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For reasons of editorial policy the contributions to the Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1682-1731) and its successor, the Nova Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1731-1772), were published anonymously. However, a lot of volumes of the copies of these journals in the UB Leipzig, the SLUB Dresden, the SUB Göttingen and the UB Heidelberg are provided with handwritten marginal notes, originating from the editors. With the help of these, it was possible to identify, to a very large extent, the vast number of contributors from all corners of the international Republic of Letters for the period 1682-1735. So, the present publication may add to the history of the Acta Eruditorum as such, and to that of learned journalism, more in general. Furthermore it might contribute in some respects to the intellectual history of the Republic of Letters, and in particular to that of Saxony and the University of Leipzig. And last, but not least, it may add valuable information to the biographies and bibliographies of the scholars involved in the work of the Acta Eruditorum. / Aus Gründen der Redaktionspolitik wurden die Beiträge der Acta Eruditorum (Leipzig 1682-1731) und deren Fortsetzung, die Nova Acta Eruditorum (1732-1772), anonym veröffentlicht. Eine Menge Bände der Exemplare dieser Zeitschriften in der UB Leipzig, der SLUB Dresden, der SUB Göttingen und der UB Heidelberg sind aber mit handschriftlichen Eintragungen aus dem Kreis der Herausgeber versehen. Mit Hilfe dieser Randnotizen war es möglich die grosse Schar der Kontribuenten aus allen Ecken der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik für die Jahre 1682-1735 fast vollständig zu identifizieren. Damit erweitert diese Veröffentlichung die bisherigen Kenntnisse der Geschichte der Acta Eruditorum und die des gelehrten Journalismus mehr im allgemeinen. Weiterhin kann sie in einigen Hinsichten beitragen zu der intellektuellen Geschichte der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik, und Sachsens und der Universität Leipzig ins besondere. Und nicht zuletzt enthält sie wertvolle Erweiterungen zu den Biographien und Bibliographien der Gelehrten die an der Arbeit der Acta Eruditorum beteiligt waren.

The proposal of ACTA which tried to establish new international standards for the intellectual property rights enforcement has gained extraordinary amount of attention among the academic and general public and particularly in the European Union caused many concerns and criticisms. This paper attempts to put ACTA in the broader context of the intellectual property legal framework. ACTA's foundations are described, its content discussed in detail and the most frequently mentioned deficiencies and possible risks critically evaluated.

The pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway is essential and similar in all bacteria. The pathway from Pseudomonas is regulated by nucleotides which bind to the upstream region of the pyrBC’ gene complex. Work in our lab mapped the genes and showed that the pyrB and pyrC’ were part of an overlap complex. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa has one circular chromosome. A former Pseudomonas now called Burkholderia cepacia is similar to P. aeruginosa except that it contains three circular chromosomes (CI, CII, CIII) and one large plasmid. The primary chromosome named CI contains the pyrBC’. To our knowledge there has been no report of the activity of ATCase in Pseudomonas and contrasted with that of Burkholderia. Here, we compare the activity of ATCase in P. aeruginosa and B .cepacia. Cells of both organisms were grown in Pseudomonas minimal medium and in Enriched medium. The ATCase was extracted and partially purified from each sample. It is hypothesized that the B. cepacia has greater activity for ATCase than do the Pseudomonas.

Listeria monocytogenes is a rod-shaped Gram positive bacterium. It generally exist ubiquitously in nature, where it lives as a saprophyte. Occasionally it however enters the food chain, from where it can be ingested by humans and cause gastro-intestinal distress. In immunocompetent individuals L. monocytogenes is generally cleared within a couple of weeks, but in immunocompromised patients it can progress to listeriosis, a potentially life-threatening infection in the central nervous system. If the infected individual is pregnant, the bacteria can cross the placental barrier and infect the fetus, possibly leading to spontaneous abortion. The infectivity of L. monocytogenes requires a certain set of genes, and the majority of them is dependent on the transcriptional regulator PrfA. The expression and activity of PrfA is controlled at several levels, and has traditionally been viewed to be active at 37 °C (virulence conditions) where it bind as a homodimer to a “PrfA-box” and induces the expression of the downstream gene. One of these genes is ActA, which enables intracellular movement by recruiting an actin polymerizing protein complex. When studying the effects of a blue light receptor we surprisingly found an effect of ActA at non-virulent conditions, where it is required for the bacteria to properly react to light exposure. To further study the PrfA regulon we tested deletion mutants of several PrfA-regulated virulence genes in chicken embryo infection studies. Based on these studies we could conclude that the chicken embryo model is a viable complement to traditional murine models, especially when investigating non-traditional internalin pathogenicity pathways. We have also studied the effects of small molecule virulence inhibitors that, by acting on PrfA, can inhibit L. monocytogenes infectivity in cell cultures with concentrations in the low micro-molar range.

In dieser nach Jahrzehnten ersten deutschsprachigen Monografie über die Thomasakten (ActThom) geht es um zentrale Themen dieser Schrift, die in das frühe dritte Jahrhundert zu datieren und im syrischen Raum zu lokalisieren ist. Nachdem die Forderung nach einem asketischen Lebensstil – vor allem nach sexueller Enthaltsamkeit – die Akten prägt, ergeben sich Fragen: Wie realisiert die Erzählung die Askeseforderung in sprachlicher Hinsicht? Welche biblischen Motive haben Einfluss auf die Thomasakten? Welche Vorstellungen können als weiterer ideologischer Hintergrund für diese radikalen Absichten reklamiert werden? Gibt es einen „Ersatz“ für den Verzicht, den die Thomaschristen üben müssen? Welche Rolle spielt in dem Kontext das schillernde Brautlied (ActThom 6f.)? Haben antike Hochzeitsrituale einen Einfluss auf die Bilderwelt der Akten, die so engagiert für die „wahre Hochzeit“ (ActThom 12,10) werben? Die Studie orientiert sich an den etablierten Methodenschritten der historisch-kritischen Exegese und integriert auch neuere narratologische Verfahren, die sich bei einem erzählenden Text wie den ActThom anbieten. Den textlichen Schwerpunkt bildet die so genannte erste Tat der Thomasakten, die paradigmatischen Charakter für die ganze Schrift besitzt. Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind etwa: ein literarkritisch begründetes Textwachstum, eine christologisch begründete Sexualaskese insbesondere in den redaktionellen Textpartien, eine Kompensation des Verzichts auf eine leibliche Nachkommenschaft durch „lebendige Kinder“ (Neubekehrte), eine starke Verwobenheit von Erzähl- und Redeteilen, die den symbolisch-metaphorischen Charakter der Thomasakten betont und eine kreative Adaption antiker Hochzeitsriten mit dem Ziel der Inkulturation der eigenen Anliegen. / This first German-language monograph on the Acts of Thomas (ActThom) after decades deals with the central themes of this book, which can be dated to the early third century and localized in the Syrian region. As the demand for an ascetic lifestyle - especially for sexual abstinence - shapes the Acts, questions arise: How does the story realize the demand for asceticism in linguistic terms? Which biblical motives influence the Acts of Thomas? What ideas can be claimed as a further ideological background for these radical demands? Is there a “substitute” for the renunciation that the Thomas Christians have to practice? What role does the dazzling bride's song play in the context (ActThom 6f.)? Do ancient wedding rituals have an influence on the imagery of the Acts that promote so actively the “true wedding” (ActThom 12:10)? The study is based on the established methodological steps of historical-critical exegesis and also integrates newer narratological methods that are useful in a narrative text such as the ActThom. The textual focus is the so-called first deed of the Acts of Thomas which has a paradigmatic character for the entire text. Results of the investigation are for example: a literary-critically based text growth, a christologically based sexual asceticism, especially in the editorial parts of the text, a compensation of the renunciation of physical offspring by "living children" (new converts), a strong interweaving of narrative and speech parts that emphasizes the symbolic-metaphorical character of the Acts of Thomas and a creative adaptation of ancient wedding rites with the aim of inculturating one's own concerns.

Magíster en Estudios Internacionales / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar la generación y los desenlaces de negociaciones sobre la protección global de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, tomando en cuenta los factores contextuales que determinan las dinámicas del sistema de grupos de interés en el contexto de las negociaciones. Se partió de la premisa que la dinámica del sistema de los grupos de interés tiene un poder explicativo para los desenlaces de las negociaciones internacionales de PI. En esta tesis se analizaron de manera comparativa dos negociaciones internacionales del ámbito de la Propiedad Intelectual, las negociaciones del Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC) y las negociaciones del Acuerdo Comercial Anti-Falsificación (ACTA, por sus siglas en inglés) desde la perspectiva de la Unión Europea. Para el análisis se aplicó el enfoque de Dür y de Bièvre que se centra en los factores contextuales que forman la influencia que diferentes grupos de interés pueden ejercer en el proceso político a fondo de cada negociación. Estos factores se pueden categorizar en tres grupos: factores relacionados con el tema bajo negociación (issue factors), factores relacionados con las características de los grupos de interés (interest group factors) y factores relacionados con la estructura institucional (institutional factors). A lo largo del análisis se estableció que las oportunidades de ejercer influencia de los grupos de interés europeos en las negociaciones de los dos acuerdos han cambiado por razones contextuales en el tiempo transcurrido. Los cambios en estos factores contextuales fueron identificados como uno de las principales razones para el rechazo del ACTA por parte del Parlamento Europeo, lo que constituyó un cambio de comportamiento sorprendente de las instituciones europeas en relación a negociaciones en la materia de la protección global de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual. Esto demostró que el contexto del proceso político a fondo de las negociaciones internacionales es una variable importante para los resultados de estas negociaciones, la cual debe ser considerada con el fin de encontrar una solución equilibrada y políticamente viable.

In tune with the cross-border trade the infringement of intellectual property rights has become a growing problem in Europe and the rest of the world. In June 2008 negotiations about a new international agreement was initiated between Europe, its member states and ten other countries, which will restrict infringements of intellectual property rights. The agreement is called ACTA, which stands for Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. On January 26, 2012 the European Union (EU) and twenty-two of its twenty-seven member states signed a letter of intent to the agreement and the EU’s internal processes of the agreement began. Large protests against the agreement initiated around Europe in connection to this. The public campaigned for that the ACTA-agreement conditions regarding Internet restrict citizens’ freedoms and rights in the EU such as freedom of expression, freedom of information, privacy and data protection. After several protests and 2, 4 million signatures sent to the European Parliament, an uncertainty to the agreement arose among the EU institutions and national authorities. This caused that the European Commission sent the agreement to the European Court of Justice for a judgement. The question is whether or not the ACTA-agreement conditions, that will ensure the protection of intellectual property rights on Internet, are compatible with the EU’s fundamental freedoms and rights. In the following thesis the ACTA-agreement will be analysed to see if the agreement will restrict European citizen’s fundamental freedoms and rights regarding Internet, or if it is compatible with EUs legislation. The conclusion presented in this thesis is that the ACTA-agreement conditions on Internet are not compatible with EU’s fundamental freedoms and rights. / I takt med den gränsöverskridande handeln har intrång i immateriella rättigheter blivit ett växande problem i Europa och resten av världen. I juni år 2008 inleddes förhandlingar om ett nytt internationellt handelsavtal mellan Europa, dess medlemsländer och tio andra länder som ska hindra intrång i immateriella rättigheter. Avtalet heter ACTA, vilket står för Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. Den 26 januari 2012 skrev EU och tjugotvå av dess tjugosju medlemsstater under en avsiktsförklaring till avtalet och EU:s interna processer om avtalet inleddes. I samband med detta påbörjades stora protester mot avtalet runt om i Europa. Allmänheten propagerade att ACTA-avtalets regler avseende internet inskränker medborgares fri- och rättigheter i EU såsom rätten till yttrandefrihet, informationsfrihet, integritetsskydd och dataskydd. Efter flertalet protester och 2,4 miljoner underskrifter till Europaparlamentet orsakades en osäkerhet till avtalet bland EU:s institutioner och medlemsländernas myndigheter. Detta ledde till att Europakommissionen skickade avtalet till Europadomstolen för prövning. Frågan är huruvida ACTA-avtalets regler, som ska säkerställa skyddet av immateriella rättigheter på internet, är förenliga med EU:s grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. I följande uppsats kommer utredas och besvaras om avtalet kommer inskränka EU: medborgares grundläggande fri- och rättigheter avseende internet eller om det är förenligt. Slutsatsen som presenteras i uppsatsen är att ACTA-avtalets regler avseende internet inte är förenliga med EU:s grundläggande fri- och rättigheter.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar um conjunto de pequenos fragmentos de papiros alexandrinos nomeado Acta Alexandrinorum. Os escritos narram episódios referentes à Alexandria nos dois primeiros séculos de Império Romano. Foram, no entanto, encontrados em diferentes locais do Egito, fato que sugere uma moderada circulação dos escritos na região. A hipótese é que um estruturado e coeso grupo de cidadãos alexandrinos do Ginásio, de ascendência grega e origem nobre, utilizaram-se dos escritos para manifestar suas insatisfações ao poder imperial. Pretendiam, com os relatos, criar um clima de resistência aos romanos e, ao mesmo tempo, exaltar a importância de Alexandria naquele universo, delimitando também uma identidade alexandrina restrita aos seus elementos de maior distinção. E mais: desejavam marcar a indignação quanto aos vizinhos judeus, que estariam ameaçando alguns direitos antes restritos ao grupo. Através dos textos, pode-se analisar como a romanização foi recebida e entendida pelos alexandrinos. Além disso, a documentação lança luz sobre elementos diversos da vida cívica e social da cidade e nos permite avaliar a sua importância no contexto imperial. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate a group of small Alexandrian fragments of papyrus named Acta Alexandrinorum. The texts narrate episodes concerning Alexandria in the two first centuries of Roman Empire. But they were found in different places of Egypt, fact that suggests a moderate circulation of the writings in the region. The hypothesis is that a structured and limited group of Alexandrian citizens from the gymnasium, of Greek ascendance and noble birth, would use the writings to express their feelings of dissatisfaction to the Imperial power. They intended, with the accounts, to create an atmosphere of resistance to the Romans, and at the same time, to exalt the importance of Alexandria in that universe and also, to delimit an Alexandrian identity that should be restricted to their elements of higher distinction. Besides that, they also longed to emphasize the indignation to their Jewish neighbors, which were 8 threatening some rights that were before limited to their group. Through the texts, we can analyze how Romanization was received and understood by the Alexandrians. Besides that, the documents illustrate several elements of the civic and social life of the city and help to evaluate its importance in the imperial context.

O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar um conjunto de pequenos fragmentos de papiros alexandrinos nomeado Acta Alexandrinorum. Os escritos narram episódios referentes à Alexandria nos dois primeiros séculos de Império Romano. Foram, no entanto, encontrados em diferentes locais do Egito, fato que sugere uma moderada circulação dos escritos na região. A hipótese é que um estruturado e coeso grupo de cidadãos alexandrinos do Ginásio, de ascendência grega e origem nobre, utilizaram-se dos escritos para manifestar suas insatisfações ao poder imperial. Pretendiam, com os relatos, criar um clima de resistência aos romanos e, ao mesmo tempo, exaltar a importância de Alexandria naquele universo, delimitando também uma identidade alexandrina restrita aos seus elementos de maior distinção. E mais: desejavam marcar a indignação quanto aos vizinhos judeus, que estariam ameaçando alguns direitos antes restritos ao grupo. Através dos textos, pode-se analisar como a romanização foi recebida e entendida pelos alexandrinos. Além disso, a documentação lança luz sobre elementos diversos da vida cívica e social da cidade e nos permite avaliar a sua importância no contexto imperial. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate a group of small Alexandrian fragments of papyrus named Acta Alexandrinorum. The texts narrate episodes concerning Alexandria in the two first centuries of Roman Empire. But they were found in different places of Egypt, fact that suggests a moderate circulation of the writings in the region. The hypothesis is that a structured and limited group of Alexandrian citizens from the gymnasium, of Greek ascendance and noble birth, would use the writings to express their feelings of dissatisfaction to the Imperial power. They intended, with the accounts, to create an atmosphere of resistance to the Romans, and at the same time, to exalt the importance of Alexandria in that universe and also, to delimit an Alexandrian identity that should be restricted to their elements of higher distinction. Besides that, they also longed to emphasize the indignation to their Jewish neighbors, which were 8 threatening some rights that were before limited to their group. Through the texts, we can analyze how Romanization was received and understood by the Alexandrians. Besides that, the documents illustrate several elements of the civic and social life of the city and help to evaluate its importance in the imperial context.