Thesis (M.A.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-129).

Thesis (M. P. A.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2008. / "Summer 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-62).

Thesis (M.A.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-129).

Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2007. / Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1444588. ProQuest document ID: 1342744311. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-34)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O tabagismo e a obesidade são as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Estudos populacionais relatam que fumantes, principalmente do sexo feminino, apresentam baixo índice de massa corporal. Porém, são escassos os estudos que avaliem a composição corporal de humanos e animais expostos a fumaça de cigarro, em especial nos adolescentes. Aos 35 d de idade, camundongos fêmeas foram expostos à fumaça de cigarros 3R4F (médio teor de nicotina), 8 h/dia, por 15 dias (F, n=12), paralelamente foi avaliado animais não expostos (C, n=12). Imediatamente após a exposição, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e a outra metade permaneceu em observação por 30dias. Durante todo o período experimental, a massa e comprimento corporal e ingestão alimentar foram avaliados. Ao final de cada período, os animais foram avaliados por DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) e sacrificados por exsanguinação. Para avaliação e comprovação da exposição ao fumo foi utilizado a cotinina e morfologia do pulmão. No plasma foram avaliados colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cotinina e insulina. Amostras de tecido adiposo intra-abdominal (IA) e subcutâneo (SC) foram coletadas e processadas por técnica histológica de rotina para análise morfológica. As expressões de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 foram avaliadas no tecido IA por western blotting. Durante a exposição, a massa, o comprimento corporal, a ingestão alimentar, a massa magra e a massa de tecido IA, bem como a glicose e o colesterol e a expressão de PPAR permaneceram inalterados. A expressão de UCP2 e CPT1, assim como a insulina circulante diminuiram. A gordura corporal total e do tronco, triglicerídeos e cotinina aumentaram. A análise morfológica não evidenciou alteração no tecido IA, mas, houve aumento do número e diminuição da área dos adipócitos no tecido SC. Após trinta de dias de abstinência a massa corporal, a massa e o número de adipócitos do tecido IA e a glicose aumentaram no grupo F, enquanto houve diminuição do colesterol, da área do adipócito IA e SC e do número do SC. Porém, sem alteração da ingestão, do comprimento corporal, da massa magra, da massa de gordura total e do tronco, da insulina e dos triglicerídeos e também da expressão de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 no IA. A exposição à fumaça de cigarro, em camundongos fêmeas jovens, desencadeou mudanças na adiposidade, que repercutiram de forma prejudicial e precoce sobre o metabolismo. Mesmo com a cessação do hábito de fumar os distúrbios metabólicos permanecem expressivos / Smoking and obesity are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Population studies have reported that smokers, especially women, have low body mass index. However, there are few studies that assess the body composition of humans and animals exposed to cigarette smoke, especially in teenagers. At 35 d of age (d) female mice were exposed to 3R4F cigarette smoke, with the average concentration of nicotine, 8 h / day for 15 days (group S= 12). Unexposed animals were evaluated in parallel (C= 12). Immediately after the expose half the animals of each group were sacrificed and the other half remained under observation for 30 d. During the experimental period, weight, body length and food intake were evaluated. At the end of the exposure period, animals were assessed by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and then sacrificed by exsanguination. For evaluation and confirmation of smoke exposure cotinine concentrations and lung morphology were evaluated. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose cotinine and insulin were measured. The samples of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue IA were collected and processed for morphological analysis. The expression of PPAR, CPT1and UCP2 were measured in IA by western blotting. During exposure body mass, corporal length, intake, lean mass and mass IA, such of glucose, cholesterol and the expression of PPAR did not differ .The expression UCP2 e CPT1, as circulating insulin decreased. The total body fat and trunk fat, triglycerides and cotinine increased. Morphological analysis revealed no change in IA tissue, but there was an increase and decrease in size of adipocytes in the SC tissue. During exposure the area and number of adipocytes IA were similar between groups, but decreased in SC in the area and increased number of adipocytes. After thirty days of abstinence, body mass, weight and number of adipocytes of IA tissue and glucose increased in group S, while decreased cholesterol, IA adipocyte area and number of SC. However, there were no chamber in the intake, the body length, lean mass, total fat mass and trunk, insulin and triglyceride levels and also the expression of PPAR , UCP2 and CPT1 IA. Smoke exposure in young female mice triggered changes in adiposity, which have affected in a detrimental way metabolism. Even with the cessation of smoking, metabolic disorders remain significant

Chronic opioid exposure in utero places the infant at risk of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), a clinical diagnosis of neurological, autonomic, and/or gastrointestinal withdrawal symptoms from opioid abstinence at birth. The prevalence of NAS is rising concurrently with the recent epidemic of opioid misuse among the general population in the United States, including pregnant women. Opioid misusing women typically receive methadone or buprenorphine as a treatment throughout pregnancy. However, the opioid misuse during pregnancy is associated with higher obstetric complications and a higher incidence of NAS in infants, at times requiring pharmacological intervention. The exact consequences to the human development from opioid exposure in utero remain unclear. Animal studies suggest that the fetal impacts of opioid exposure may differ from the consequences for an adult who uses opioids. Furthermore, there may be neurodevelopmental alterations in myelin physiology, dendritic length in the brain, and neurotransmitter systems when a child is exposed to opioids in utero. Clinical studies highlight associations between perinatal opioid exposure and gene mutation variants, cranial abnormalities on imaging, and a high prevalence of ocular and visual comorbidities. Ocular and visual comorbidities are of particular interest, because they may be treatable when detected early. The current literature about NAS infants and ocular and visual comorbidities is limited by the retrospective and small case-control study designs employed by the majority of the research groups. The proposed study design is a prospective study comparing groups of opioid exposed and non-opioid exposed infants born at Boston Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. The ocular and visual comorbidities detected in each group will be quantified, while analyzing the relationship and the relative risk attributable to the infant’s and mother’s demographics. The social context of opioid misuse may complicate the interpretation of the data; however, the design anticipates sufficient recruitment and generalizability as it is conducted at a safety net hospital. Ultimately, the goal of this proposal is to reduce the risk to the fetus with perinatal opioid exposure and build the knowledge base about ocular comorbidities in NAS infants so that optimal and comprehensive care can be provided in the future.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O tabagismo e a obesidade são as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Estudos populacionais relatam que fumantes, principalmente do sexo feminino, apresentam baixo índice de massa corporal. Porém, são escassos os estudos que avaliem a composição corporal de humanos e animais expostos a fumaça de cigarro, em especial nos adolescentes. Aos 35 d de idade, camundongos fêmeas foram expostos à fumaça de cigarros 3R4F (médio teor de nicotina), 8 h/dia, por 15 dias (F, n=12), paralelamente foi avaliado animais não expostos (C, n=12). Imediatamente após a exposição, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e a outra metade permaneceu em observação por 30dias. Durante todo o período experimental, a massa e comprimento corporal e ingestão alimentar foram avaliados. Ao final de cada período, os animais foram avaliados por DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) e sacrificados por exsanguinação. Para avaliação e comprovação da exposição ao fumo foi utilizado a cotinina e morfologia do pulmão. No plasma foram avaliados colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose, cotinina e insulina. Amostras de tecido adiposo intra-abdominal (IA) e subcutâneo (SC) foram coletadas e processadas por técnica histológica de rotina para análise morfológica. As expressões de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 foram avaliadas no tecido IA por western blotting. Durante a exposição, a massa, o comprimento corporal, a ingestão alimentar, a massa magra e a massa de tecido IA, bem como a glicose e o colesterol e a expressão de PPAR permaneceram inalterados. A expressão de UCP2 e CPT1, assim como a insulina circulante diminuiram. A gordura corporal total e do tronco, triglicerídeos e cotinina aumentaram. A análise morfológica não evidenciou alteração no tecido IA, mas, houve aumento do número e diminuição da área dos adipócitos no tecido SC. Após trinta de dias de abstinência a massa corporal, a massa e o número de adipócitos do tecido IA e a glicose aumentaram no grupo F, enquanto houve diminuição do colesterol, da área do adipócito IA e SC e do número do SC. Porém, sem alteração da ingestão, do comprimento corporal, da massa magra, da massa de gordura total e do tronco, da insulina e dos triglicerídeos e também da expressão de PPAR, UCP2 e CPT1 no IA. A exposição à fumaça de cigarro, em camundongos fêmeas jovens, desencadeou mudanças na adiposidade, que repercutiram de forma prejudicial e precoce sobre o metabolismo. Mesmo com a cessação do hábito de fumar os distúrbios metabólicos permanecem expressivos / Smoking and obesity are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Population studies have reported that smokers, especially women, have low body mass index. However, there are few studies that assess the body composition of humans and animals exposed to cigarette smoke, especially in teenagers. At 35 d of age (d) female mice were exposed to 3R4F cigarette smoke, with the average concentration of nicotine, 8 h / day for 15 days (group S= 12). Unexposed animals were evaluated in parallel (C= 12). Immediately after the expose half the animals of each group were sacrificed and the other half remained under observation for 30 d. During the experimental period, weight, body length and food intake were evaluated. At the end of the exposure period, animals were assessed by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and then sacrificed by exsanguination. For evaluation and confirmation of smoke exposure cotinine concentrations and lung morphology were evaluated. The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose cotinine and insulin were measured. The samples of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue IA were collected and processed for morphological analysis. The expression of PPAR, CPT1and UCP2 were measured in IA by western blotting. During exposure body mass, corporal length, intake, lean mass and mass IA, such of glucose, cholesterol and the expression of PPAR did not differ .The expression UCP2 e CPT1, as circulating insulin decreased. The total body fat and trunk fat, triglycerides and cotinine increased. Morphological analysis revealed no change in IA tissue, but there was an increase and decrease in size of adipocytes in the SC tissue. During exposure the area and number of adipocytes IA were similar between groups, but decreased in SC in the area and increased number of adipocytes. After thirty days of abstinence, body mass, weight and number of adipocytes of IA tissue and glucose increased in group S, while decreased cholesterol, IA adipocyte area and number of SC. However, there were no chamber in the intake, the body length, lean mass, total fat mass and trunk, insulin and triglyceride levels and also the expression of PPAR , UCP2 and CPT1 IA. Smoke exposure in young female mice triggered changes in adiposity, which have affected in a detrimental way metabolism. Even with the cessation of smoking, metabolic disorders remain significant

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A cocaÃna à uma droga consumida mundialmente e considerada hoje como um problema de saÃde pÃblica. Uma das principais dificuldades enfrentadas no combate ao vÃcio da cocaÃna, na maioria dos casos, està relacionada aos sintomas de abstinÃncia da droga, como ansiedade, depressÃo, irritabilidade, fadiga e insÃnia, fazendo com que o indivÃduo volte a procurÃ-la. Para avaliar as alteraÃÃes comportamentais (ansiedade e depressÃo) e neuroquÃmicas, os ratos foram submetidos Ãs retiradas de 24 h, 7 d e 21 d apÃs o tratamento subcrÃnico por 7 dias com cocaÃna (20mg/kg), sendo realizados os modelos experimentais de Labirinto de Cruz Elevado (LCE), Campo Aberto (CA) e Nado ForÃado (NF). AlÃm disso, na abstinÃncia de 24h foram testados o propranolol (10mg/kg, i.p.), o ondansetrom (4mg/kg, i.p) e a buspirona (5 mg/kg, i.p.), no LCE e CA, bem como na abstinÃncia de 21 d foram testados a bupropiona (30mg/kg, i.p.) e paroxetina (10 mg/kg, i.p.) no NF, com o intuito de reverter tais alteraÃÃes comportamentais provocadas pela retirada forÃada do tratamento subcrÃnico com cocaÃna. Para o estudo neuroquÃmico (neuroadaptaÃÃo) foi utlizado o corpo estriado (CE) de ratos, avaliando-se os seguintes parÃmetros: nÃveis de monoaminas (NA, DA, 5-HT) e seus metabÃlitos (DOPAC, HVA e 5-HIAA) atravÃs do HPLC com detecÃÃo eletroquÃmica e a atividade da enzima catalase. Na avaliaÃÃo da ansiedade, os resultados mostraram que no LCE houve uma reduÃÃo do NEBA, PEBA, TPBA e PTBA na abstinÃncia de 24h e 7 d, apÃs 21d nÃo houve alteraÃÃo. No CA, as retiradas de 24h e 7 d promoveram um aumento da atividade locomotora do animal, no entanto na retirada de 21 d ocorreu uma diminuiÃÃo da atividade locomotora. Na abstinÃncia de 24h foram administrados propranolol, ondansetrom e buspirona. No LCE, o propranolol aumentou o NEBA e reduziu o PTBA, enquanto que o ondansetrom aumentou o NEBA, PEBA, TPBA e o PTBA em relaÃÃo ao grupo da cocaÃna. Jà a buspirona em relaÃÃo à cocaÃna aumentou o PTBA, TPBA e o PEBA, porÃm o NEBA foi reduzido. Enquanto que no CA, o propranolol, o ondansetrom e a buspirona reduziram a atividade locomotora em relaÃÃo ao grupo da cocaÃna. Para avaliar a atividade antidepressiva foi realizado o teste do nado forÃado, no qual as retiradas de 24h e 7 d reduziram o tempo de imobilidade, contudo na abstinÃncia de 21 d houve um aumento do parÃmetro avaliado. Na abstinÃncia de 21 d foram administrados paroxetina e bupropiona, verificando uma reduÃÃo do tempo de imobilidade em relaÃÃo ao grupo da cocaÃna. Para a realizaÃÃo dos estudos neuroquÃmicos, os animais foram dissecados para retirada do CE. No corpo estriado observou-se um aumento de dopamina (DA) e uma reduÃÃo de seus metabÃlitos (DOPAC e HVA) nas trÃs retiradas. A concentraÃÃo de serotonina aumentou nas trÃs retiradas, entretanto o seu metabÃlito (5HIAA) aumentou somente nas retiradas de 24h e 7d. Jà a noradrenalina reduziu apÃs as trÃs retiradas. Em relaÃÃo aos receptores, no corpo estriado D2 encontrava-se elevado em 24h e 7d, jà 5HT2 apÃs 7d e D1 nÃo foi alterado. Foi tambÃm avaliado no CE a atividade da catalase, enzima antioxidante, que mostrou uma reduÃÃo de sua atividade nas trÃs retiradas. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes perÃodos de retirada apÃs tratamento subcrÃnico com cocaÃna causam efeitos ansiogÃnicos e depressores sobre o SNC e tais efeitos foram revertidos por propranolol, ondansetrom, buspirona, bupropiona e paroxetina. O estudo neuroquÃmico mostrou que a abstinÃncia de cocaÃna sÃo eventos multimediados e que CE tem uma importante participaÃÃo, estando tambÃm a atividade da catalase envolvida neste processo. Estes achados sÃo importantes para a investigaÃÃo de novos tratamentos para a sÃndrome de abstinÃncia de cocaÃna. / Cocaine is world used and considered as a public health problem, being the relapse one of the hardly difficulties faced by cocaine users, that in the most cases, is related to abstinence symptoms, like anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue and sleeplessness. To evaluate the behavioral alterations (anxiety and depression) and neurochemistry, rats were submitted to 24h, 7 d and 21 d withdrawal, after the subcronic treatment, for 7 days with cocaine (20mg/kg), being realized the experimental models of Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field (OF) and Forced Swimming (FS). Moreover, in the 24h abstinence, propranolol (10mg/kg, i.p.), ondansetrom (4mg/kg, i.p) and buspirone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) had been tested, in the EPM and OF, as wel as in the 21 d of abstinence bupropione (30mg/kg, i.p.) and paroxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) had been tested in the FS, aiming to revert the alterations caused by the abstinence of cocaine subcronic administration. For the neurochemistry study (neuroadaptation) was used striatum (ST) of rats, evaluating the following parameters: level of monoamines (NE, DA and 5HT) and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA and 5HIAA), using the electrochemistry detection HPLC and the activity of the catalase enzyme. In the anxiety evaluation, results showed that in the EPM there was a reduction on NEOA, PEOA, TPOA and PTOA in the abstinence of 24h, 7 d and 21 d. In the OF, the withdrawal of 24 and 7 d promoted an increasing in the locomotor activity of animals, while the withdrawal of 21 d a decreasing in the locomotor activity was observed. In the 24h abstinence were administered propranolol, ondansetrom and buspirone. In the EPM, propranolol increased NEOA and reduced PTOA, while ondansetrom increased NEOA, PEOA, TPOA and PTOA, as compared to cocaine group. In addition buspirone as compared to cocaine group increased PTOA, TPOA, and PEOA, however NEOA was reduced. While in the OF, propranolol, ondansetron and buspirone reduced the locomotor activity as related to cocaine group. To evaluate the antidepressive effect the FS was performed, where the withdrawal of 24h and 7 d reduced the immobility time, although in the 21 d abstinence an increase of this parameter was observed. In the 21 d abstinence had been administered paroxetine and buproprione, verifying a reduction of the immobility time as related to cocaine group. To the performance of neurochemistry studies, animals were dissected to take off the ST. In the ST was observed an increasing of dopamine (DA) and a reduction of its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) in the three withdrawals. The serotonine levels increased the three withdrawals, however its metabolite (5HIAA) increased only in the 24h and 7 d withdrawals. In addition norepinephrine reduced after the 24h, 7 d and 21 d withdrawal. In relation to the receptors, in the ST D2 24h and 7d met high in, already 5HT2 after 7d and D1 was not alteration. Were evaluated too in the ST the activity of catalase, antioxidant enzyme, that showed a reduction of your activity in the three withdrawal. Results suggests that different times of withdrawal after subcronic treatment with cocaine cause anxyogenic and depressive effects on the CNS and this effects were reverted by the administration of drugs (propranolol, ondansetrom, buspirone, bupropione and paroxetine). The neurochemistry study showed that the abstinence of cocaine were events multimediated and the brain area study ST has an important role, being the catalase activity involved in this process. These findings are important to the investigation of new treatments to the cocaine abstinence syndrome.

Background: Prenatal exposure to opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine is associated with alterations in fetal brain that lead to structural changes in the brain postnatally, contributing to developmental and behavioral effects seen throughout childhood. Opioid exposure is associated with withdrawal in newborns, effects on somatic growth of infants, difficulty with executive functions and a tendency towards externalizing behaviors in older children. Cocaine and methamphetamine exposure are associated with effects on somatic growth, irritability and feeding issues in infants, problems with executive functions, and externalizing behaviors. Many substance-exposed children are placed in foster care and the pre-licensure training for foster parents does not specifically address how to care for substance-exposed children. Purpose: To create and evaluate a video that outlines common effects of prenatal exposure to opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine, as well as evidenced-based caregiver interventions. Methods: The script for the video “Caring for Children with Prenatal Substance Exposure: Opioids, Cocaine, and Methamphetamine” was written by the author and evaluated by two clinical experts. The video was filmed and was presented to 6 licensed foster parents and 1 unlicensed adoptive parent who evaluated the video’s presentation at Devereux Foster Care Agency in Tucson, AZ using the Patient Educational Materials Assessment Tool for Audio/Visual (PEMAT-AV). Responses were entered into the PEMAT Autoscoring tool and component scores for understadability and actionability were calculated. Results: Both clinical experts evaluated the video’s content as being factual, and consistent with evidence-based research. Mean PEMAT-AV understandability and actionability scores were both 100%. Discussion: The video’s content and presentation are both strong as evidenced by high evaluation scores from clinical experts and foster parents, making it a useful educational tool for educating foster parents on caring for substance-exposed children. Further research is needed to determine if the viewing video increases foster parent knowledge and produces long-term change in parenting practices. Additionally, the video was designed to also be used to educate biological parents of substance-exposed children, but future studies are needed to determine if the video is an effective educational tool for this population.