Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO - RODRIGO SIMAO DA COSTA.pdf: 634354 bytes, checksum: e9d4576a220c071dc05243fba9c2bd5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-08 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / Devido aos impactos ambientais causados pelas atividades empresariais, a sociedade e o mercado estão selecionando as empresas mais comprometidas com a preservação e recuperação do meio ambiente. Para demonstrar esse comprometimento, as empresas procuram elaborar relatórios ambientais utilizando informações que, nem sempre, apresentam-se de forma estruturada. O objetivo desse trabalho é verificar as formas de evidenciação e analisar as informações ambientais apresentadas nos relatórios disponibilizados pelas empresas do setor de papel e celulose através do site da BOVESPA e de seus sites oficiais. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em uma pesquisa bibliográfica, onde foram fundamentados os principais conceitos utilizados pela contabilidade ambiental e verificadas as normas e legislações sobre a evidenciação das informações ambientais. Por último, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva de modo a se atingir o objetivo do trabalho. Com o término do estudo, verificou-se que não há uma uniformidade entre as informações ambientais disponibilizadas pelas empresas e que o porte está relacionado com a capacidade em se disponibilizar essas informações. Também foi verificada a existência de um conjunto de informações ambientais comuns entre os relatórios disponibilizados pelas empresas, o que pode contribuir para uma maior uniformidade das informações

This Study addressed the inflation accounting problem with respect to Greece. This problem had been unaddressed despite the serious implications it may have on micro- and macro-decision making due to the high and persistent inflation Greece has sustained from 1973 and afterwards. To accomplish the above purpose, the general significance of inflation accounting as well as its specific significance for Greece was established by means of the existing inflation accounting literature and the economic setting of Greece. Following this, the relevance of GPPA rather than CCA to the Greek financial reporting was established by means of correspondence between specific features of GPPA and specific characteristics of the Greek setting. After having established the a priori relevance of GPPA for Greece, the potential usefulness of GPPA to the Greek users of accounts was established as well on an empirical basis. For this purpose the impact of GPPA on Greek accounts was approximated ex ante through detailed restatement procedures and estimation techniques. It was found that inflation has a serious impact on earnings and especially on such important (for decision making) financial parameters as tax rate, dividend payout ratio, and return on capital employed. This impact of inflation on earnings does not seem to be systematic, and hence it cannot be estimated by use of HCA numbers. Therefore, GPPA should be adopted at least on a supplementary (to HCA) basis, if in the future the increase in the inflation rate continues to be as high as it was in the period examined by the study (i.e. 25% or so). In additon to the main conclusion above, other conclusions drawn on the basis of the empirical findings obtained are as follows: 1. The Composite Age Technique used (mainly in the USA) for the restatement of fixed assets and depreciation does not work at all in the Greek case. In contrast, the Dichotomus Year Technique in the first place, and the Equal Additions Technique, in the second place, may be used for adjusting fixed assets not only in developing countries like Greece, but, perhaps in developed countries as well. 2. Operation costs of GPPA can be saved by restating fixed assets and depreciation on an annual rather than monthly basis. 3. Perhaps the Greek government should consider the taxes imposed on corporate net profits in times of high inflation because it was found that the effective tax rate is substantially different from the nominal one. 4. There are serious implications for the Greek businesses in the finding that in real term dividends are paid out of capital rather than out of income. 5. The profitability of Greek companies is low when measured in real terms. Hence, businessmen should exercise every effort to improve it. On the other hand, the Greek government should consider the prices control imposed.

The problems related to accounting errors are a constant current topic. As such, it has also been the subject of this diploma work. The purpose of the analysis has been research and application of numerous measures related to the most common errors in accounting, defining of basic terms - truthfulness, errors, mistakes and fraud in accounting and methods of correction and prevention. In some cases, accounting errors have corresponded to fraud, so-called creative accounting and methods of falsifying accounting records. This work is divided into two main parts: a theoretical part and a practical part, within which discussions and results have been presented. The introduction to the theoretical part defines the legal definition of accounting, the relationship of the income tax act to accounting and ethics in accounting practice and individual authors' views regarding the issue of accounting errors. The practical part also contains presentation of opinions regarding regularly provided information based on publications, including additional information based on personal experience.

Dans le cas des DOM, singulièrement la Guadeloupe, qui sont à l'aube de l'expérimentation de réformes profondes de politiques économiques, l'élaboration d'un outil de simulation macroéconomique tel qu'un MEGC apparaît naturellement comme une exigence plus que souhaitable. Ce recours à la construction de modèles spécifiques pour les DOM est en parfaite cohérence avec l'une des principales conclusions du rapport d'information diligenté par le Sénat aux lendemains de la crise sociale du début de l'année 2009. Les appels à projet de la Commission europèenne et du Ministère de l'Outre-mer vont justement dans le sens de pallier celte carence puisque la politique économique des RUP de façon générale est conduite à vue sans aucun outil d'investigation ex ante. Nous avons conçu plusieurs modèles. Parmi eux, CloDyn est le premier modèle macroéconomique pour les DOM à vocationopérationnelle. Composée de plus de 2000 équations, ce modèle d'équilibre général calculable tient compte de nombreuses rigidités sur les marchés des biens et services et du travail et se décline sous deux versions: statique et dynamique. Les élasticités ont fait l'objet d'estimations économétriques. Il tient compte de nombreuses spécificités tant au niveau de la fiscalité de ces régions (octroi de mer, taxe sur les carburants, subventions à l'exportation) que du coût des facteurs (exonérations des charges sur les bas salaires, sur rémunératio des fonctionnaires). Il repose sur une formalisation des mécanismes en oeuvre dans ces économies que nous avons appelé le DOM disease pour expliquer les dysfonctionnements persistants sur le plan macroéconomique. / In the case of the French overseas regions, particularly of Guadeloupe, which are just beginning to experiment with economic policies radical reforrns, the development of a macroeconomic simulation tool such as a CGE model appears naturally as a highly desirable requirement. The use of the construction of specifie models for DOM is fully consistent with a major finding of the report commissioned by the Senate in the aftermath of the social crisis of the early 2009. As a malter of facts, the purpose of the calls for project initiated by the European Commission and the Ministry of Overseas is to remedy this deficiency, since the RUP economie policy is generally to conduct no investigation tool ex ante. We designed several models. Among them, CloDyn is the first operational DOM-based macroeconomic rnodel. Composed of more than 2000 equations, this computable general equilibrium model takes into account many rigidities in the markets for goods and services and labor and is available in two versions: static and dynamic. Elasticities have been econometrically estimated. lt rests on many features of both taxation (dock dues, fuel tax, export subsidies) and the cost factors (exemption from charges on low wages, remuneration of civil servants). Il is based on a formalization of the mechanisms at work in these economies we calied the DOM disease to explain the persistent failures in such economies. lt also evaluates the monetary poverty among households with the use of a block of microsimulation model and we allow a profane in GAMS to use this tool and conduct its own analytical work thanks to a user friendly interface.

A quebra das barreiras comerciais, o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais e o aumento constante de capital externo no país impuseram às empresas elaborarem seus demonstrativos à luz de uma linguagem única, capaz de facilitar a comunicação entre os mercados mundiais e, nesse contexto, a convergência contábil, foi a resposta a essa necessidade. No Brasil esse processo iniciou-se, efetivamente, pela promulgação da Lei nº 11.638/2007. A promessa de desvinculação entre as normas contábeis e fiscais, dada pelo artigo 177, § 2º, da referida Lei, demonstra a preocupação em relação à interferência da legislação fiscal sobre as normas e práticas contábeis. Essa preocupação não é apenas uma prerrogativa do Brasil, mas segundo estudos internacionais, a relação entre essas normas é uma característica importante das diferenças contábeis no cenário internacional. Este trabalho busca, além de analise do processo de convergência contábil sob o enfoque da Teoria Institucional, avaliar o grau de conexão entre as normas e práticas contábeis e fiscais através do modelo proposto por Lamb et al. (1998), modificado por Nobes e Schwencke (2006). Inicialmente o estudo analisa o processo de institucionalização das normas internacionais no Brasil, posteriormente avalia a mudança no grau de conexão entre as normas contábeis e fiscais em dois períodos: antes e depois da promulgação da Lei nº 11.638/2007. Pode-se afirmar que a mesma foi reduzida e que, apesar de ainda manter conexões, o esforço para a desvinculação está surtindo efeito. Posteriormente, o modelo foi aplicado nos demonstrativos contábeis da empresa Gerdau S. A.. Essa aplicação possibilitou identificar se as normas a existência de uma situação até então não identificada, a adoção de normas fiscais em detrimento a uma norma específica contábil. Identificamos também que, exceto a situação relatada anteriormente, as normas fiscais afetam no mesmo grau tanto as normas quanto as práticas contábeis. / The fall of trade barriers, the development of capital market and the steady increase of foreign capital in the country imposed businesses develop their statements in a universal language that facilitates communication between global markets and in this context, accounting convergence was a result to this necessity. In Brazil this process began, indeed, by the promulgation of Law 11.638/07. The promise of separation between the accounting and tax rules, amended in 177 Article, Paragraph 2 of that Act, demonstrates the concern about the interference of tax legislations on the rules and accounting practices. This concern is not only a prerogative of Brazil, but according to international studies, the relationship between these standards is an important characteristic of accounting differences on the international scene. This paper identifies which is the level of connection between the accounting rules and practices and tax rules through a model proposed by Lamb et al. (1998), and modified by Nobes and Schwencke (2006). Initially, the study identifies the changes in the degree of connection between the accounting and tax rules in two periods: before and after the promulgation of Law 11.638/07. We can say that the same was reduced and although still maintaining connections, the effort to untie is getting some effects. Subsequently, the model was applied to the financial statements of the Company Gerdau S. A. This test identified the existence of a situations not previously identified, the adoption of tax rules over a specific accounting standard. We also identified that, except the situation reported before, the tax rules affect both in the same degree as the accounting standard.

A quebra das barreiras comerciais, o desenvolvimento do mercado de capitais e o aumento constante de capital externo no país impuseram às empresas elaborarem seus demonstrativos à luz de uma linguagem única, capaz de facilitar a comunicação entre os mercados mundiais e, nesse contexto, a convergência contábil, foi a resposta a essa necessidade. No Brasil esse processo iniciou-se, efetivamente, pela promulgação da Lei nº 11.638/2007. A promessa de desvinculação entre as normas contábeis e fiscais, dada pelo artigo 177, § 2º, da referida Lei, demonstra a preocupação em relação à interferência da legislação fiscal sobre as normas e práticas contábeis. Essa preocupação não é apenas uma prerrogativa do Brasil, mas segundo estudos internacionais, a relação entre essas normas é uma característica importante das diferenças contábeis no cenário internacional. Este trabalho busca, além de analise do processo de convergência contábil sob o enfoque da Teoria Institucional, avaliar o grau de conexão entre as normas e práticas contábeis e fiscais através do modelo proposto por Lamb et al. (1998), modificado por Nobes e Schwencke (2006). Inicialmente o estudo analisa o processo de institucionalização das normas internacionais no Brasil, posteriormente avalia a mudança no grau de conexão entre as normas contábeis e fiscais em dois períodos: antes e depois da promulgação da Lei nº 11.638/2007. Pode-se afirmar que a mesma foi reduzida e que, apesar de ainda manter conexões, o esforço para a desvinculação está surtindo efeito. Posteriormente, o modelo foi aplicado nos demonstrativos contábeis da empresa Gerdau S. A.. Essa aplicação possibilitou identificar se as normas a existência de uma situação até então não identificada, a adoção de normas fiscais em detrimento a uma norma específica contábil. Identificamos também que, exceto a situação relatada anteriormente, as normas fiscais afetam no mesmo grau tanto as normas quanto as práticas contábeis. / The fall of trade barriers, the development of capital market and the steady increase of foreign capital in the country imposed businesses develop their statements in a universal language that facilitates communication between global markets and in this context, accounting convergence was a result to this necessity. In Brazil this process began, indeed, by the promulgation of Law 11.638/07. The promise of separation between the accounting and tax rules, amended in 177 Article, Paragraph 2 of that Act, demonstrates the concern about the interference of tax legislations on the rules and accounting practices. This concern is not only a prerogative of Brazil, but according to international studies, the relationship between these standards is an important characteristic of accounting differences on the international scene. This paper identifies which is the level of connection between the accounting rules and practices and tax rules through a model proposed by Lamb et al. (1998), and modified by Nobes and Schwencke (2006). Initially, the study identifies the changes in the degree of connection between the accounting and tax rules in two periods: before and after the promulgation of Law 11.638/07. We can say that the same was reduced and although still maintaining connections, the effort to untie is getting some effects. Subsequently, the model was applied to the financial statements of the Company Gerdau S. A. This test identified the existence of a situations not previously identified, the adoption of tax rules over a specific accounting standard. We also identified that, except the situation reported before, the tax rules affect both in the same degree as the accounting standard.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Costa de Freitas.pdf: 3139313 bytes, checksum: f6336b321c27f3022808590cac100e63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-24 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The present study had as objective to evaluate the efficiency of the monitoring activities of the internal controls system in combating corporate fraud, as the perception of professionals working in the areas of monitoring. The sample was selected based on the population of professionals accessed through the professional social network Linkedin (specific groups of audit) and relationship network, then the sample was of convenience. The instrument used to gather the answers was the Survey Monkey through which 156 replies were obtained. The analysis methodology was qualitative and based on observations defined from the theoretical that backed up the fundamentals of the job. Among the main considerations can be highlighted that the activities of internal audit, external audit, whistle blowing, Compliance and internal control Area have ability to perform their duties with efficiency in combating corporate fraud in the three branches of the tree of the fraud (Corruption, asset Misappropriation and Fraudulent financial statements) in turn, the Audit Committee has been evaluated as being efficient only to the monitoring of financial statements, evidencing the perception that the activity is more focused on the monitoring of the work performed by the external audit. It should be noted that the essence of the Committee is to monitor all activities performed for the areas responsible for monitoring internal controls system. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência das atividades de monitoramento do sistema de controles internos no combate a fraudes corporativas, conforme a percepção dos profissionais que atuam nas áreas de monitoramento. A amostra foi selecionada tendo como base à população dos profissionais da área acessados através da rede social profissional Linkedin (grupos específicos de auditoria) e rede de relacionamento, logo a amostra foi de conveniência. O instrumento usado para coletar as respostas foi o SurveyMonkey através do qual foram obtidas 156 respostas. A metodologia de análise foi qualitativa e quantitativa, baseada em observações definidas a partir do arcabouço teórico que respaldou os fundamentos do trabalho. Entre as principais considerações pode-se destacar que as atividades de Auditoria Interna, Auditoria Externa, Canal de Denúncias, Compliance e Área de Controles Internos possuem capacidade para executar suas funções com eficiência no combate às fraudes corporativas nas três ramificações da Árvore da Fraude (Corrupção, Apropriação Indébita de Ativos e Demonstrações Financeiras Fraudulentas) Por sua vez, o Comitê de Auditoria foi avaliado como sendo eficiente apenas para o acompanhamento das demonstrações financeiras, evidenciando a percepção de que a atividade está mais voltada para o acompanhamento dos trabalhos executados pela auditoria externa. Ressalta-se que a essência do comitê é acompanhar todas as atividades executadas pelas áreas responsáveis pelo monitoramento do sistema de controles internos.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1990-06-28T00:00:00Z / The nuclear part of this doctoral dissertation is a research work, which investigates the trade-off between accounting risk and return in 10 Brazilian economic sectors. For the 1978-87 period, in a sample of 344 firms, a negative risk/return association was detected in eight sectors and a positive or neutral one in only two sectors. Pooling together data for the 344 firms, a negative relationship between risk and return was found. After splitting the sample according to firm profitability, an essentially negative risk/return association was identified in the less profitable half of the firms studied, both within and across sectors. On the other hand, the more profitable firms in the sample exhibited a lack of significant association between accounting risk and return, within and across sectors. / Na pesquisa, que é a parte nuclear desta tese, investiga-se a relação entre risco e retorno contábeis em 10 setores econômicos brasileiros. No período 1978-87, com amostra de 344 empresas, detectou-se associação risco/retorno negativa em oito setores e positiva ou neutra em apenas dois. No todo da amostra, sem divisões setoriais, também se encontrou relação negativa entre risco e retorno. Dividindo as firmas entre mais e menos rentáveis, achou-se uma associação risco/retorno essencialmente negativa na metade das empresas menos lucrativas e ausência de associação entre as duas variáveis na metade das firmas mais lucrativas, tanto dentro dos setores como para toda a amostra.

有鑑於國內非營利組織財務報表未公開，資源提供者、主管機關無法透過財務報表監督管理當局是否將資源作有效的運用，亦無法判斷非營利組織營運成果良窳及持續營運的能力。因此國內亟需制訂財務會計準則以公開財務報表，遂引發本研究參考美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之第一項動機，國內非營利組織目前無一般公認會計原則，而由各主管機關制訂會計制度，或組織自訂會計制度，甚至無任何制度，國內私立大專院校由教育部定有會計制度規範，但其實施至今尚有多項疑義，究竟與美國之規範有何不同，遂成為本研究第二項研究動機。 本研究分成兩部分，第一部份整理美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則，並介紹美國財務會計準則委員會針對非營利組織訂定四號公報—第93號、第116號、第117號及第124號。第二部份為將國內私立大專院校會計制度與美國私立大專院校會計制度所遵守之一般公認會計原則作一整理、分析與比較，以了解國內私立大專院校會計處理的現況與可能存在的問題，並透過問卷來彙整私立大專院校可能存在的問題。 由整理非營利組織一般公認會計原則可得到三項啟示：（1）非營利組織財務會計理論為制訂財務會計準則的基礎，（2）非營利組織會計原則有三項來源，第一個來源為一般會計處理，大部分與營利組織適用相同的會計處理準則，第二個來源為財務會計準則委員會針對特定會計處理制訂之會計準則，第三個來源為資產負債表、損益表與作業活動表應適用的會計原則，（3）為增進財務報表作為績效評估工具的用途，而引進服務努力成就指標的觀念。 本研究問卷對象為會計主任、會計師與教育部官員，其中會計主任發出85份，問卷回收率為37.64％，會計師發出67份，問卷回收率為34.32％，而教育部官員發出59份，問卷回收率為33.9％，因此整體回收率為35.55％。 實證結果彙總如下：（1）受試者皆贊成固定資產應平時提列折舊，（2）目前受限於學校施行細則第43條之規定，投資之會計處理無法採行成本與市價孰低法或市價法，（3）財務報表表達資訊品質三者看法不一致，（4）非營利組織亟需制定一般公認會計原則，（5）教育部應建立成本會計制度以計算學生單位成本。 根據實證結果與美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之整理，本研究建議（1）參考美國制訂一般公認會計準則的模式訂定國內非營利組織一般公認會計原則，（2）改進財務報表表達方式，（3）私立大專院校會計相關法令合理性探討，（4）國內會計人員與資訊使用者重視非營利組織財務資訊。