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Abtract In this thesis, our purpose is to improve the refractive index models for direct-gap semiconductors. For refractive index spectrum of direct-gap compound semiconductors, most experimental data is available only bellow the bandgap absorption edge. For used in the optimum design of eltro-optic devices, such as waveguide, electro-absorption modulator and Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We have to utilize a little experimental data to extend refractive index spectrum to near and just above the band-gap edge. We have known that square of refractive index ( ) is dielectric constant ( ), so we decompose the dielectric constant ( ) into the part of band-to-band absorption and another part of single-oscillator high energy absorption. For the part of band-to-band absorption, we added broadening parameter ( ) and used Kramers-Kronig relation to transform the absorption coefficient into dielectric constant. For another part of single-oscillator high energy background absorption, we first cut the absorption part form experimental data and then use Sellmeier¡¦s equation to fit the residue data. Finally, recombine all equations and extend refractive index spectrum to near and just above the band-gap edge. We successfully built whole model and confirm our model with GaAs. The calculation result on GaAs shows an excellent agreement with the reported experimental data. Furthermore, We apply our model to direct-gap binary¡Bternary and quaternary compounded materials and extend our model to near and just above the band-gap edge very well.

The performance of plastered straw bale walls with respect to wind-driven rainfall was investigated in this thesis. The absorption coefficient, which describes the rate of water infiltration, was measured for 14 plaster types, twelve different earth plasters and cement and lime plasters. The absorption coefficient was measured during uptake of water from a free reservoir. The effective porosity of these plasters, which describes the moisture storage capacity and the degree of protection that a plaster offers to straw bales, was also determined by submersion in water. An analytical model employing the absorption coefficient, the effective porosity, and climatic data was used to predict and compare plaster performance and to demonstrate the usefulness of this type of data. Simulated wind-driven rainfall experiments were also conducted on two plaster types. The results indicate that the static test used to measure the absorption coefficient can reasonably be used to predict actual wind-driven rainfall infiltration.

The performance of plastered straw bale walls with respect to wind-driven rainfall was investigated in this thesis. The absorption coefficient, which describes the rate of water infiltration, was measured for 14 plaster types, twelve different earth plasters and cement and lime plasters. The absorption coefficient was measured during uptake of water from a free reservoir. The effective porosity of these plasters, which describes the moisture storage capacity and the degree of protection that a plaster offers to straw bales, was also determined by submersion in water. An analytical model employing the absorption coefficient, the effective porosity, and climatic data was used to predict and compare plaster performance and to demonstrate the usefulness of this type of data. Simulated wind-driven rainfall experiments were also conducted on two plaster types. The results indicate that the static test used to measure the absorption coefficient can reasonably be used to predict actual wind-driven rainfall infiltration.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Terahertz (THz) radiation is often used in many promising applications such as information and communication technology and airport security. Optimized and adapted terahertz fields hold huge promise for leading this technology further. This study is focused on terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). In THz-TDS the electric field is measured, therefore both amplitude and phase information of the THz pulse can be obtained. We used the pump-probe technique in order to measure a THz pulse from the photoconductive antenna. A pulsed fiber laser with FWHM of ' 100 fs was used for this. The frequency spectrum of the measured THz pulse was obtained via a fast Fourier transform. We studied the principles of the THz pulse generation as well as detection, with a photoconductive antenna as emitter and detector. In this study terahertz spectroscopy has been used to investigate the refractive index and absorption coefficient of different types of materials in the terahertz region. The last part of this study deals with a simple process for material parameter extraction of a polymer sample using commercial software called Teramat1.0. It uses the sample thickness, the reference THz pulse and the transmitted THz pulse to retrieve the complex refractive index of the sample. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Terahertz (THz) straling word gereeld gebruik vir belowende toepassings soos inligting en kommunikasie tegnologie en lughawe sekuriteit. Geoptimeerde en aangepaste terahertz velde dra by tot die bevordering van die tegnologie. Hierdie studie fokus op terahertz tyd domein spektroskopie (THz-TDS). In THz-TDS word die elektriese veld gemeet en dus word beide amplitude en fase inligting van die THz puls verkry. Ons gebruik ’n pomp en toets tegniek om die THz puls deur ’n fotogeleidende antenna te bepaal. ’n Gepulseerde vesel laser met FWHM van 100 fs word hiervoor benut. Die frekwensie spektrum van die gemete THz puls word bereken deur ’n vinnige Fourier transvorm te bereken. Die beginsels van die generering en deteksie van THz pulse is bestudeer met ’n fotogeleidende antenna as sender en ontvanger. In die studie is terahertz spektroskopie gebruik om die brekingsindekse en die absorpsie koeffisiënte van verskillende materiale in die terahertz gebied te bepaal. Die laaste gedeelte van die studie handel oor ’n eenvoudige proses om die materiaal parameters van ’n polimeer te bepaal deur gebruik te maak van kommersiële sagteware Teramat 1.0. Die monster dikte, die THz verwysingspuls en die deurgelate puls word gebruik om die komplekse brekingsindeks van die materiaal te bereken.

Por sua disponibilidade e características diferenciadas, a madeira foi um dos primeiros materiais a ser usado pelos seres humanos, com uma grande multiplicidade de usos, diretos e indiretos. Ainda hoje é uma importante fonte de energia doméstica e industrial, além de ser usada como matéria prima na fabricação de papel e celulose, nas indústrias químicas, moveleira, naval, de artigos esportivos, brinquedos e instrumentos musicais, bem como na construção civil e na distribuição de energia elétrica. A madeira tem sido bastante estudada, sendo do conhecimento dos pesquisadores da área, a influência de vários fatores no desenvolvimento das árvores e por consequência, nas madeiras, como temperatura, latitude, longitude, altitude, insolação, solo e índice pluviométrico, razões pelas quais, quando se trata de madeira, se fala sempre em propriedades médias. A densidade é na opinião da grande maioria dos pesquisadores, a propriedade mais importante da madeira, por manter estreitas relações com propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Há três tipos de densidades, básica, aparente e a verde. Destas, usou-se a densidade aparente, a 12% de umidade e próxima da umidade de equilíbrio com o meio ambiente e a densidade a verde, na simulação no laboratório. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas madeiras de densidades variáveis, de sete espécies diferentes, a saber: freijó, peroba-mica, jequitibá, muiracatiara, cumaru, ipê e sucupira. Para a determinação das densidades pelo método não convencional, um dos objetivos deste trabalho, foi usar os radioisótopos: 241Am, 133Ba, 192Ir, 137Cs e 60Co, um detetor de cintilação de NaI e um espectrômetro multicanal, desenvolvendo-se uma técnica alternativa, rápida e precisa, fato evidenciado pelos resultados obtidos. Os parâmetros nucleares obtidos, como meias espessuras e coeficientes de absorção linear, proporcionaram a escolha do radioisótopo, 137Cs, em relação à energia, atividade, espessuras ótimas de ensaio, resolução e proteção radiológica, para simulação em laboratório da integridade física de postes de madeira e árvores vivas, constituindo os parâmetros nucleares e as simulações em laboratório, os outros importantes objetivos do trabalho. / Due to availability and differentiated features, wood was one of first materials to be used by humans, with a wide variety of applications. Today it is still an important source of domestic and industrial energy, besides to be used as raw material in manufacture of pulp and cellulose, in chemical industry, furniture, naval, sporting goods, toys and musical instruments as well as in construction and distribution of electric energy. Wood has been studied intensively and researchers in the area are aware of the influence of various factors in the development of trees and as consequence, in wood, such as: temperature, latitude, longitude, altitude, sunlight, soil and rainfall, reasons for which when it refers to wood, always it is average properties. The density it is in the opinion of majority of researchers, the most important property of wood, maintaining a close relationship with mechanical and physics properties of wood. There are three types of densities; basic, apparent and green and among these we used the apparent density to 12% of moisture content and green, density of living trees. In this work it was used woods of various densities, of seven different species of trees, namely: ¨freijó¨, ¨peroba-mica¨, ¨jequitibá, muiracatiara, cumaru, ipê and sucupira. For the determination of densities, one of the goals of this work, was to use the radioisotopes: 241Am, 133Ba, 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co, a NaI scintillation detector and a multichannel spectrometer, developing a non-conventional method, fast and accurate, evidenced by results. The nuclear parameters obtained such as, half value layers and linear attenuation coefficients provided the choice of the best radioisotope, 137Cs, for inspection of electric wooden poles and living trees in the laboratory simulations, are others important goals of this work.

Por sua disponibilidade e características diferenciadas, a madeira foi um dos primeiros materiais a ser usado pelos seres humanos, com uma grande multiplicidade de usos, diretos e indiretos. Ainda hoje é uma importante fonte de energia doméstica e industrial, além de ser usada como matéria prima na fabricação de papel e celulose, nas indústrias químicas, moveleira, naval, de artigos esportivos, brinquedos e instrumentos musicais, bem como na construção civil e na distribuição de energia elétrica. A madeira tem sido bastante estudada, sendo do conhecimento dos pesquisadores da área, a influência de vários fatores no desenvolvimento das árvores e por consequência, nas madeiras, como temperatura, latitude, longitude, altitude, insolação, solo e índice pluviométrico, razões pelas quais, quando se trata de madeira, se fala sempre em propriedades médias. A densidade é na opinião da grande maioria dos pesquisadores, a propriedade mais importante da madeira, por manter estreitas relações com propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Há três tipos de densidades, básica, aparente e a verde. Destas, usou-se a densidade aparente, a 12% de umidade e próxima da umidade de equilíbrio com o meio ambiente e a densidade a verde, na simulação no laboratório. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas madeiras de densidades variáveis, de sete espécies diferentes, a saber: freijó, peroba-mica, jequitibá, muiracatiara, cumaru, ipê e sucupira. Para a determinação das densidades pelo método não convencional, um dos objetivos deste trabalho, foi usar os radioisótopos: 241Am, 133Ba, 192Ir, 137Cs e 60Co, um detetor de cintilação de NaI e um espectrômetro multicanal, desenvolvendo-se uma técnica alternativa, rápida e precisa, fato evidenciado pelos resultados obtidos. Os parâmetros nucleares obtidos, como meias espessuras e coeficientes de absorção linear, proporcionaram a escolha do radioisótopo, 137Cs, em relação à energia, atividade, espessuras ótimas de ensaio, resolução e proteção radiológica, para simulação em laboratório da integridade física de postes de madeira e árvores vivas, constituindo os parâmetros nucleares e as simulações em laboratório, os outros importantes objetivos do trabalho. / Due to availability and differentiated features, wood was one of first materials to be used by humans, with a wide variety of applications. Today it is still an important source of domestic and industrial energy, besides to be used as raw material in manufacture of pulp and cellulose, in chemical industry, furniture, naval, sporting goods, toys and musical instruments as well as in construction and distribution of electric energy. Wood has been studied intensively and researchers in the area are aware of the influence of various factors in the development of trees and as consequence, in wood, such as: temperature, latitude, longitude, altitude, sunlight, soil and rainfall, reasons for which when it refers to wood, always it is average properties. The density it is in the opinion of majority of researchers, the most important property of wood, maintaining a close relationship with mechanical and physics properties of wood. There are three types of densities; basic, apparent and green and among these we used the apparent density to 12% of moisture content and green, density of living trees. In this work it was used woods of various densities, of seven different species of trees, namely: ¨freijó¨, ¨peroba-mica¨, ¨jequitibá, muiracatiara, cumaru, ipê and sucupira. For the determination of densities, one of the goals of this work, was to use the radioisotopes: 241Am, 133Ba, 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co, a NaI scintillation detector and a multichannel spectrometer, developing a non-conventional method, fast and accurate, evidenced by results. The nuclear parameters obtained such as, half value layers and linear attenuation coefficients provided the choice of the best radioisotope, 137Cs, for inspection of electric wooden poles and living trees in the laboratory simulations, are others important goals of this work.

A near infrared waveguide photodetector in Si-based ternary Si₁−x−yGexCy alloy was demonstrated for 0.85~1.06 µm wavelength fiber-optic interconnection system applications. Two sets of detectors with active absorption layer compositions of Si₀.₇₉Ge₀.₂C₀.₀₁ and Si₀.₇₀Ge₀.₂₈C₀.₀₂ were designed. The active absorption layer has a thickness of 120~450 nm. The external quantum efficiency can reach ~3% with a cut-off wavelength of around 1.2 µm. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

The primary goal of this work is to measure the acoustic properties of a surface in situ. This generally involves sound pressure measurements and a calculation of the acoustic reflection factor of a surface, which may then be used to calculate the acoustic impedance or the acoustic absorption coefficient. These quantities are of use in acoustic simulations, architectural design, room acoustics and problems in noise control. It is of great interest to determine the performance of a particular surface where it is used, as opposed to measurements conducted in a laboratory. In situ measurements are not trivial, caution must be taken to ensure that high signal-to-noise levels are achieved and that the reflections of sound from the measurement environment are taken into consideration. This study presents five measurement methods that may be applied in situ. The acoustic absorption coefficient is calculated for each method on various surfaces spanning the whole range of absorption. Emphasis is placed on frequency resolution, in order to determine absorption characteristics in the bass region (50 Hz to 200 Hz). Advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the in situ implementation of the surface pressure method is presented and measurements are made in order to test the limitations of this approach.

The primary goal of this work is to measure the acoustic properties of a surface in situ. This generally involves sound pressure measurements and a calculation of the acoustic reflection factor of a surface, which may then be used to calculate the acoustic impedance or the acoustic absorption coefficient. These quantities are of use in acoustic simulations, architectural design, room acoustics and problems in noise control. It is of great interest to determine the performance of a particular surface where it is used, as opposed to measurements conducted in a laboratory. In situ measurements are not trivial, caution must be taken to ensure that high signal-to-noise levels are achieved and that the reflections of sound from the measurement environment are taken into consideration. This study presents five measurement methods that may be applied in situ. The acoustic absorption coefficient is calculated for each method on various surfaces spanning the whole range of absorption. Emphasis is placed on frequency resolution, in order to determine absorption characteristics in the bass region (50 Hz to 200 Hz). Advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the in situ implementation of the surface pressure method is presented and measurements are made in order to test the limitations of this approach.