicky zasílaným stránkám. Přínosem je ukázka implementace na dvou prakticky využitelných aplikacích. První z nich je automatický rozcestník pro webové sídlo, jehož úkolem je přesměrovat uživatele na nejvhodnější jazykovou verzi v závislosti na hodnotě hlavičky Accept-Language nebo IP adrese a druhou je download platforma pro společnost nabízející zábavní obsah pro mobilní telefony, jež poskytuje uživateli optimální verzi obsahu v závislosti na user-agent hlavičce jeho přístroje.

Guo, Chunlan. / "July 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-186). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix II in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research background: Female labor migrants in the PRD --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Restriction on women by Confucianism in China --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Restriction on women by state in China --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The mobility of women in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research questions and research objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Outline of the dissertation --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Literature Review: Female Migration, Household， , Labor Market and Feminist Geography" --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Research on female migration --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Female migration and household --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Household model and its critic by feminists --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Examples of studying female labor migration at the scale of household --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Household response to female labor migration --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Thinking and reflection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Female migration and labor market --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The segmentation in urban labor market and the female labor migration --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The disadvantage of migrant women in urban labor market --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The role of agents in female migration --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Female labor migration in China: A product of the economic transformation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- The research of female labor migration and approach of feminist geography --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The assignments of feminist geography --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The research of feminist geography --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Some weakness of feminist geography --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- The reason for using the methodology of feminist geography --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research framework --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Research issues --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Research framework and flow chat --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Fieldwork: to collect the firsthand data --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Observational survey --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interview survey --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Questionnaire Survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Secondary data --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Qualitative methods: interview analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Quantitative methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Female Migration in the Pearl River Delta: Census Data Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- The scale of female migration in the PRD --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- The distribution of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- The origins of female interprovincial migrants in the PRD --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The 2000 census data of Guangdong volume --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "The data of 1990 Census, 2000 Census and 2005's 1% survey" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- The education level and occupation of migrants in the PRD --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5 --- The migration reasons of the female migrants in the PRD --- p.82 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Why Rural Women Want to Migrate Out to Work from the Perspective of Household --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1 --- The filial daughters: migration as a part of the household economic strategy --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- The liberal daughters: migration for individual welfare --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3 --- The dilemma factory mothers: as a sacrifice of the dual economic development system --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion about the three models of rural women in migration --- p.100 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- How Migration Affects the Lives of Rural Women at the Scale of Household --- p.103 / Chapter 6.1 --- The changing marital form --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2 --- The status of the female labor migrants in household --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3 --- Relation with other family members --- p.111 / Chapter 6.4 --- Rethinking the family member relationship under the split-household strategy --- p.115 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Female Labor Migrants in Urban Labor Market in the Pearl River Delta --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1 --- The participation of female migrants in the labor market of the PRD --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- The time of female migrants' participation in urban labor market --- p.118 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- The channel of urban labor market participation of the female migrants: the role of social network --- p.121 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- The high frequency of changing jobs by female labor migrants --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2 --- The status of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Job accessibility: easier for girls than boys --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Different wage by gender discrimination in factory? --- p.129 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- The status of the female migrants in the factory --- p.133 / Chapter 7.3 --- The future of female migrants in urban labor market --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- The evaluation of working in the PRD --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- The departure of female migrants from the urban labor market --- p.136 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- The cycle of a line girl in urban labor market --- p.139 / Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.144 / Appendix --- p.151 / Appendix I List of interviewees --- p.151 / Appendix IIA sample of questionnaire --- p.153 / "Appendix III The input, output and error of estimating female migration flow with the approach of maximizing entropy- the case of 1990 census data 一" --- p.166 / Bibliography --- p.176

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2011