Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the reading- and writing-approaches: the LTG-method and the whole language-theory. The attention is to perform a comparative literate-study to distinguish their similarities and differences, and examine which one of the approaches that is most clearly anchored in the syllabus of the subject Swedish. The starting-point of the study is the questions: Which similarities respectively differences have the LTG-method and the whole language-theory? Which one of these theories is most clearly anchored in the syllabus of the subject Swedish? The study has shown that both the whole language-theory and the LTG-method can anchor in the syllabus for Swedish. However the whole language-theory has stronger hold in the syllabus, as the whole language emphasises the meaning of literature for reading- and writing-learning, and considers the pupils reflection during their learning-process and conquered knowledge-goal. The whole language-theory and the LTG-method have a number of similarities and emanate from similar influences. Finally I insinuate that the LTG-method could be a part or a direction under the parasol of the whole language-theory. / Sammandrag Syftet med studien är att studera läs- och skrivlärorna LTG-metoden och whole language-teorin. Avsikten är att utföra en komparativ litteraturstudie, för att urskilja de bådas likheter och olikheter, samt undersöka vilken av dem som är tydligast förankrad i kursplanen för svenska. Studiens utgångspunkt är frågeställningarna: Vilka likheter respektive skillnader har LTG och whole language-teorin? Vilken av dessa teorier finns tydligast förankrad i kursplanen för svenska? Studien har visat att såväl whole language-teorin som LTG-metoden kan förankras i kursplanen för svenska. Dock har whole language-teorin starkare fäste i kursplanen, då whole language-teorin betonar litteraturens betydelse för läs- och skrivinlärning, samt behandlar elevernas reflektion under deras inlärningsprocess och erövrade kunskapsmål. Whole language-teorin och LTG-metoden har en rad beröringspunkter, samt utgår från liknande influenser. Slutligen antyder jag att LTG-metoden skulle kunna vara en del eller en riktning under whole language-teorins parasoll.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda ut på hur lågstadielärare ser på den digitaliserade skriftspråksutvecklingen i skolan samt hur pedagoger undervisar skriftspråket. Samhället som vi människor lever i idag har blivit alltmer digitaliserat och skolan har naturligen följt med i denna digitala utveckling. Datorer och surfplattor är ett vanligt förekommande verktyg i skolor, även om tillgången till dessa verktyg ser olika ut i olika skolor. Studien har sin utgångspunkt utifrån det sociokulturella och pragmatiska perspektivet. Undersökningen genomförs med hjälp av enkät som riktas till pedagoger som arbetar i lågstadiet. Resultatet av studien visar att lärarna är positiva till den digitala skriftspråksutveckling. Det beror på dels på att maskinskriften är ett enkelt verktyg i samband med textbearbetning och dels för att lärarens fokus läggs mer på innehållet än formalia. Resultatet visar även vikten av att bevara handskriften då flera sinnen används vilket underlättar för skrivinlärningen. Lärarna arbetar med skrivinlärning på olika sätt. Några lärare använder en eller flera kända metoder, medan andra har sitt eget sätt att arbeta med skrivinlärning. / The purpose of this study is to find out how teachers in primary schools percieve the digitizied writing development in school and how they teach pupils to write. Our society has been digitized and naturally so has the school. Computers and tablets are a common equipment in schools, even though acess to these tools differs in Swedish schools.  The study is based on a socio-cultural and a pragmatic persepective. The study is conducted by using surveys aims at teachers working in the lower secondary school. The result of the study shows that teachers are positive to the digitized writing development. The main reasons are that the computer is a simple tool to edit texts and the teachers´ focus is mainly on the content than the formalities. The result also shows that serveral parts of the brain are being used in handwriting which simplify the writing acquisition. The teachers are working differently with writing acquisition. Some are using one or many famous methods and some has their own way to teach writing acquisition.

Majority of English as second language (ESL) students attending primary and secondary schools in the United States are not considered college ready despite mandated educational strategies aimed at improving language acquisition and academic performance. ESL students are more likely to drop out within the first 2 years of college than their English-speaking peers. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore educators' perspectives regarding high postsecondary attrition rates of ESL students in Middle Tennessee. Tinto's retention theory provided the framework for the study. Data collection included semistructured interviews with 6 Middle Tennessee public high school teachers and 6 Middle Tennessee college professors from 2- and 4-year public colleges. Interview data were coded and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Findings revealed 4 major themes: language acquisition, barriers to college graduation, adverse circumstances, and academic achievement. Participants reported a desire for alignment between primary, secondary, and postsecondary education. Findings were used to develop a professional development training curriculum for secondary and postsecondary educators. The project included effective strategies to use in the classroom to increase ESL students' college readiness and college graduation rates. If implemented correctly, this project will positively impact ESL students' language acquisition and academic achievement, but it will also develop a significant professional partnership between K-12 public schools and colleges.

L’étude de la structure microscopique des fibres du coeur offre une nouvelle approche pour expliquer les maladies du coeur et pour trouver des moyens de thérapie efficaces. L’imagerie de tenseur de diffusion par résonance magnétique (DTMR) ou l’imagerie de tenseur de diffusion (DTI) fournit actuellement un outil unique pour étudier les structures tridimensionnelles (3D) de fibres cardiaques in vivo. Cependant, DTI est connu pour souffrir des temps d'acquisition longs, ce qui limite considérablement son application pratique et clinique. Les méthodes traditionnelles pour l’acquisition et la reconstruction de l’image ne peuvent pas résoudre ce problème. La motivation principale de cette thèse est alors d’étudier des techniques d'imagerie rapide en reconstruisant des images de haute qualité à partir des données fortement sous-échantillonnées. La méthode adoptée est basée sur la nouvelle théorie de l’acquisition comprimée (CS). Plus précisément, nous étudions l’utilisation de la théorie de CS pour l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et DTI cardiaque. Tout d'abord, nous formulons la reconstruction de l’image par résonance magnétique (MR) comme un problème d'optimisation avec les contraintes de trames ajustées guidées par les données (TF) et de variation totale généralisée (TGV) dans le cadre de CS, dans lequel, le TF guidé par les données est utilisé pour apprendre de manière adaptative un ensemble de filtres à partir des données fortement sous-échantillonné afin d’obtenir une meilleure approximation parcimonieuse des images, et le TGV est dédié à régulariser de façon adaptative les régions d'image et à réduire ainsi les effets d'escalier. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode CS qui emploie conjointement la parcimonie et la déficience de rang pour reconstruire des images de DTMR cardiaques à partir des données de l'espace k fortement sous-échantillonnées. Puis, toujours dans le cadre de la théorie CS, nous introduisons la contrainte de rang faible et la régularisation de variation totale (TV) dans la formulation de la reconstruction par CS. Deux régularisations TV sont considérées: TV locale (i.e. TV classique) et TV non locale (NLTV). Enfin, nous proposons deux schémas de sous-échantillonnage radial aléatoire (angle d’or et angle aléatoire) et une méthode d’optimisation avec la contrainte de faible rang et la régularisation TV pour traiter des données espace k fortement sous-échantillonnées en DTI cardiaque. Enfin, nous comparons nos méthodes avec des stratégies existantes de sous-échantillonnage radial telles que l’angle uniforme, l’angle uniforme perturbé aléatoirement, l’angle d’or et l’angle aléatoire. / The investigation of the micro fiber structures of the heart provides a new approach to explaining heart disease and investigating effective therapy means. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (DTMR) imaging or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) currently provides a unique tool to image the three-dimensional (3D) fiber structures of the heart in vivo. However, DTI is known to suffer from long acquisition time, which greatly limits its practical and clinical use. Classical acquisition and reconstruction methods do not allow coping with the problem. The main motivation of this thesis is then to investigae fast imaging techniques by reconstructing high-quality images from highly undersampled data. The methodology adopted is based on the recent theory of compressed sensing (CS). More precisely, we address the use of CS for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cardiac DTI. First, we formulate the magnetic resonance (MR) image reconstruction as a problem of optimization with data-driven tight frame (TF) and total generalized variation (TGV) constraints in the framework of CS, in which the data-driven TF is used to adaptively learn a set of filters from the highly under-sampled data itself to provide a better sparse approximation of images and the TGV is devoted to regularizing adaptively image regions and thus supprressing staircase effects. Second, we propose a new CS method that employs joint sparsity and rank deficiency prior to reconstruct cardiac DTMR images from highly undersampled k-space data. Then, always in the framework of CS theory, we introduce low rank constraint and total variation (TV) regularizations in the CS reconstruction formulation, to reconstruct cardiac DTI images from highly undersampled k-space data. Two TV regularizations are considered: local TV (i.e. classical TV) and nonlocal TV (NLTV). Finally, we propose two randomly perturbed radial undersampling schemes (golden-angle and random angle) and the optimization with low rank constraint and TV regularizations to deal with highly undersampled k-space acquisitons in cardiac DTI, and compare the proposed CS-based DTI with existing radial undersampling strategies such as uniformity-angle, randomly perturbed uniformity-angle, golden-angle, and random angle.