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BACKGROUND: The half-time (HT) period of a soccer match is viewed as a period for recovery. Completely inactive and passive HT has implications on metabolic responses and subsequent performance during the initial phases of the second half. PURPOSE: Determine the effects of an active rewarm-up, compared to a passive period, at halftime on various measures of performance during the first 15-minutes of the second half using global positioning system (GPS) units. Identify the effects of the active versus passive HT period, with CHO beverage supplementation, on blood parameters. METHODS: Crossover design study, twenty collegiate male soccer players participated in two 90-minute soccer matches with passive rest (CON) or a moderate-intensity rewarm-up (RWU) during HT with CHO supplementation. Subjects received five fingerstick blood samples throughout the match (BG) and four subjects had serum insulin/BG taken three times during the match. RESULTS: RWU had significantly (p<0.05) higher measures for total distance, average speed, speed exertion, accelerations, HMP distance, decelerations, and EE during TI-4 half when compared to CON. No subjects experienced hypoglycemia. However, CON did have a significant drop in BG after HT and the lowest mean BG taken at 60-minutes. Tendency for CON and RWU to have HT insulin levels that were elevated and reduced, respectively. CONCLUSION: A passive HT period is not optimal, given its causal role in temporary physical performance deficits in the second half of soccer matches. The results provide a strong rationale for collegiate soccer players and teams to incorporate the 8-minute RWU into the HT regime to optimize second half performance. / Master of Science / The half-time (HT) period of a soccer match is commonly viewed as a period of rest and recovery. A completely inactive HT period has metabolic and performance implications during the initial phases of the second half. A transient reduction in blood glucose (BG) concentrations could contribute to the second half performance decrement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an active rewarm-up, compared to a passive period, at halftime on various measures of performance using global positioning system (GPS) units. Additionally, identify the effects of the active versus passive half-time period, with carbohydrate (CHO) beverage supplementation, on blood parameters. In a crossover design study, twenty collegiate male soccer players participated in two 90-minute soccer matches that included a passive rest (CON) or a moderate-intensity rewarm-up (RWU) during the 15-minute HT period with the consumption of a CHO beverage. Each subject received five finger stick blood samples throughout the match to monitor plasma blood glucose and a subset of four subjects had serum insulin taken three times during the match. The study found that an active HT, compared to passive, mixed with CHO supplementation significantly improved physical performance at the start of the second half. A passive HT period is not advised or optimal, given its causal role in temporary physical performance deficits in the second half of soccer matches. The results from this study provide a strong rationale for collegiate soccer players and teams to incorporate the 8- minute moderate-intensity into the HT regime in order to optimize second half performance.

Title: The ifluence of active and passive recovery for repetitive short-term motorised exercise Objectives: To explore and discover the influence of active and passive recovery for repetitive short-term motorised exercise. Methods: Research of the professional publications used during the process. Target group sample consists of female footballers of FK Dukla Praha, who actively play the chosen sport - football. The entire sample were divided into two groups containing 5 members. Each group completed 2 tests with a different type of recovery and a 48 hour break. The results were measured with a photocell and then evaluated and utilised. Results: We discovered that during repetitive short-term motorised exercise passive recovery is better than active recovery. For passive recovery, the overall average of the measured values of 10.6 and active recovery, it was 10.67. Keywords: active recovery, passive recovery, motorised excercise, agilities of performance

O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE) é um fenômeno que ocorre ao realizarmos um exercício com o qual não estamos habituados, seja pela modalidade, volume ou intensidade. Além disso, esta condição está fortemente relacionada com contrações excêntricas ou gestos que predominantemente envolvam este tipo de contração, causando prejuízos funcionais importantes e diminuindo o desempenho. Diante disto, estratégias para acelerar o processo de recuperação muscular vem sendo investigadas. Dentre elas, a recuperação ativa, técnica muito utilizada no meio prático e que consiste na execução de exercícios com intensidade baixa ou moderada buscando melhorar a recuperação após uma sessão de treino mais intensa. No entanto, nenhum estudo comparou duas formas de recuperação ativa com exercícios aeróbios até o momento, além dos estudos experimentais da área apresentarem qualidade metodológica frágil. Com isso, o objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o efeito da recuperação ativa em esteira e em cicloergômetro sobre marcadores de dano muscular. Para isso, trinta voluntários do sexo masculino foram alocados de forma randomizada em três grupos: grupo esteira (GE, n = 10), grupo cicloergômetro (GCI, n = 10) e grupo controle (GC, n = 10). Avaliações da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM), dor, concentração plasmática de creatina kinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e espessura e ecogenicidade dos músculos reto femoral (RF) e vasto lateral (VL) foram realizadas pré, 24h, 48h e 72h após um protocolo indutor de dano muscular, constituído por cinco séries de 10 contrações excêntricas máximas em dinamômetro isocinético. Após o protocolo indutor de dano muscular, os sujeitos realizaram a intervenção de acordo com o grupo em que foram alocados, com duração de 30 minutos e intensidade de 60% do VO2máx, independente da modalidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos parâmetros de caracterização da amostra. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Houve redução significativa no torque nos períodos imediatamente após (IP), 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo da dor nos períodos 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo na espessura do músculo RF 24h após o protocolo de dano muscular. A ecogenicidade foi maior tanto no RF quanto no VL nos períodos de 48h e 72h quando comparada ao período Pré. Não houve diferença significativa nas concentrações plasmáticas de CK e LDH entre os períodos de avaliação. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a execução de recuperação ativa nos parâmetros adotados, seja em cicloergômetro ou esteira, não modifica o processo de recuperação após dano muscular. / The exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a phenomenon that occurs when we execute an unusual exercise, either by type, volume or intensity. Furthermore, this condition is strongly associated with eccentric contractions or gestures which predominantly involve this type of contraction, causing significant loss of function and decreasing performance. In view of this, the search for strategies to accelerate muscle recovery process has been investigated. Among them, active recovery, technique widely used in practical means and which consists in carrying out exercises with low or moderate intensity seeking to improve recovery after a more intense training session. However, no studies have compared two types of active recovery yet, besides the experimental studies presented fragile methodological quality. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the effect of active recovery on a treadmill and cycle ergometer on muscle damage markers. For this, thirty male volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: treadmill group (EG, n = 10), cycle ergometer group (GCI, n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). Evaluations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), pain, plasma concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle thickness and echo intensity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were performed before, 24h, 48h and 72h after the muscle damage protocol, comprising five sets of 10 maximum eccentric contractions using an isokinetic dynamometer. After muscle damage protocol, the subjects performed the intervention according to the group they were allocated, lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 60% VO2max, regardless of the type. Significant differences between the groups in the sample characterization parameters were observed. There was no significant difference between groups in all variables. There was a significant reduction in torque in the periods immediately after (IP), 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. There was a significant increase in pain at times 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. A significant increase in muscle thickness of RF was observed in 24h period. The echo intensity was higher in both RF and VL in periods of 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of CK and LDH between the evaluation periods. Our results illustrate that the performance of active recovery, in the adopted parameters, either in cycle ergometer or treadmill, does not change the process of recovery after muscle damage.

[Truncated abstract] The inclusion of a warm-up in the form of prior exercise (PE) is generally advocated as a preparatory strategy of choice to improve sprint performance. Although there is evidence that both increasing muscle temperature and mobilising the cardiorespiratory system prior to exercise contribute largely to the benefit of PE on sprint performance, their relative importance is unknown. Another important question relates to situations where an athlete has to engage in a sprint shortly after one or several earlier sprints. Under these conditions, is engaging in mild exercise also the most effective preparatory strategy to adopt prior to sprinting when performed after a previous sprint(s)? It was the primary aim of this thesis to address these questions. Firstly, we hypothesised that there is a temporal shift in the mechanisms responsible for the effect of PE on power output during a maximal sprint effort, with temperature-dependent mechanisms playing a more important role at the onset of the sprint and mobilisation of the cardiorespiratory system playing a more important role later. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of a 30-s sprint to different PE protocols designed to control for either muscle temperature or pre-exercise VO2. ... A group of trained athletes was subjected to four consecutive bouts of 30-s sprint, each separated by 20 min of either active recovery at 40% VO2 peak or passive recovery. Our results show that PP, MP-20 and MP-10 did not fall between the first and last sprints, and were not affected by active recovery. In contrast, we found that MP10 and MP30 decrease significantly between the first and last sprint of the passive recovery trial, but not when active recovery is performed between consecutive sprints. Finally, this study also showed that the fall in mean power associated with repeated 30-s sprints in the passive recovery trial resulted primarily from a fall in early, but not late power output. These findings show that the early and late mean power output of repeated sprints respond differently to active and passive recovery, with the decrease in total mean power with repeated 30-s sprints resulting primarily from a fall in early as opposed to either late power output or peak power, thus highlighting the benefit of active recovery as a favourable preparatory strategy for the performance of repeated sprints of short (<10s) or longer duration (<30s), but not for repeated peak power.

O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE) é um fenômeno que ocorre ao realizarmos um exercício com o qual não estamos habituados, seja pela modalidade, volume ou intensidade. Além disso, esta condição está fortemente relacionada com contrações excêntricas ou gestos que predominantemente envolvam este tipo de contração, causando prejuízos funcionais importantes e diminuindo o desempenho. Diante disto, estratégias para acelerar o processo de recuperação muscular vem sendo investigadas. Dentre elas, a recuperação ativa, técnica muito utilizada no meio prático e que consiste na execução de exercícios com intensidade baixa ou moderada buscando melhorar a recuperação após uma sessão de treino mais intensa. No entanto, nenhum estudo comparou duas formas de recuperação ativa com exercícios aeróbios até o momento, além dos estudos experimentais da área apresentarem qualidade metodológica frágil. Com isso, o objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o efeito da recuperação ativa em esteira e em cicloergômetro sobre marcadores de dano muscular. Para isso, trinta voluntários do sexo masculino foram alocados de forma randomizada em três grupos: grupo esteira (GE, n = 10), grupo cicloergômetro (GCI, n = 10) e grupo controle (GC, n = 10). Avaliações da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM), dor, concentração plasmática de creatina kinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e espessura e ecogenicidade dos músculos reto femoral (RF) e vasto lateral (VL) foram realizadas pré, 24h, 48h e 72h após um protocolo indutor de dano muscular, constituído por cinco séries de 10 contrações excêntricas máximas em dinamômetro isocinético. Após o protocolo indutor de dano muscular, os sujeitos realizaram a intervenção de acordo com o grupo em que foram alocados, com duração de 30 minutos e intensidade de 60% do VO2máx, independente da modalidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos parâmetros de caracterização da amostra. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Houve redução significativa no torque nos períodos imediatamente após (IP), 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo da dor nos períodos 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo na espessura do músculo RF 24h após o protocolo de dano muscular. A ecogenicidade foi maior tanto no RF quanto no VL nos períodos de 48h e 72h quando comparada ao período Pré. Não houve diferença significativa nas concentrações plasmáticas de CK e LDH entre os períodos de avaliação. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a execução de recuperação ativa nos parâmetros adotados, seja em cicloergômetro ou esteira, não modifica o processo de recuperação após dano muscular. / The exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a phenomenon that occurs when we execute an unusual exercise, either by type, volume or intensity. Furthermore, this condition is strongly associated with eccentric contractions or gestures which predominantly involve this type of contraction, causing significant loss of function and decreasing performance. In view of this, the search for strategies to accelerate muscle recovery process has been investigated. Among them, active recovery, technique widely used in practical means and which consists in carrying out exercises with low or moderate intensity seeking to improve recovery after a more intense training session. However, no studies have compared two types of active recovery yet, besides the experimental studies presented fragile methodological quality. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the effect of active recovery on a treadmill and cycle ergometer on muscle damage markers. For this, thirty male volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: treadmill group (EG, n = 10), cycle ergometer group (GCI, n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). Evaluations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), pain, plasma concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle thickness and echo intensity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were performed before, 24h, 48h and 72h after the muscle damage protocol, comprising five sets of 10 maximum eccentric contractions using an isokinetic dynamometer. After muscle damage protocol, the subjects performed the intervention according to the group they were allocated, lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 60% VO2max, regardless of the type. Significant differences between the groups in the sample characterization parameters were observed. There was no significant difference between groups in all variables. There was a significant reduction in torque in the periods immediately after (IP), 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. There was a significant increase in pain at times 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. A significant increase in muscle thickness of RF was observed in 24h period. The echo intensity was higher in both RF and VL in periods of 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of CK and LDH between the evaluation periods. Our results illustrate that the performance of active recovery, in the adopted parameters, either in cycle ergometer or treadmill, does not change the process of recovery after muscle damage.

O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE) é um fenômeno que ocorre ao realizarmos um exercício com o qual não estamos habituados, seja pela modalidade, volume ou intensidade. Além disso, esta condição está fortemente relacionada com contrações excêntricas ou gestos que predominantemente envolvam este tipo de contração, causando prejuízos funcionais importantes e diminuindo o desempenho. Diante disto, estratégias para acelerar o processo de recuperação muscular vem sendo investigadas. Dentre elas, a recuperação ativa, técnica muito utilizada no meio prático e que consiste na execução de exercícios com intensidade baixa ou moderada buscando melhorar a recuperação após uma sessão de treino mais intensa. No entanto, nenhum estudo comparou duas formas de recuperação ativa com exercícios aeróbios até o momento, além dos estudos experimentais da área apresentarem qualidade metodológica frágil. Com isso, o objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o efeito da recuperação ativa em esteira e em cicloergômetro sobre marcadores de dano muscular. Para isso, trinta voluntários do sexo masculino foram alocados de forma randomizada em três grupos: grupo esteira (GE, n = 10), grupo cicloergômetro (GCI, n = 10) e grupo controle (GC, n = 10). Avaliações da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM), dor, concentração plasmática de creatina kinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e espessura e ecogenicidade dos músculos reto femoral (RF) e vasto lateral (VL) foram realizadas pré, 24h, 48h e 72h após um protocolo indutor de dano muscular, constituído por cinco séries de 10 contrações excêntricas máximas em dinamômetro isocinético. Após o protocolo indutor de dano muscular, os sujeitos realizaram a intervenção de acordo com o grupo em que foram alocados, com duração de 30 minutos e intensidade de 60% do VO2máx, independente da modalidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos parâmetros de caracterização da amostra. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Houve redução significativa no torque nos períodos imediatamente após (IP), 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo da dor nos períodos 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo na espessura do músculo RF 24h após o protocolo de dano muscular. A ecogenicidade foi maior tanto no RF quanto no VL nos períodos de 48h e 72h quando comparada ao período Pré. Não houve diferença significativa nas concentrações plasmáticas de CK e LDH entre os períodos de avaliação. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a execução de recuperação ativa nos parâmetros adotados, seja em cicloergômetro ou esteira, não modifica o processo de recuperação após dano muscular. / The exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a phenomenon that occurs when we execute an unusual exercise, either by type, volume or intensity. Furthermore, this condition is strongly associated with eccentric contractions or gestures which predominantly involve this type of contraction, causing significant loss of function and decreasing performance. In view of this, the search for strategies to accelerate muscle recovery process has been investigated. Among them, active recovery, technique widely used in practical means and which consists in carrying out exercises with low or moderate intensity seeking to improve recovery after a more intense training session. However, no studies have compared two types of active recovery yet, besides the experimental studies presented fragile methodological quality. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the effect of active recovery on a treadmill and cycle ergometer on muscle damage markers. For this, thirty male volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: treadmill group (EG, n = 10), cycle ergometer group (GCI, n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). Evaluations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), pain, plasma concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle thickness and echo intensity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were performed before, 24h, 48h and 72h after the muscle damage protocol, comprising five sets of 10 maximum eccentric contractions using an isokinetic dynamometer. After muscle damage protocol, the subjects performed the intervention according to the group they were allocated, lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 60% VO2max, regardless of the type. Significant differences between the groups in the sample characterization parameters were observed. There was no significant difference between groups in all variables. There was a significant reduction in torque in the periods immediately after (IP), 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. There was a significant increase in pain at times 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. A significant increase in muscle thickness of RF was observed in 24h period. The echo intensity was higher in both RF and VL in periods of 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of CK and LDH between the evaluation periods. Our results illustrate that the performance of active recovery, in the adopted parameters, either in cycle ergometer or treadmill, does not change the process of recovery after muscle damage.

No description available.

Orientador: Camila Coelho Greco / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Sarah Regina Dias da Silva / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade da máxima fase estável de lactato (MLSS) como fronteira entre o domínio pesado e severo, analisar o efeito do tempo para análise cinética da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]) sobre a (MLSSw) e a [La] correspondentes a MLSS em exercícios intermitentes (MLSSi) com recuperação passiva e ativa e, verificar a influência da recuperação passiva ou ativa na [La], MLSSw, freqüência cardíaca (FC) e intensidade relativa à potência máxima (%Wmax) correspondentes à MLSS. Dezenove ciclistas treinados do gênero masculino divididos em dois grupos, recuperação passiva (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) ou ativa (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), realizaram os seguintes testes, em dias diferentes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) Teste incremental até a exaustão; 2) 2 a 3 testes de carga contínua para a determinação da MLSS de forma contínua (MLSSc) e; 3) testes intermitentes de carga submáxima (8 x 4 min, com 2 min de recuperação passiva ou ativa) para determinar a MLSSi com recuperação passiva (MLSSip) e ativa (MLSSia). A MLSSi foi definida como a mais alta carga na qual a [La] não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o min (critério 1 - C1) ou 14o e 44o min (critério 2 - C2) do protocolo. Os valores do VO2 obtidos no 30o min de exercício foi estatisticamente maior que o valor obtido no 3o min de exercício a 100%MLSSc (3379,3 ± 250,1 ml/min vs. 3496,7 ± 280,2 ml/min, p<0,05) e a 105%MLSSc (3439,5 ± 289,3 ml/min vs. 3545,5 ± 303,2 ml/min, p<0,05), sendo estes valores significantemente menores do que o VO2pico (3978,6 ± 296,2 ml/min, p>0,05). O tempo (C1 ou C2) parece não influenciar significantemente a [La] (Passiva - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Ativa - 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) e a MLSSw (Passiva - 294,5 ± 31,8 W vs. 294,7 ± 32,2 W; Ativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of the maximal lactate state (MLSS) as a boundary between heavy and severe domain, to check the effect of time for the analysis of blood lactate concentration ([La]) kinetics on workload (MLSSw) and related to MLSS during intermittent exercises (MLSSi) with passive and active recovery and to verify the influence of passive or active recovery at [La], MLSSw, heart rate and relative intensity of Wmax (%Wmax) correspondent to maximal lactate steady state. Nineteen male trained cyclists were divided into two groups: passive recovery (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) and active (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), they performed the following tests, in different days, on a cycle ergometer: 1) Incremental test until exhaustion and; 2) 2 to 3 constants workload tests to determine (MLSSc) and; 3) intermittent submaximal workload tests (8 x 4 min, with 2 min of passive or active recovery) to determine MLSSi with passive recovery (MLSSip) and active (MLSSia). MLSSi was defined as the highest workload at which [La] increased no more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th min (criterion 1 - C1) or 14o and 44o min (criterion 2 - C2) of the protocol. VO2 values obtained at 30th min was statistically higher than that obtained at 3rd min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS (3379.3 ± 250.1 vs. 3496.7 ± 280.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and 105%MLSS (3439.5 ± 289.3 vs. 3545.5 ± 303.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and the VO2 value obtained at 30th min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS and 105%MLSS was statistically lower than VO2peak (3978.6 ± 296.2 ml/min, p>0.05). Time (C1 or C2) seems not influence significantly [La] (Passive - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Active- 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) and MLSSw ((Passive - 294.5 ± 31.8 vs. 294.7 ± 32.2 W; Active - 304.6 ± 23.0 vs. 300.5 ± 23.9 W). Interruptions at exercise... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Title: The effect of active recovery and hydroterapy on the subsequent short-term and medium-term muscular performance Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two recoveries (ice pack, passive recovery) on the subsequent short-term and three recoveries (active recovery, cold water immersion, passive recovery) on the medium-term knee strength in the extension and flexion. Methods: Fourteen athletes in an average age of 26,6±4,4 years performed, in a random cross-over design, 2 sessions with 5 repeated short-term isokinetic tests and 3 sessions with 3 repeated medium-term isokinetic tests. The effect of ice packs and passive rest and the effect of active recovery, passive rest and cold water immersion were assessed by the 5x2 (time x recovery) and 3x3 (time x recovery) repeated-measure ANOVA, respectively. Results: The ice packs did not have any effect on peak torque, total work and average power during short-term performances. The average heart rate was significantly lower during measurements with the ice packs than during the passive recovery (125±15 vs. 135±20 tepů. min-1 ). We stated significantly lower changes in knee extension for the peak torque after the active recovery (↑ 0,9 N.m) than after the cold water immersion (↓ 14,6 N.m) or the passive recovery (↓ 13,9 N.m). The...