Amitraz is a formamide acaricide used predominantly in the control of ectoparasites in livestock and honeybees. Amitraz hydrolysis is rapid and occurs under acidic conditions, exposure to sunlight and biodegradation by microorganisms. The main hydrolysis product of amitraz, 2,4-dimethylaniline, is recalcitrant in the environment and toxic to humans. An electrochemical method for the determination of total amitraz residues and its final breakdown product, 2,4-dimethylaniline, in spent cattle dip, is presented. Cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode showed the irreversible oxidation of amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline. A limit of detection in the range of 8.5 x 10⁻⁸ M for amitraz and 2 x 10⁻⁸ M for 2,4-dimethylaniline was determined using differential pulse voltammetry. Feasibility studies in which the effect of supporting electrolyte type and pH had on electroanalysis of amitraz and its degradants, showed that pH affects current response as well as the potential at which amitraz and its degradants are oxidised. Britton-Robinson buffer was found to be the most suitable supporting electrolyte for detection of amitraz and its degradants in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. Studies performed using environmental samples showed that the sensitivity and reproducibility of amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline analyses in spent cattle dip were comparable to analyses of amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline performed in Britton-Robinson buffer. In addition, the feasibility qf measuring amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline in environmental samples was assessed and compared to amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline analyses in Britton-Robinson buffer. Amitraz and 2,4-dimethylaniline were readily detectable in milk and honey. Furthermore, it was elucidated that 2,4-dimethylaniline can be metabolised to 3-methylcatechol by Pseudomonas species and the proposed breakdown pathway is presented. The biological degradation of amitraz and subsequent formation of 2,4-dimethylaniline was readily monitored in spent cattle dip. The breakdown of amitraz to 2,4-dimethylaniline and then to 3-MC was monitored using cyclic voltammetry.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

This thesis describes dip tank field trials and laboratory investigations on the acaricide Amitraz. Amitraz is a triazapenta- diene compound which is relatively unstable in fouled dip washes. The field trials were conducted on the farm Sea View according to the "Total Replacement Method" and on the farm Sea Ways according to the "Lime Stabilization Method" of dipping. The results of these trials showed that Amitraz was stable in clean dip washes, and under conditions of high pH resulting from the addition of slaked lime to the dip wash. Using mixed bacterial populations optimum conditions for degradation of Amitraz in the laboratory were determined. Bacterial cultures degraded Amitraz most efficiently in media supplemented with yeast extract or with a high content of sterile cattle faeces. Amitraz concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. A culture. efficient at degrading Amitraz was enriched from a dip tank sludge inoculum. From this culture ten bacterial isolates were identified; nine of these were of the genus Pseudomonas and one was an Achromobacter sp. Experiments with both mixed and pure cultures demonstrated that bacterial degradation of Amitraz was by the process of co-metabolism. The existence of four degradation products was shown using thin layer chromatography. Tentative identification of two of the products was made.

LD2668 .T4 1954 T64 / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2003-Katia Roberta Fernandes.pdf: 342140 bytes, checksum: e0a9b9e260d5d0a6cd41c984d6cfada1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / There were made sensibility-tests in vitro of acaricides in engorged female Boophilus microplus, ticks coming from 12 cattle farms localized in different municipes in Rio de Janeiro-state, from March to September 2002. The following active principles, with the respective concentrations, were tested: Amitraz 250 ppm, cipermetrine high CIS 250 ppm, cipermetrine high CIS + DDVP 500 ppm and clorpyrifos + DDVP 500 ppm. Two groups of 10 engorged female ticks were used for each principle. Two groups with 10 females were used as controls, being treated with destilled water. The found results of the medium efficacy and the range (on amplitude) were: amitraz 45.40% (10.16 87.54); cipermetrine high CIS 37.61% (13.62 61.71); cipermetrine high CIS + DDVP 42.27% (23.87 76.87) and clorpyrifos + DDVP 88.95% (62.76 99.73). The active principles amitraz, cipermetrine high CIS and cipermetrine high CIS + DDVP were less efficient than the product containing clorpyrifos + DDVP, who proved out to being 11 of the studied cattlefarms. These differences in efficient treatment and control of tick B. microplus point out to the necessity of tests as well as for permanent monitoring control in order to find out the best acaricides for each farm. / Realizaram-se testes de sensibilidade in vitro a acaricidas em amostras de f?meas ingurgitadas de Boophilus microplus procedentes de 12 propriedades pecu?rias com atividade leiteria e de corte, localizadas em diferentes munic?pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no per?odo de mar?o a junho de 2002. Para a an?lise da susceptibilidade das amostras de carrapatos, foram utilizados os princ?pios ativos nas seguintes concentra??es: amitraz 250 ppm, cipermetrina high CIS 250 ppm, cipermetrina high CIS + DDVP 500 ppm e clorpirif?s + DDVP 500 ppm; empregando-se dois grupos de 10 f?meas ingurgitadas para cada princ?pio ativo e um grupo controle (dois grupos de 10 f?meas ingurgitadas) submetido ? imers?o em ?gua destilada. Os resultados obtidos da m?dia de efic?cia e a amplitude foram, respectivamente: amitraz - 45,40% (10,16 - 87,54); cipermetrina high CIS - 37,61% (13,62 61,71); cipermetrina high CIS + DDVP- 42,27% (23,87 76,87) e clorpirif?s + DDVP - 88,95% (62,76 - 99,73). Os princ?pios ativos amitraz, cipermetrina high CIS e cipermetrina high CIS + DDVP foram os menos eficazes, e o produto a base de clorpirif?s + DDVP mostrou-se o mais eficiente em 11 das propriedades estudadas. A grande variabilidade na efic?cia dos princ?pios ativos avaliados no controle do carrapato B. microplus, demonstra a import?ncia de um monitoramento permanente para a indica??o dos acaricidas mais apropriados para cada propriedade.

This study assessed the use of indigenous acaricides in Tsholotsho, Zimbabwe. An observational study design plus laboratory analysis were used in this study. Data on demographic profiles and tick control practices in 21 villages was collected using a questionnaire. Seven hundred and fifty nine (n=759) ticks were collected from cattle using systematic sampling at 15 dip tanks. Marula efficacy was assessed using pregnancy, repellence and mortality tests. Farmers used several tick control remedies (physical removal, chemicals, and plant and animal extracts), some of which have potential to harm the health of the public. Marula caused significant decrease in mass among pregnant ticks (p<0.05), had a significant kill percentage (p< 0.05), and also repelled, killed and hindered egg laying. The active ingredients in marula formulations should be investigated. The extra-label use of conventional acaricide, and the use of compounds with potential to harm the public health needs to be regulated. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

The work was conducted in Santa Maria (RS), with the objective of to evaluate the effectiveness of the lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) in the control of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) tick, compared to a synthetic acaricide. The trials were developed in the Dairy Cattle and in the Parasitic Diseases of the Domestic Animals Laboratories of the Federal University of Santa Maria, from May to December, 2003. In vivo and in vitro trials were conducted. Twelve Holstein cows were distributed in three groups of four animals each. A group was treated with amitraz. The others were treated with basic formulations of lemongrass extracts (technical recommendation for use in field level), corresponding from 1.36 and 2.72% of plant. An experimental design was constituted entirely randomized with three treatments and four repetitions each. For evaluation, they were counted engorged female ticks, up 4.0 mm length, before and after the application of the products (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 14th day). Amitraz treatment presented, in the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after the application, 100, 99.5 and 94.4% of effectiveness against engorged female ticks, respectively. Only the product contends 2.72% of lemongrass presented a partial control of ticks of 40.4; 46.6 and 41% in the 3rd, 7th and 14th day, after application, respectively. In in vitro experimentation, was studied the effectiveness of different products obtained by maceration of lemongrass plants, in comparison at the amitraz, on the ovipositional and eggs viability of engorged female ticks. For evaluation, method of the adult immersion test was used. The treatments were constituted by products contends 1.36% of macerated plant (technical recommendation), pure extracts (without water dilution) obtained of 150, 300, 600 and 1200g of macerated for liter of ethilc alcohol, forming products contends 13.04; 23.08; 37.50 and 54.55% of plant, respectively, and for amitraz at 0.025%. The engorged female ticks was divided by size and engorge level in light (between 4.5 and 7 mm length) and heavy (larger of 7 mm), being 10 heavy and 10 light submitted to one, two or three immersions in each tested products. The experimental design was it entirely randomized in an outline factorial (tested products X randomized number of immersions X engorged level). Amitraz presented effectiveness of 99.98% in the reduction of the ovipositional and egg viability. The tested products presented mean effectiveness of 28.50%, 54.28% and 71.05% when applied one, two and three times (immersions), respectively. The increase in the number of immersions of one for three increased in 42.55% the effectiveness of the products. The mean effectiveness of the products tested on the engorged female ticks light (53.22%) was better in relation to the heavy ones (49.24%). The tested products with 13.04; 23.08 and 37.5% of lemongrass presented effectiveness of 52.22; 55.31 and 52.60% of effectiveness, respectively, demonstrating similar behavior. Effectiveness up 90% was obtained in three immersions for products contends 23.08% and 37.50% applied on light (92.05%) and heavy (92.62%) engorged female ticks, respectively. The product contends lemongrass macerated plant at 1.36% presented the smallest effectiveness, with 8.18%. / O trabalho foi conduzido no município de Santa Maria (RS), com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do extrato alcoólico de capim-cidreira [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staph] no controle do carrapato dos bovinos [Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887)], comparado a um carrapaticida sintético. As pesquisas foram desenvolvidas nos Laboratórios de Bovinocultura de Leite e de Doenças Parasitárias dos Animais Domésticos pertencentes à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, no período de maio a dezembro de 2003. Foram conduzidas duas pesquisas sendo uma in vivo e outra in vitro. Na primeira, foram utilizadas 12 vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em três grupos de quatro animais cada. Um grupo foi tratado com amitraz. Os demais foram tratados com formulações básicas de extratos de capim-cidreira, conforme recomendações oriundas de instituições ligadas à extensão rural para uso em nível de campo, correspondendo a 1,36% (solução de campo) e 2,72 % de planta. Constituiu-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Para avaliação foram contadas fêmeas de carrapatos, com comprimento superior a 4 mm, antes e após a aplicação dos produtos (1º, 2º, 3º, 4º, 5º, 6º, 7º e 14º dia). A utilização do amitraz apresentou, no 3º, 7º e 14º dia após a aplicação, 100, 99,5 e 94,4 % de eficácia contra fêmeas ingurgitadas de carrapatos, respectivamente. Somente o produto contendo 2,72 % de plantas de capim-cidreira apresentou um controle parcial de teleóginas, sendo de 40,4; 46,6 e 41% no 3º, 7º e 14º dia, após a aplicação, respectivamente. Na experimentação in vitro estudou-se a eficácia de diferentes produtos obtidos por maceração de capim-cidreira, em comparação ao amitraz, sobre a postura e a eclodibilidade de ovos de teleóginas. Para avaliação usou-se o método do biocarrapaticidograma. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por produtos contendo 1,36% de macerado de planta (solução de campo), extratos puros (sem diluição com água) obtidos de 150, 300, 600 e 1200g de macerado por litro de álcool etílico, formando produtos contendo 13,04; 23,08; 37,50 e 54,55% de planta, respectivamente, e pelo amitraz a 0,025%. As teleóginas foram divididas por tamanho e nível de ingurgitamento em leves (comprimento entre 4,5 e 7 mm) e pesadas (maiores que 7 mm), sendo 10 teleóginas pesadas e 10 leves submetidas a uma, duas ou três imersões em cada um dos produtos testados. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (arranjo fatorial, produtos testados X número de imersões X nível de ingurgitamento). O amitraz apresentou uma eficácia média de 99,98% na redução da postura e eclodibilidade de ovos. Os produtos testados apresentaram eficácia média de 28,50%, 54,28% e 71,05% quando aplicados uma, duas e três vezes (imersões), respectivamente. O aumento no número de imersões de uma para três, aumentou em 42,55% a eficácia dos produtos. A eficácia dos produtos testados sobre as teleóginas leves (53,22%) foi superior às pesadas (49,24%). Os produtos testados contendo 13,04; 23,08 e 37,50% de capim-cidreira apresentaram eficácias de 52,22; 55,31 e 52,60%, respectivamente, demonstrando comportamento semelhante. Eficácias superiores a 90% foram obtidas usando-se três imersões, nas formulações contendo 23,08 e 37,50% aplicados em teleóginas leves (92,05%) e pesadas (92,62%), respectivamente. O produto contendo macerado de planta de capim-cidreira a 1,36% apresentou a menor eficácia, com 8,18%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luciano_rocha_fagundes_alves_branco.pdf: 1104758 bytes, checksum: b30cb2cfcf60ed3e4183d926b91986c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-23 / The countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, is in a traditional farm barn, cutting and milk, and in this context, the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is responsible for numerous losses, by their direct and indirect damages. Nowadays, resistance to acaricides, affects almost all active ingredients on the market, and there is a lack of data on this process in the region under study. The aim of this study was to understand the evolution of the susceptibility of populations Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to active ingredients for use in immersion and sprinkling on the market during the last decade in the region. To do so, 439 samples of properties were analyzed in the region by tick immersion "in vitro" testing at the Veterinary Doctor s Office (CONSULVET) - Bage / RS. We evaluated the following active ingredients: amitraz, cypermethrin + ethion association, deltamethrin, and from the year 2003, a combination cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos + citronellal, yielding the following averages of efficiency: 64.3%, 83.2%, 43.3 and 82.4% respectively. Upon examining the percentages of samples with ≥ 95% efficiency, we obtained the following results: 1st five-year period (2001-2005) = 50.7%, 38.2%, 16.0% and 38.8%, as in 2 ° five-year period (2006-2010) = 24.2%, 41.7%, 4.5% and 48.9% respectively. The study showed that in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, there are populations of R. (B.) microplus resistant to all the principles available for application by dipping or spraying is more serious the situation of deltamethrin. It also found that associations of pyrethroid with phosphorated and citronellal are the most indicated formulations in the present, since there was a significant reduction in the efficiency levels of amitraz, over the five-year periods, especially in the last year, which may be due to the use intensity of this principle in the region and the slow selection of resistant populations. It is, therefore, evident the critical situation of tick resistance to acaricides, even in a region where the climate allows only three annual generations of the ectoparasite, and the need for measures that allow the rational and oriented use of acaricides, and management measures and knowledge about the epidemiology of the tick in the region to exert less selection pressure on populations, favoring the life of the active ingredients on the market. / A região da Campanha Gaúcha, constitui-se em um celeiro tradicional da exploração pecuária, de corte e leite, e nesse contexto, o carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus , é responsável por inúmeras perdas, por seus danos diretos e indiretos. Nos dias atuais, a resistência aos acaricidas, atinge quase todos os princípios ativos disponíveis no mercado, e existe uma carência de dados relativos a este processo, na região em estudo. O objetivo deste estudo, foi conhecer a evolução da susceptibilidade de populações de Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus aos princípios ativos para uso em imersão e aspersão, existentes no mercado, durante a ultima década, na região. Para isto, foram analisadas 439 amostras, de propriedades da região através do teste in vitro de imersão de teleóginas, no Consultório Médico Veterinário (CONSULVET) Bagé/RS. Foram avaliados, os seguintes princípios ativos: amitraz, associação cipermetrina+ethion, deltametrina e apartir do ano de 2003, uma associação ipermetrina+clorpirifós+citronelal, obtendo-se as seguintes médias de eficácia: 64,3%, 83,2%, 43,3 e 82,4% respectivamente. Quando avaliadas as amostras com percentuais de eficácia ≥ 95%, obteve-se os seguintes resultados: 1° qüinqüênio ( 2001-2005 ) = 50,7%, 38,2%, 16,0% e 38,8%, já no 2° qüinqüênio( 2006-2010 ) = 24,2%, 41,7%, 4,5% e 48,9% respectivamente. O estudo demonstrou que na região da Campanha do RS, existem populações de R. (B.) microplus resistentes a todos os princípios disponíveis para aplicação por imersão ou aspersão, sendo mais grave a situação da deltametrina. Também constatou-se que as associações de piretróides com fosforados e citronelal são as formulações mais indicadas na atualidade, uma vez que ocorreu significativa redução dos níveis de eficácia do amitraz, ao longo dos qüinqüênios, sobretudo no último ano, o que pode ser devido ao uso intensivo desse princípio na região e à lenta seleção de populações resistentes. Evidencia-se, assim, a situação crítica de resistência do carrapato a acaricidas, mesmo em uma região onde o clima permite apenas três gerações anuais do ectoparasito , e a necessidade de medidas que permitam o uso racional e orientado dos carrapaticidas, além de medidas de manejo e conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia do carrapato na região, a fim de exercer menor pressão de seleção nas populações, favorecendo a vida útil dos princípios ativos disponíveis no mercado.

Orientadores: João Vasconcellos Neto, Mário Eidi Sato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:36:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_MarcioJoseCardoso_D.pdf: 1359711 bytes, checksum: 8fefaf30eddb842d45e30548a83edae1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Dinâmica populacional, preferência hospedeira e sensibilidade a agrotóxicos de Brevipalpus phoenicis (GEIJSKES 1939) e ácaros predadores em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) Dentre as pragas que atacam o cafeeiro, destaca-se o ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), que é o vetor do vírus da mancha-anular do cafeeiro. O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de se obter subsídios para o manejo da praga em cafeeiro no Brasil. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) estudar a dinâmica populacional de B. phoenicis e das principais espécies de ácaros predadores (Phytoseiidae), incluindo análises sobre interação entre B. phoenicis e predadores, bem como a influência de fatores climáticos na população desses ácaros, em diferentes cultivares de café; 2) avaliar a sensibilidade a agrotóxicos em populações do ácaro-praga e ácaros predadores da espécie Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), procedentes de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Um estudo sobre dinâmica populacional de ácaros foi conduzido em cafeeiros de diferentes cultivares (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã¿, `Apoatã¿ (Robsuta), em Presidente Prudente, SP, onde foram realizadas coletas mensais de amostras de folhas de café, por um período de 19 meses. As espécies mais abundantes de ácaros em cafeeiro foram B. phoenicis, E. citrifolius Denmark & Muma e E. concordis. A espécie predominante de ácaro predador foi E. citrifolius, correspondendo a 92,4% dos fitoseídeos encontrados. Foram detectadas correlações significativas entre E. citrifolius e B. phoenicis em todos os cultivares de cafeeiro, sugerindo que esse ácaro fitoseídeo pode exercer controle biológico sobre o ácaro praga em cafeeiro. As maiores abundâncias do ácaro predador foram observadas para os cultivares `Apoatã¿ e `Catuaí Vermelho¿. Para o estudo de sensibilidade de ácaros a agrotóxicos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condições de laboratório. O experimento 1 foi sobre a influência de agrotóxicos sobre a sobrevivência de fêmeas adultas de B. phoenicis e E. concordis e sobre as taxas de crescimento populacional desses ácaros. Ciflumetofem, hexitiazox e fenpropatrina foram efetivos para o controle de B. phoenicis, porém, inócuos ao E. concordis, demonstrando bom potencial para uso em cafeeiro, visando ao manejo do ácaro-praga. Abamectina, cipermetrina+profenofós, deltametrina+triazofós e etoxazol foram altamente tóxicos para B. phoenicis e E. concordis. Oxicloreto de cobre afetou apenas o crescimento populacional de B. phoenicis, sem causar efeito significativo em E. concordis. Espirodiclofeno e malationa foram mais prejudiciais ao crescimento populacional de B. phoencis e E. concordis. O experimento 2 foi sobre toxicidade de agrotóxicos em populações de B. phoenicis e E. concordis de diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Foram comparadas populações de B. phoenicis coletadas de cafeeiro nas regiões de Franca e Vera Cruz, e de E. concordis, originárias de cafeeiro de Franca, Marília e Vera Cruz. A população de B. phoenicis da região de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a etoxazol a de Vera Cruz. A população de E. concordis de Franca mostrou-se mais resistente a abamectina e fenpropatrina, porém, mais suscetível a ciflumetofem, que Vera Cruz. Os ácaros E. concordis apresentaram maior tolerância aos agrotóxicos que os da espécie B. phoenicis. Estudos dessa natureza são de grande relevância para o estabelecimento de programas de manejo integrado de ácaros-praga em cafeeiros no Brasil / Abstract: Population dynamics, host preference and agrochemicals susceptibility of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and predaceous mites on coffee (Coffea spp.) Among the pests that attack coffee, it stands out the mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), stands out the vector of the coffee ringspot virus (CoRSV). This study was conducted in order to obtain basic information that management keeping of this pest coffee in Brazil.The objectives were: 1) to study the population dynamics of B. phoenicis and of the main species of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae), including analyzes of interactions between B. phoenicis and predators, as well as the influence of climatic factors on the population of these mites on different coffee cultivars; 2) to evaluate the pesticide susceptibility in populations of this mite and the predaceous mite Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959), from different regions of São Paulo state. A study on population dynamics of mites was conducted on different coffee cultivars (`Icatu Vermelho¿, `Catuaí Vermelho¿, `Mundo Novo¿, `Obatã¿, `Apoatã¿) in Presidente Prudente-SP, where samples of coffee leaves were taken monthly for a period of 19 months. The most abundant mite species on coffee were B. phoenicis, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma and E. concordis. The predominant species of predatory mites was E. citrifolius, corresponding to 92.4% of the phytoseiids found on coffee plants. Significant correlations between E. citrifolius and B. phoenicis were detected in all the coffee cultivars studied, indicating that this phytoseiid mite exerts biological control of this coffee pest. The highest abundances of predaceous mites were observed for `Apoatã¿ and `Catuaí Vermelho¿ cultivars. To study the susceptibility of mites to agrochemicals, two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Experiment 1 was about the influence of agrochemicals on adult female survival of B. phoenicis and E. concordis and on the population growth rates of the mites. Cyflumetofen, hexythiazox and fenpropathrin were effective for the control of B. phoenicis but harmless to the predator E. concordis, showing good potential for the use in coffee mite management program. Abamectin, cypermethrin + profenofos, deltamethrin + triazophos and etoxazole were highly toxic to B. phoenicis and E. concordis. Copper oxychloride only affected the population growth of B. phoenicis, without causing significant effects on E. concordis. Spirodiclofen and malathion were more harmful to population growth of B. phoencis than E. concordis. Experiment 2 was on agrochemical toxicity in populations of B. phoenicis and E. concordis from different regions of São Paulo state. Populations of B. phoenicis collected from coffee fields in the regions of Franca and Vera Cruz, were compared to populations of E. concordis, collected from coffee in Franca, Marilia and Vera Cruz. The population of B. phoenicis from Franca was more resistant to etoxazol than that from Vera Cruz. The population of E. concordis of Franca was more resistant to abamectin and fenpropathrin, but more susceptible to cyflumetofen, than that from Vera Cruz. Euseius concordis showed higher tolerance to acaricides than B. phoenicis. These kind of studies are greatest importance to establishment of integrated management programs for coffee pest mites in coffee in Brazil / Doutorado / Biodiversidade Animal / Doutor em Biologia Animal

Mite pest problems in Utah apple orchards became generally serious about 1944, when DDT was first used extensively to control Codling moths, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.) (Jorgensen, 1967}. Since then several investigators (Pickett et al., 1946; Lord, 1949; Pickett, 1955; Lord, Herbert, and MacPhee, 1958) have examined the influence of various spray programs on apple orchard fauna, while still others (Clancy and Pollard, 1952; Morgan, Anderson, and Swales, 1958; Oat-man and Legner, 1962) have conducted related studies with widely used broad spectrum pesticides on apple mites and their predators. All seem to lend credence to the theory that mite pest problems on apples resulted primarily from the reduction or elimination of natural enemies with pesti-cides. Still other factors as m9ntioned by Huffaker, van de Vrie, and McMurtry (1970) may have profound effects on, or be a principal cause of mite outbreaks in some situations. Presently, integration of natural and chemical control methods for mites seems essential. Van Den Bosch and Stern (1962) and Jorgensen (1967) redefined the control target when they emphasized that in the development of an integrated control program, the entire ecosystem, rather than isolated pest species, must be of primary concern.