Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié la contribution de miR-205 dans le développement du cancer du sein. MiR-205 a été choisi suite à l'analyse comparative de l'expression du miRome entre la lignée « normale » MCF10A et une lignée cancéreuse dérivée MCF10A-CA1a. J’ai démontré que l’expression de miR-205 augmente durant la tumorigenèse tandis que miR-205 est non détectable dans la lignée cellulaire ayant un potentiel métastatique. De plus, j’ai montré que les cellules souches du cancer du sein expriment miR-205, contrairement à la population non souche. En utilisant des cultures de cellules épithéliales 3D, j’ai corrélé la fonction tumorigène de miR-205 à la répression de l'apoptose et non à une prolifération accrue. De plus, le niveau d'expression de la E-Cadhérine dépend de la quantité de miR-205 dans les différentes lignées cellulaires de MCF10A. Les études de perte de fonction suggèrent que la E-Cadhérine est impliquée dans le phénotype acini miR-205-Dépendant, en corrélation avec la transformation de cellules épithéliales du sein. L’ensemble de ces résultats met en lumière la complexité et la duplicité des miRNA durant le processus de cancérisation. Ce type d’étude ouvre des perspectives d’utilisation des miRNA dans le cadre des diagnostics et/ou thérapeutiques. / During the time I was working on my thesis, I aimed to understand the role of miR-205 in breast cancer development. MiR-205 was chosen from the comparative analysis of total micro-RNAs expression in non-Transformed and tumorigenic cell lines of the MCF10A breast epithelial cell model. I demonstrated the complexity of miR-205 functions during breast epithelial cell transformation by showing miR-205 overexpression in transformed non-Invasive cell lines and miR-205 down-Regulation in cell line with metastatic potential. Moreover, we demonstrated increased level of miR-205 expression in breast cancer stem cells in comparison with non-Stem cells. Using 3D cultures of breast epithelial cells, I succeeded to correlate the tumorigenic function of miR-205 with its role in modulation of acinar size, and to attribute it to the apoptosis repression but not increased proliferation. Further, I was able to show that miR-205 exercises its oncogenic functions via targeting ZEB1, an inhibitor of E-Cadherin. Indeed, E-Cadherin expression level depends on the amount of miR-205 in different MCF10A cell lines. Downregulating E-Cadherin restored normal acinar morphology in miR-205 expressing cells, consistent with E-Cadherin being involved in the miR-205-Dependent acini phenotype that correlates with tumorigenic breast epithelial cell transformation.

O tamanduá-bandeira Myrmecophaga tridactyla é uma espécie considerada “vulnerável” no Brasil, por estar ameaçado de extinção em algumas regiões do país. O presente projeto teve por objetivo identificar e caracterizar as estruturas macro e microscópicas do pâncreas nessa espécie. Para tanto, foram dissecados 16 pâncreas de tamanduás-bandeira provenientes do Hospital Veterinário “Dr. Halim Atique” do Centro Universitário de Rio Preto (UNIRP). As amostras coletadas, foram provenientes de casos de animais atendidos no referido Hospital e que vieram a óbito. O pâncreas situava-se no antímero esquerdo do corpo do animal, apresentava coloração pálida, corpo central e superfície lobulada. Acompanhava a curvatura ventricular maior do estomago aderindo-se na porção inicial do duodeno. Relaciona-se crâniodorsalmente com o baço e ventrículo gástrico, e caudoventralmente com a cápsula fibrosa renal (que aloja o rim esquerdo) e intestinos. Estruturalmente, o órgão demonstrou duas partes distintas: a primeira delas com características exócrinas, composta por ácinos pancreáticos e a segunda endócrina, formada pelas ilhotas pancreáticas encontradas nas regiões media, caudoventral e lobar esquerda. A analise ultraestrutural permitiu identificar nas células centro-acinosas do pâncreas vesículas com grânulos de zimogênio, mitocôndrias, Aparelho de Golgi e retículo endoplasmático rugoso / The giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla is a species considered 'vulnerable' in Brazil since it is threatened in some Brazilian regions. This study aimed to identify and characterize morphological structures of the pancreas in this species. For this, 16 anteaters pancreas from the Veterinary Hospital "Dr. Halim Atique at University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), were dissected. All samples were from animals treated at the hospital which died of natural causes. The pancreas was located in the left antimere of the animal’s body, being lobulated and having a pale color and central body. It followed the greater curvature of the stomach, adhering on the initial portion of the duodenum. It was craniodorsally related to the spleen and gizzard, and caudoventrally to the renal fibrous capsule (which houses the left kidney) and intestines. Structurally, the organ had two distinct parts: an exocrine, composed of pancreatic acini; and and endocrine, formed by pancreatic islets found in the medial, caudoventral and left lobar regions. The ultrastructural analysis allowed identifying the central-acinar pancreatic cells with vesicles zymogen granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum

O tamanduá-bandeira Myrmecophaga tridactyla é uma espécie considerada “vulnerável” no Brasil, por estar ameaçado de extinção em algumas regiões do país. O presente projeto teve por objetivo identificar e caracterizar as estruturas macro e microscópicas do pâncreas nessa espécie. Para tanto, foram dissecados 16 pâncreas de tamanduás-bandeira provenientes do Hospital Veterinário “Dr. Halim Atique” do Centro Universitário de Rio Preto (UNIRP). As amostras coletadas, foram provenientes de casos de animais atendidos no referido Hospital e que vieram a óbito. O pâncreas situava-se no antímero esquerdo do corpo do animal, apresentava coloração pálida, corpo central e superfície lobulada. Acompanhava a curvatura ventricular maior do estomago aderindo-se na porção inicial do duodeno. Relaciona-se crâniodorsalmente com o baço e ventrículo gástrico, e caudoventralmente com a cápsula fibrosa renal (que aloja o rim esquerdo) e intestinos. Estruturalmente, o órgão demonstrou duas partes distintas: a primeira delas com características exócrinas, composta por ácinos pancreáticos e a segunda endócrina, formada pelas ilhotas pancreáticas encontradas nas regiões media, caudoventral e lobar esquerda. A analise ultraestrutural permitiu identificar nas células centro-acinosas do pâncreas vesículas com grânulos de zimogênio, mitocôndrias, Aparelho de Golgi e retículo endoplasmático rugoso / The giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla is a species considered 'vulnerable' in Brazil since it is threatened in some Brazilian regions. This study aimed to identify and characterize morphological structures of the pancreas in this species. For this, 16 anteaters pancreas from the Veterinary Hospital "Dr. Halim Atique at University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), were dissected. All samples were from animals treated at the hospital which died of natural causes. The pancreas was located in the left antimere of the animal’s body, being lobulated and having a pale color and central body. It followed the greater curvature of the stomach, adhering on the initial portion of the duodenum. It was craniodorsally related to the spleen and gizzard, and caudoventrally to the renal fibrous capsule (which houses the left kidney) and intestines. Structurally, the organ had two distinct parts: an exocrine, composed of pancreatic acini; and and endocrine, formed by pancreatic islets found in the medial, caudoventral and left lobar regions. The ultrastructural analysis allowed identifying the central-acinar pancreatic cells with vesicles zymogen granules, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Numerous three-dimensional model systems have emerged for emulating the biochemical and physiological states of native tissue. Yet little is known about the effects of mechanical forces on cell behavior in the context of an organized tissue structure in three-dimensional cell-culture. Epithelial cells cultured in a three-dimensional environment comprised of extracellular matrix proteins form spheroids of polarized cells. Cellular responses to mechanical cues, generated from dynamic interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, are known to influence cellular behavior to a great extent. Previous studies have shown that tumorigenic progression has been frequently linked to the down regulation of E-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion protein. This work proposes that E-cadherin plays a pivotal role in maintaining epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis. Novel FRET-based biosensors were used to measure force across E-cadherin. First, I observed that 3D acini had significantly higher force than 2D monolayers. Next, I determined that low-force mutant phenotypes of E-cadherin resulted in impaired lumen formation. In order to examine the effects of E-cadherin force on the disruption of homeostasis, TGF-b was used to induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). TGF-b resulted in a decrease in E-cadherin force, even at early time points prior to transcriptional changes. Forskolin, a known regulator of acini lumen size, was shown to increase E-cadherin force. Furthermore, forskolin was able to prevent TGF-b disruptions in acini homeostasis. Finally, I examined how changes in substrate stiffness, known to affect acini lumen structure, altered E-cadherin forces. Stiffer substrates (mediated by collagen doping of Matrigel) delivered higher E-cadherin forces while simultaneously including acinar luminal filling. It is possible that signaling through non-junction forces, due to changes in ECM proteins, may mediate loss of the lumen. Thus, the major conclusion of these studies is that higher E-cadherin force is required for the formation and maintenance of a single central lumen in epithelial acini. Lower junctional forces induced acinar luminal filling, possibly through disruption in the polarity and subsequent cellular reorganization. This work, thus, establishes the role of E-cadherin as a key regulator of tissue homeostasis.