While the health benefits of physical activity are commonly recognised, increasing evidence indicates that significant percentages of children, particularly girls, are not sufficiently physically active. Children spend a large proportion of their waking day at school; however their opportunities to be physically active during the school day, beyond the traditional PE lesson and break times, are limited. Increasing children’s levels of physical activity during their time at school may be a key approach to increasing children’s overall levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outdoor education programme ‘Forest School’ as a source of school based physical activity. A review of existing research showed that there had been no rigorous evaluation of physical activity during Forest School sessions. A two phase mixed method design was used. The first phase used a repeated measures controlled design to objectively measure the amount, intensity, duration and frequency of the participants’ (n26 age 9-10) physical activity during Forest School. The second phase used semi-structured paired interviews (n24 age 10-11) to understand the subjective experience of the Forest School physical activity. The study was conducted in the central belt of Scotland. The results showed that during Forest School sessions the participants engaged in a significantly greater total amount of physical activity, at a higher intensity, and with a greater frequency of longer bouts, in comparison to the typical school days. The children were also shown to reach the recommended hour of MVPA during the Forest School sessions. The children reported enjoying and appreciating the opportunity to be physically active in an environment they had little previous experience of using. Existing barriers to physical activity in other contexts, in particular bad weather and low motivation, did not appear to be relevant at Forest School. The inequality in levels of physical activity and motivation to be physically active, between males and females, was shown to typically be lower on the Forest School days. The findings suggest participation in Forest School resulted in greater quantities of inclusive and enjoyable physical activity at higher intensities than otherwise experienced at school.

This study examines the influences of culture on the implementation of a U.S.-based Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in three Thai organizations.

As plantas medicinais são consideradas pela população uma alternativa para tratamento de diversas doenças. Entre estas, destacam-se as plantas da família Verbenaceae, como as espécies do gênero Verbena. Espécies reconhecidas atualmente como gênero Glandularia foram anteriormente descritas como Verbena. Esses gêneros ainda possuem problemas de circunscrição, tendo em vista que são táxons muitos semelhantes, sendo muitas vezes difícil diferenciá-los. Espécies de Verbena são bem relatadas na medicina popular quanto a atividade anti-inflamatória e para o tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Diante disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho o isolamento de compostos presentes em espécies dos gêneros Glandularia e Verbena e a avaliação das atividades hepatoprotetora e antiquimiotáxica de espécies de Verbena utilizadas na medicina popular. Os compostos isolados foram identificados através de técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Extratos metanólicos de V. montevidensis e V. litoralis e o iridoide brasosídeo, presente em ambos os extratos, foram avaliados quanto a atividade antiquimiotáxica realizada de acordo com o teste modificado de Boyden e quanto a atividade hepatoprotetora e citotoxicidade in vitro realizado em células HepG2, pelos métodos de MTT e vermelho neutro. De G. selloi foram obtidos 6β-OH-ipolamiida e dois derivados de crisoeriol com estruturas inéditas, seloisídeo A e seloisídeo B. Do extrato das partes aéreas de G. lobata foram isolados verbascosídeo e o iridoide griselinosídeo, que foi também isolado de V. hirta e V. bonariensis. De V. montevidensis obteve-se brasosídeo. No ensaio biológico antiquimiotáxico realizado com o extrato metanólico de V. montevidensis e com brasosídeo, seu produto isolado, todas as amostras apresentaram inibição significativa da migração leucocitária em relação ao controle. Os resultados obtidos para citotoxicidade in vitro demonstram que os extratos metanólicos e brasosídeo, não apresentaram citotoxicidade nas concentrações testadas. Esses extratos demonstraram atividade hepatoprotetora, em células HepG2, após lesão induzida por etanol. Brasosídeo protegeu as células nas menores concentrações testadas, sugerindo que a atividade hepatoprotetora dos extratos esteja relacionada ao sinergismo entre este composto e verbascosídeo. Os resultados encontrados nos ensaios biológicos corroboram o uso popular de algumas espécies de Verbena como agentes hepatoprotetor e anti-inflamatório. / Medicinal plants are considered by the population an alternative to treat various diseases. Among these, stand out plants of the family Verbenaceae, such as the species of the genus Verbena. Species currently recognized as the genus Glandularia were previously described as Verbena. These genera still have problems of circumscription, since the taxa are very similar, being often difficult to differentiate them. Verbena species are well reported in folk medicine regarding anti-inflammatory activity and for the treatment of liver diseases. The objective of this work was the isolation of compounds present in species of the genera Glandularia and Verbena and the evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antichemotactic activities of Verbena species used in folk medicine. The isolated compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Methanolic extracts of the V. montevidensis and V. litoralis and the iridoid brasoside, present in both extracts, were evaluated for the antichemotactic activity performed according to the modified Boyden test and for the hepatoprotective activity and in vitro cytotoxicity performed in HepG2, by MTT and neutral red methods. From G. selloi 6β-OH-ipolamiide and two chrysoeriol derivatives were obtained with novel structures, selloiside A and selloiside B. From the extract of the aerial parts of G. lobata verbascoside and the iridoid griselinoside were isolated. This iridoid was also isolated from V. hirta and V. bonariensis while V. montevidensis afforded brasoside. In the antichemotactic biological assay performed with the methanolic extract of V. montevidensis and with brasoside, all the samples showed significant inhibition of the leukocyte migration in relation to the control. The results obtained for in vitro cytotoxicity demonstrate that the methanolic extracts and brasoside did not present cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. These extracts demonstrated hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells after ethanol-induced injury. Brasoside protected the cells at the lowest concentrations tested, suggesting that the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts is related to the synergism between this compound and verbascoside. The results found in the biological assays corroborate the popular use of some species of Verbena as hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

劉明偉. / 手稿本(copies 2&3 複印本) / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學硏究院. / Shou gao ben (copies 2&3 fu yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 376-387). / Liu Mingwei. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 一 --- 導言 --- p.4 / Chapter 二 --- 中國現代社團的先驅 --- p.20 / Chapter 三 --- 社團典型之一：新潮社 / Chapter 四 --- 社團典型之二：新民學會 / Chapter 五 --- 社團典型之三：少年中國學會 / Chapter 六 --- 其他類型團體 / Chapter 甲 --- 平民教育團體 / Chapter 乙 --- 新村主義與二讀互助團體 / Chapter 丙 --- 合作主義團體 / Chapter 丁 --- 無政府主義團體 / Chapter 戊 --- 學生聯合會 / Chapter 七 --- 結語

陳瑞容. / 論文(社會工作碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院社會工作學部,1994. / 參考文獻: leaves 159-167 / Chen Ruirong. / 鳴謝 --- p.i / 論文撮要 --- p.ii / 表列 --- p.iii / Chapter I.第一章： --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter II.第二章： --- 研究原因及目的 --- p.6 / Chapter III .第三章： --- 歷史回顧：「傳统思想」與婦女參 政的關係 --- p.11 / Chapter a) --- 婦女的傳统角色一 「男主内、女主外」 「婦無公事」 --- p.12 / Chapter b) --- 婦女的現代角色一職業女性、兼顧家 庭、參與政事 --- p.24 / Chapter IV.第四章： --- 理論架構 --- p.31 / Chapter a) --- 「參與理論」與港人參政 / Chapter 1) --- 羅素、巴克等的「參與理論」 --- p.32 / Chapter 2) --- 柯士甸的「參與理論」 --- p.34 / Chapter 3) --- Almond & Verba 的「參與理論」 --- p.35 / Chapter 4) --- Verba & Pye的「參與理論」 --- p.36 / Chapter 5) --- Verba & Barber的「參與理論」 --- p.37 / Chapter 6) --- J. Rothman的「參與理論」 --- p.38 / Chapter 7) --- Maslow的「參與理論」 --- p.38 / Chapter 8) --- 總結 --- p.39 / Chapter b) --- 現代婦女參政 --- p.41 / Chapter V.第五章： --- 研究設計 --- p.46 / Chapter a) --- 研究假設 --- p.46 / Chapter b) --- 研究方法 --- p.49 / Chapter i) --- 研究對象 --- p.50 / Chapter ii) --- 抽樣方法 --- p.54 / Chapter iii) --- 量度準則 --- p.56 / Chapter C) --- 研究限制 --- p.61 / Chapter VI.第六章: --- 研究結果 --- p.63 / Chapter a) --- 甲部：個人資料 --- p.63 / Chapter b) --- 乙部及丙部：當選前後比較 --- p.74 / Chapter c) --- 丁部：訪問及實地觀察描述 --- p.84 / Chapter VII.第七章： --- 研究總結及分析 --- p.126 / Chapter VIII.第八章： --- 研究建議 --- p.146 / 參考書目 --- p.155 / 附錄（一）至（四）

陳立程. / "2002年7月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 106-114) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 7 yue" / Chen Licheng. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 106-114) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 鳴謝 --- p.i / 論文撮要 --- p.ii / 目錄 --- p.iv / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言：政治自由主義的興起 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 知識份子與國家：文獻評論與本文分析框架 --- p.5 / Chapter 第一節 --- 中國知識份子與國家關係簡述 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- 知識份子與國家關係的硏究模式 --- p.7 / Chapter (一) --- 知識份子對國家的依附：「庇護主義」 --- p.7 / Chapter (二) --- 對知識份子自主性的思考一一市民社會與公共領域 --- p.12 / Chapter (三) --- 對市民社會的質疑一一制度分析 --- p.15 / Chapter (四) --- 其他的分析模式 --- p.17 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.18 / Chapter 第三節 --- 分析架構 --- p.18 / Chapter (一) --- 思想史的進路 --- p.19 / Chapter (二) --- 知識份子與意識形態 --- p.19 / Chapter (三) --- 分析框架 --- p.21 / Chapter (四) --- 資料蒐集方法 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三章 --- 政治自由主義的內涵 --- p.30 / Chapter 第一節 --- 自由主義在中國的命運 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二節 --- 政治自由主義的主張 --- p.34 / Chapter (一) --- 存有差異的自由主義觀 --- p.34 / Chapter (二) --- 財產權是個人自由的基石 --- p.35 / Chapter (三) --- 市場對資源的分配最有效率 --- p.35 / Chapter (四) --- 憲政與法治是自由主義的制度核心 --- p.36 / Chapter (五) --- 自由主義對政府的要求爲有限政府 --- p.36 / Chapter (六) --- 民主必須建基於自由之上 --- p.37 / Chapter (七) --- 消極的政治觀 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三節 --- 從「新左派」與「自由主義」之爭談起 --- p.39 / Chapter (一) --- 論爭的興起 --- p.39 / Chapter (二) --- 論爭的聚焦點 --- p.39 / Chapter (三) --- 新左派與自由主義的互相指責說明了什麼 --- p.41 / Chapter 第四節 --- 經濟自由主義與政治自由主義 --- p.43 / Chapter (一) --- 新左派與經濟自由主義爭論些什麼 --- p.44 / Chapter (二) --- 論爭焦點的轉變 --- p.45 / Chapter (三) --- 政治自由主義言說的公開 --- p.46 / Chapter (四) --- 政治自由主義論述的核心 --- p.48 / Chapter 第五節 --- 政治自由主義的內涵 --- p.49 / Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.51 / Chapter 第四章 --- 政治自由主義興起原因之一：國家與知識份子的分離 --- p.57 / Chapter 第一節 --- 官方意識形態的轉變 --- p.57 / Chapter (一) --- 真理標準大辯論 --- p.57 / Chapter (二) --- 新的社會發展藍圖 --- p.60 / Chapter (三) --- 效率：衡量經濟發展成效的標準 --- p.61 / Chapter (四) --- 市場調節：提高經濟效率的主要手段 --- p.62 / Chapter (五) --- 社會發展總綱領：社會主義現代化強國 --- p.63 / Chapter 第二節 --- 促成八十年代知識份子與國家之間合作的基礎 --- p.64 / Chapter (一) --- 黨內意識形態競爭中知識份子的作用 --- p.64 / Chapter (二) --- 知識份子對新的社會發展藍圖的認同 --- p.66 / Chapter (三) --- 知識份子與國家合作的基礎 --- p.67 / Chapter (四) --- 知識份子與國家合作的形式 --- p.70 / Chapter (五) --- 自由的訴求：知識份子在思想領域的超越性？ --- p.72 / Chapter 第三節 --- 國家與知識份子的分離´ؤ´ؤ六四運動 --- p.73 / Chapter (一) --- 國家與知識份子分離的前提 --- p.73 / Chapter (二) --- 六四：反國家的運動？ --- p.74 / Chapter (三) --- 知識份子在六四運動中的作用 --- p.77 / Chapter (四) --- 六四如何推動知識份子與國家的分離 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五章 --- 政治自由主義興起原因之二：觀念分裂的結果 --- p.83 / Chapter 第一節 --- 知識份子新社會發展藍圖探索的開展 --- p.83 / Chapter (一) --- 啓蒙陣地的轉移 --- p.83 / Chapter (二) --- 「市民社會」熱潮 --- p.85 / Chapter (三) --- 新的社會發展藍圖´ؤ´ؤ自由主義 --- p.86 / Chapter 第二節 --- 經濟自由主義思潮的興起 --- p.86 / Chapter (一) --- 經濟自由主義的內涵 --- p.86 / Chapter (二) --- 經濟自由主義出現的前提：八十年代有經濟自由主義嗎？ --- p.88 / Chapter (三) --- 九十年代經濟自由主義思潮的體現 --- p.90 / Chapter (四) --- 經濟自由主義言說公開化的條件 --- p.91 / Chapter 第三節 --- 鄧小平九二南巡的影響 --- p.92 / Chapter (一) --- 南巡講話的意涵 --- p.92 / Chapter (二) --- 南巡講話的衝擊：意識形態式的還是象徵式的？ --- p.93 / Chapter (三) --- 南巡與經濟自由主義的興起 --- p.94 / Chapter 第四節 --- 政治自由主義的興起 --- p.95 / Chapter (一) --- 在財產權與市場經濟的背後 --- p.95 / Chapter (二) --- 政治自由主義對經濟自由主義的超越 --- p.97 / Chapter (三) --- 政治自由主義興起的基礎 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.99 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結語 --- p.102 / Chapter (一) --- 硏究總結 --- p.102 / Chapter (二) --- 硏究貢獻 --- p.103 / Chapter (三) --- 硏究限制 --- p.104 / 參考文獻 --- p.106 / 附錄：六四運動資料摘錄 --- p.115

The balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission within and across neurons in active networks is crucial for cortical function and may allow for rapid transitions between stable network states. GABAergic interneurons mediate the majority of inhibitory transmission in the cortex, and therefore contribute to the global balance of activity in neuronal networks. Disruption in the network balance due to impaired inhibition has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases (Marin 2012). Both schizophrenia and autism are two highly heritable cognitive disorders with complex genetic aetiologies but overlapping behavioural phenotypes that share common imbalances in neuronal network activity (Gao & Penzes 2015). An increasing body of evidence suggests that functional abnormalities in a particular group of cortical GABAergic interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) are involved in the pathology of these disorders (Marin 2012). As deficits in this neuronal population have been linked to these disorders it could be useful to target them and increase their activity. A conserved feature in PV cells is their unusually low input resistance compared to other neuronal populations. This feature is regulated by the expression of leak K+ channels, believed to be mediated in part by TASK and TREK subfamily two-pore K+ channels (Goldberg et al. 2011). The selective blockade of specific leak K+ channels could therefore be applied to increase the activity of PV cells. In this thesis, specific TASK-1/3 and TREK-1 channel blockers were applied in cortical mouse slices in an attempt to increase the output of PV cells. The blockade of either channel did not successfully increase the amplitude of PV cell-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) onto principal cells. However, while the blockade of TASK-1/3 channels failed to depolarise the membrane or alter the input resistance, the blockade of TREK-1 channels resulted in a small but significant depolarisation of the membrane potential in PV cells. Interestingly, TREK-1 channel blockade also increased action potential firing of PV cells in response to given current stimuli, suggesting that TREK-1 could be a useful target for PV cell modulation. These results demonstrate for the first time the functional effects of using specific two-pore K+ channel blockers in PV cells. Furthermore, these data provide electrophysiological evidence against the functional expression of TASK-1/3 in PV cells. It could therefore be interesting to further characterise the precise subtypes of leak K+ channels responsible for their low resistivity. This would help to classify the key contributors of the background K+ conductances present in PV cells in addition to finding suitable targets to increase their activity.

<p>Physical activity (PA) is likely to constitute an important aspect of health-related behaviour in growing children. However, the knowledge on levels and patterns of PA in children is limited, due to the difficulty of precisely measuring this complex behaviour in normal daily living. Information on variables that significantly contributes to the variability in PA patterns is warranted as it may inform strategies for promoting physically active lifestyles in school-age youth. The overall purpose of the present studies was to increase the knowledge about the use of accelerometry when assessing PA in children, and examine sources of variability in objectively assessed PA behaviour in children. The study samples included 1954 nine- and 15-year-old children from four geographical locations in Europe (Norway, Denmark, Estonia and Portugal), and additionally 16 Swedish seven-year-old boys and girls. PA was assessed by the MTI accelerometer during free-living conditions, including both weekdays and weekend days. A part of the PA assessment was conducted using different time sampling intervals (epochs). Predictions of estimates of daily energy expenditure from accelerometer output were calculated using previously published equations. Potential correlates of PA behaviour were assessed by self-report. The main findings were; a) the epoch setting had a significant effect when interpreting time spent at higher intensities of PA in young children, b) predicted energy expenditure differed substantially between equations, c) between- and within-day differences in overall levels of PA, time spent at moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and time spent sedentary differed between age, gender and geographical location, d) outdoor play and sports participation were differentially associated with objectively measured PA in 9- and 15-year-old children. It is concluded that the sporadic nature of children’s physical activity require very short epoch settings for detecting high intensity PA, and that different published equations for estimations of daily energy expenditure cannot be used interchangeably. The interpretations of average energy expenditure from available equations should be made with caution. Based on a large sample of children of different ages, weekend days and leisure time during weekdays seem appropriate targets when promoting PA in order to increase the proportion of children achieving current recommendations on health enhancing PA. Further, significant correlates of PA behaviour dependent on age group are presented, which should be considered when planning interventions for promoting PA in school-age youth.</p>

The three dimensional structure of both a ligand and its cognate receptor are required for the success of structure-assisted drug design. This thesis reports the crystal structure of hectochlorin, a small, bioactive molecule, and the steps toward determining the crystal structure of an RNA molecule that is an attractive target for drug design. The absolute structure of hectochlorin, a cytotoxic, secondary metabolite isolated from Lyngbya majuscula, is reported herein. Specifically, the absolute configuration of hectochlorin, as determined by x-ray crystallography, is reported as 6S, 7S, 10S, 31S. Marine natural products are interesting as a source of novel chemical compounds that are potentially valuable as therapeutic agents, or have industrial applications. The absolute structure provides a model that serves as a starting point for rational drug design synthesis. In a second study, results are reported from attempts to crystallize a biologically important RNA structure, the trans-acting response element, (TAR), for the determination of its structure by x-ray diffraction, and ultimately, providing an initial model for structure-assisted drug design targeted against HIV. Crystals, of biologically relevant TAR sequences, greater that 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1 mm�� in size, both in the presence and absence of a cognate ligand analogue, have been obtained. These crystals have been shown to be of poor diffraction quality, but the initial crystallization conditions provide a starting point for optimization that may yield higher quality crystals. / Graduation date: 2001

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