Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka samband mellan hur universitetsstudenter skattar sin fysiska aktivitetsnivå och hur de registrerar aktivitetsnivå med hjälp av dagbok samt att se om de kom upp i ACSM (American College of Sport Medicine) och WHO´s (World Health Organisation) rekommendationer. Metod: Studien hade en icke experimentell, deskriptiv och korrelerande design där 26 försökspersoner, två män och 24 kvinnor, rekryterades via anslag. De fick först svara på en enkät och därefter registrera sin aktivitet via en 7-dagars aktivitetsdagbok. Resultat: Studenterna ansåg inte att de hade en stillasittande livsstil och alla deltagare utom en ansåg sig komma upp till ACSM´s rekommendationer av fysisk aktivitet 30 minuter per dag av måttlig intensitet alla dagar i veckan. Trettiofem procent kom inte upp i WHO´s rekommendationer och av dessa överskattade 67% sin fysiska aktivitetsnivå. Sextiofem procent kom inte upp i ACSM´s rekommendationer och av dessa överskattade 94% sin aktivitetsnivå. Konklusion: Studenterna hade en låg fysisk aktivitetsnivå utifrån ACSM´s rekommendationer och majoriteten av de som inte levde upp till WHO och ACSM rekommendationer överskattade sin fysiska aktivitetsnivå. Det krävs dock mer omfattande studier för att dra några generella slutsatser då denna studie hade en skev könsfördelning och ett lågt antal deltagare. Keywords: Self-estimation, Perception, Activity diary, Physical Activity level, Overestimation. / Objectives: The main objective was to compare self-estimated physical activity level with the registration of physical activity level among college students. A secondary objective was to investigate if the subjects reached the level of physical activity recommended by American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) and World Health Organisation (WHO). Method: A non-experimental, descriptive and correlated design. 26 subjects, 2 men and 24 women, were included. A questionnaire was used to investigate their perceived level of physical activity and a 7-day activity diary was used for the registration of activity level. Results: The students did not perceive to have a sedentary lifestyle and all subjects except one believed they reached the level recommended by ACSM. Thirty-five percent did not reach the recommendations of WHO and 67% of these overestimated their physical activity level. Sixty-five percent did not reach ACSM´s recommendations and 94% of these overestimated their physical activity level. Conclusion: The students had a low physical activity compared to the recommendations of ACSM and subjects who did not reach WHO and ACSM´s recommendations overestimated their physical activity level.  Due to the small number and adverse gender in the subjects, numerous studies need to be done in order to complete any further conclusions.

No / There is limited evidence of the impact of radiographers working in advanced roles beyond task substitution. This study reviews the contribution of advanced (and consultant) practitioner radiographers to service delivery whilst reporting radiographs and demonstrates the impact this has on patients and staff, both internal and external to the imaging department. The study was a prospective exploratory study using activity diaries to allow interval sampling when individuals were rostered to report. Data was coded using a compiled list of activities and recorded in 15-min intervals over the period of one week. Thirteen radiographers who independently report radiographs participated across 6 locations in a busy multisite English National Health Service (NHS) Trust. Radiographers reported the majority of the examinations during the study period (n = 4512/5671; 79.6%). The total number of coded activities recorded over the study period was 1527, equating to 380.5 relative hours. The majority of available time was spent reporting, including dictating and verifying the reports of colleagues or trainees, although 69.5% of reporting time was interrupted. Based upon the hours of reporting there was an average of 19.3 reports (patient episodes) produced per hour. Direct patient care tasks and support for staff in decision making were regularly documented. Supplementary tasks included administrative activity, amendments to rotas, preparing presentations and documenting incidents identified during reporting. This study has demonstrated the breadth and complexity of the activities performed by advanced practice radiographers. The findings confirm their role in supporting service delivery beyond image interpretation.

Yes / Consultant radiographer numbers remain low despite the ongoing capacity challenges in diagnostic imaging. This is compounded by the limited evidence of how such roles can positively impact on service delivery, particularly in relation to their leadership expectations. Aims: To examine the activities undertaken by consultant radiographers; evidence the impact of the roles, and consider whether the roles encompass the four domains of consultant practice. Method: Six consultant radiographers employed in a single NHS Trust completed an activity diary over a period of 7 days. Interval sampling every 15 minutes enabled the collection of a large volume of complex data. Findings: All consultants worked beyond their contacted hours. The documented activities demonstrate the breadth of the roles and confirmed that the participants were undertaking all four core functions of consultant practice. Conclusion: The impact of the roles stretched beyond the local department and organisation to the health system and wider profession.

<p><p>Objective:</p><p>This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical activity level (PAL), measured with activity diary and accelerometer, among overweight and obese children and adolescents. The aim was also to study differences in PAL between girls and boys.</p><p>Design:</p><p>55 children and adolescents, whom been subjected to a physical activity registration with a physical activity diary and accelerometer during three or four days, were included in this study. From the data received from the children’s journal records PAL was calculated and compiled for statistic analysis.</p><p>Results:</p><p>The results of the study showed that the children underestimated their physical activity level when measured with activity diary, in comparison with the physical activity level measured with accelerometer. Differences between girl and boys PAL values were not statistically significant, although the girls PAL values from the accelerometer, but not from the activity diary, reached a moderate activity level according to Nordic nutrition recommendation. No correlation between the activity diary and accelerometer was found.</p><p>Conclusions:</p><p>The Activity diary can not be used as solitary instrument to mesure physical activity in obese or overweight children.</p><p>There is no validated way to measure physical activity in overweight or obese children.</p><p>Before studies can be conducted with reliable results, physical activity level scales and calculated BMR must be designed for overweight and obese children.</p></p>

Aim: The aim with the current study was to examine the physical activity levels (PAL) in a group of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and compare PAL-values between boys and girls. Further, the aim was to look at the total energy expenditure (TEE) estimated with an activity diary and measured with the accelerometer and compare values between these two measurement methods. Method: The sample consisted of 29 children and adolescents diagnosed with CF where PAL and TEE was measured during a three-day registration with activity diary and the ActiCal© accelerometer. The data was analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: The results indicated that the girls had a slightly higher median PAL-value than the boys. In addition, the range between the lowest and highest PAL-value was larger among the boys. The lowest PAL-value was lower among the boys than among the girls and the highest value was similar to the girls’ highest PAL-value. Overall, the subjective estimation of the PAL-values were slightly higher than what was objectively measured by the accelerometer. There was a slight difference between TEE estimated with the activity diary compared to the TEE measured by the accelerometer. There was no significant difference in PAL-values between boys and girls. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in PAL-value between boys and girls and that there was a slight difference in TEE estimated with the activity diary and measured with the accelerometer. Both methods of data collection are reliable enough when used together to produce a valid estimation of CF- children’s activity levels and TEE. The fact that both PAL and TEE values were higher in the activity diary may be because the participants perceived a higher level of physical activity then what was objectively measured with the accelerometer.

Event-based data are encountered daily in many disciplines and are used for various purposes. They are collections of ordered sequences of events where each event has a start time and a duration. Examples of such data include medical records, internet surfing records, transaction records, industrial process or system control records, and activity diary data. This thesis is concerned with the exploration of event-based data, and in particular the identification and analysis of sequences within them. Sequences are interesting in this context since they enable the understanding of the evolving character of event data records over time. They can reveal trends, relationships and similarities across the data, allow for comparisons to be made within and between the records, and can also help predict forthcoming events.The presented work has researched methods for identifying and exploring such event-sequences which are based on modern visualization, interaction and data mining techniques. An interactive visualization environment that facilitates analysis and exploration of event-based data has been designed and developed, which permits a user to freely explore different aspects of this data and visually identify interesting features and trends. Visual data mining methods have been developed within this environment, that facilitate the automatic identification and exploration of interesting sequences as patterns. The first method makes use of a sequence mining algorithm that identifies sequences of events as patterns, in an iterative fashion, according to certain user-defined constraints. The resulting patterns can then be displayed and interactively explored by the user.The second method has been inspired by web-mining algorithms and the use of graph similarity. A tree-inspired visual exploration environment has been developed that allows a user to systematically and interactively explore interesting event-sequences.Having identified interesting sequences as patterns it becomes interesting to further explore how these are incorporated across the data and classify the records based on the similarities in the way these sequences are manifested within them. In the final method developed in this work, a set of similarity metrics has been identified for characterizing event-sequences, which are then used within a clustering algorithm in order to find similarly behavinggroups. The resulting clusters, as well as attributes of the clusteringparameters and data records, are displayed in a set of linked views allowing the user to interactively explore relationships within these. The research has been focused on the exploration of activity diary data for the study of individuals' time-use and has resulted in a powerful research tool facilitating understanding and thorough analysis of the complexity of everyday life.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical activity level (PAL), measured with activity diary and accelerometer, among overweight and obese children and adolescents. The aim was also to study differences in PAL between girls and boys. Design: 55 children and adolescents, whom been subjected to a physical activity registration with a physical activity diary and accelerometer during three or four days, were included in this study. From the data received from the children’s journal records PAL was calculated and compiled for statistic analysis. Results: The results of the study showed that the children underestimated their physical activity level when measured with activity diary, in comparison with the physical activity level measured with accelerometer. Differences between girl and boys PAL values were not statistically significant, although the girls PAL values from the accelerometer, but not from the activity diary, reached a moderate activity level according to Nordic nutrition recommendation. No correlation between the activity diary and accelerometer was found. Conclusions: The Activity diary can not be used as solitary instrument to mesure physical activity in obese or overweight children. There is no validated way to measure physical activity in overweight or obese children. Before studies can be conducted with reliable results, physical activity level scales and calculated BMR must be designed for overweight and obese children.

Adverse health effects from exposure to air pollution, although at present only partly understood, are a global challenge and of widespread concern. Quantifying human exposure to air pollutants is challenging, as ambient concentrations of air pollutants at potentially harmful levels are ubiquitous and subject to high spatial and temporal variability. At the same time, individuals have their very own unique activity-patterns. Hence exposure results from intertwined relationships between environmental and human systems add complexity to the assessment process. It is essential to develop a deeper understanding of individual exposure pathways and situations occurring in people’s everyday lives. This is important especially with regard to exposure and health impact assessment which provide the basis for public health advice and policy development. This thesis describes the development and application of a personal monitoring method to assess exposure to fine particulate matter in a variety of microenvironments. Tools and methods applied are tested with respect to feasibility, intrusiveness, performance and potential for future applications. The development of the method focuses on the application in everyday environments and situations in an attempt to capture as much of the total exposure as possible, across a complete set of microenvironments. Seventeen volunteers took part in the pilot study, collected data and provided feedback on methodology and tools applied. The low-cost particle counter applied showed good agreement with reference instruments when studied in two different environments. Based on the assessment of the two instruments functions to derive particle mass concentration from the original particle number counts have been defined. The application of the devices and tools received positive feedback from the volunteers. Limitations are mainly related to the non-weatherproof design of the particle counter. The collection of time-activity patterns with GPS and time-activity diaries is challenging and requires careful processing. Resulting personal exposure profiles highlight the influence of individual activities and contextual factors. Highest concentrations were measured in indoor environments where people also spent the majority of time. Differences between transport modes as well as between urban and rural areas were identified.