Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

This thesis describes a longitudinal assessment of explanation and behaviour shift in alcohol users. It involves applying two 'process' models of addiction to the same sample of alcohol using subjects. Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Change (1979) is one of the more influential and widely used models in assessing and treating problem use of a wide range of substances. The model is based on philosophies of psychological measurement which assume literal meaning and veridical status of verbal report. The methodology employed by the Trantheoretical Model to measure an individual's 'Stage of Change' is that of forced choice questionnaire scores, which allow allocation into one of four stages of change. This method therefore assumes an individual's stage of change allocation reflects their current internal state with regard to their substance use. In contrast, the Functional Discursive model (Davies 1997) is based on philosophies of discourse and emphasises the predictive value of discourse. The model regards discourse as functional and indicative of the individual's current motivational state in relation to their substance use. Therefore the model postulates language is functional in context, and performative rather than informative. This model was developed in response to a growing dissatisfaction with many traditional methods of data collection in the field of substance use. The Functional Discursive Model is also very much a social model because the explanations surrounding the substance using behaviour occur within differing social contexts. The current study examines the efficacy and applicability of the two models which employ opposing methodological approaches. Using different treatment and non-treatment groups of alcohol users the study also assesses whether progression through the stages of either model differs according to the type of treatment intervention. In addition, two independent measures were chosen to provide additional data against which to assess anThis prompted the selection of Rosenberg's Self-esteem Inventory to measure levels of self-esteem across differing contexts (i. e. time, treatment approach and stage of alcohol use). The second independent measure included in the study was the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), which was chosen to measure levels of problematic alcohol use across the differing contexts, to enable further comparisons to be made between the models and agencies. The general hypothesis states that the discourse based model which postulates that language is performative and context dependent will perform better across a range of contexts. The general hypothesis generates a number of more specific hypotheses which are detailed in the introduction. The following study aims to assess how the two different models perform in terms of these hypotheses. Differences and relationships between levels of self-esteem and levels of problematic alcohol use were found according to stage position in each model. For example, low self-esteem was found to be a feature of the stages (for each model) associated with problem alcohol use. Conversely, higher self-esteem was associated with non-problem stages. Use of the AUDIT confirmed patterns of alcohol use through the stages as proposed by the authors of each model. In addition, AUDIT scores closely mirrored self-esteem scores providing further confirmation that low self-esteem is associated with more problematic alcohol use. A clear relationship was also found between stage position in each model and type of treatment agency with which contact was made. Agencies supporting an abstinence-based approach to treatment were found to be treating only those individuals at the most problematic stages of each model. In contrast, agencies supporting a return to controlled drinking were found to treat individuals across a range of stages. Comparisons made between the two models suggest that while some overlap regarding the defining characteristics of individual stages was present, the Discursive Model can better accommodate a broader spectrum of substance use than is measured by the Stages of Change. Thus, the two models cannot be mapped directly onto each other. In terms of clinical application, the two models were found to be better suited to different treatment approaches. The Discursive Model appears better equipped to accommodate harm reduction and controlled drinking treatment approaches and the Stages of Change appear more pertinent to an abstinence-based approach.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

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Crimes related to the abuse of addictive substances Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the drug crimes and it is split into four chapters. In the first chapter author describes the addictive substances from the historical point of view. Firstly from the general historical point of view and secondly from the law historical point of view. The author also uses the ineffective laws that regulated the addictive substances from the nineteenth century and recent laws, which regulate the addictive substances. In the second chapter there are described the most common addictive substances which the application praxis mostly struggles with. Author describes those addictive with the focus on their influence on the human organism and the possibility ty consider how they influence the controlling and the recognizing abilities. The third chapter is the most extensive and it focuses on the crimes related to the abuse of addictive substances from the point of view of the substantive law. In this chapter, there are described facts of the drug crimes. Namely handling with narcotic and psychotropic substances and poisons according to § 283 TZ, possession of narcotic and psychotropic substance according to § 284 TZ, unauthorized cultivation of plants containing the narcotic o psychotropic substance according to § 285 TZ,...

L’objectif général était d'étudier les liens entre les conduites addictives et différents aspects de la vie professionnelle dans l’infrastructure de recherche CONSTANCES : (1) Estimer les prévalences d'usage de substances en population générale française en fonction des facteurs sociodémographiques et cliniques, (2) Étudier les associations longitudinales entre stress au travail et usage chronique de benzodiazépines, (3) Étudier les associations transversales entre demande émotionnelle au travail et usages d’alcool, de tabac et de cannabis, (4) Étudier les associations transversales entre demande émotionnelle au travail et usage chronique de benzodiazépines, (5) Étudier les associations longitudinales entre usages d’alcool, de tabac et de cannabis et la perte d’emploi.1. Les prévalences d'usage d'alcool, de tabac et de cannabis en population générale ont été estimées. Concernant l’usage chronique de benzodiazépines, sa prévalence était en 2015 de 2,8 % (IC 95% : 2,3-3,4) chez les hommes et de 3,8% (IC 95 % : 3,3-4,5) chez les femmes(n = 9 535).2. Il existait des relations dose-dépendantes entre l’intensité du stress au travail, mesuré par le déséquilibre effort-récompense, et le risque d’usage chronique de benzodiazépines sur une période de suivi de deux ans (n = 31 077), avec un OR = 2,18 (IC 95 % : 1,50-3,16) pour les sujets les plus stressés comparés aux moins stressés, après ajustement pour les facteurs sociodémographiques, les usages d’alcool et de tabac, la dépression et l’état de santé perçu.3. Il existait des associations significatives entre la demande émotionnelle au travail, mesurée par la fréquence de l’exposition stressante au public, et les usages d’alcool, de tabac et de cannabis, en ajustant pour les facteurs sociodémographiques (n=23 641). Concernant l’usage d’alcool, la demande émotionnelle était associée chez les hommes à une augmentation du risque d’alcoolisations paroxystiques intermittentes plus d’une fois par mois (OR = 1,29 (IC 95 % : 1,10-1,51), et chez les femmes à une augmentation des risques de consommation hebdomadaire élevée ou très élevée (OR = 1,59 (IC 95 % : 1,12-2,25) et de trouble de l’usage d’alcool (OR = 2,30 (IC 95 % : 1,54-3,44).4. Il existait des relations dose-dépendantes entre la demande émotionnelle au travail et l'usage chronique de benzodiazépines, en ajustant pour l’âge, le niveau d’éducation et l’indice de déprivation sociale (n=33 195). Les OR étaient de 2,3 (IC 95 % : 1,5-3,6) chez les hommes et de 2,5 (IC 95 % : 1,8-3,4) chez les femmes pour les individus exposés à la plus forte demande émotionnelle comparée à la plus faible. Ces associations persistaient en l’absence d’autres facteurs de vulnérabilité à l’usage des benzodiazépines.5. Les usages d’alcool, de tabac et de cannabis étaient tous associés, de manière indépendante, et suivant des relations dose-dépendantes, au risque de perte d’emploi à un an, en ajustant pour l’âge, le genre, la dépression et l’état de santé perçu(n=18 879). Le risque de perte d’emploi associé à un usage problématique ou de dépendance probable de l’alcool était de 1,92 (IC 95 % : 1,34-2,75) comparé à un usage à faible risque. Il était de 1,78 (IC 95 % : 1,26-2,54) pour les gros fumeurs comparés aux non-fumeurs et de 2,68 (IC 95 % : 2,10-3,42) pour les consommateurs de cannabis au moins une fois par mois comparés aux non-consommateurs.Ces résultats pourraient permettre aux décideurs en santé publique et en santé au travail d'élaborer des stratégies d'information et de prévention destinées à réduire l'usage de substances, notamment en milieu professionnel. En raison de la complexité des interrelations entre conduites addictives et vie professionnelle, ce champ de recherche en épidémiologie devrait poursuivre son développement afin de répondre aux enjeux majeurs de santé publique posés tant par les conduites addictives que par l'exposition aux risques professionnels. / The overall objective was to explore the links between addictive behaviours (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, benzodiazepines) and different aspects of occupational life (i.e. job stress, emotional demand, job loss) using data from the CONSTANCES research infrastructure.This general objective has been operationalized into five distinct objectives:(1) Estimate the prevalence of substance use in the general population according to socio-demographic and clinical factors,(2) Examine the longitudinal associations between job stress and benzodiazepine long-term use,(3) Examine the cross-sectional associations between emotional job demand and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use,(4) Examine the cross-sectional associations between emotional job demand and benzodiazepine long-term use,(5) Examine the longitudinal associations between alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and job loss.1. The prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use in the general population have been estimated. The prevalence of benzodiazepine long-term use in 2015 was of 2.8 % (CI 95 % : 2.3-3.4) in men and 3.8 % (CI 95 % : 3.3-4.5) in women (n=9 535).2. There were dose-dependent relationships between job stress, as measured by the effort-reward imbalance, and the risk of benzodiazepine long-term use over a two-year follow-up (n=31 077), with an OR = 2.18 (CI 95 % : 1.50-3.16) for the most stressed compared to the least stressed subjects, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, alcohol and tobacco smoking use, depression and self-rated health status.3. There were significant associations between emotional job demand, measured by the stressful exposure to the public in the workplace, and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors (n=23 641). Regarding alcohol use, emotional job demand was associated in men with an increased risk of heavy episodic drinking more than once a month(OR = 1.29 (CI 95 % : 1.10-1.51), and in women with an increased risk of high or very high weekly consumption (OR = 1.59 (CI 95 % : 1.12-2.25) as well as with alcohol use disorder(OR = 2.30 (CI 95 % : 1.54-3.44).4. There were dose-dependent relationships between emotional job demand and benzodiazepine long-term use, adjusting for age, education level and social deprivation index (n=33 195). ORs were 2.3 (CI 95 % : 1.5-3.6) in men and 2.5 (CI 95 % : 1.8-3.4) in women for individuals exposed to the highest emotional demand compared to the lowest. These associations remained significant even without other factors of vulnerability to benzodiazepine use.5. Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were independently and dose-dependently associated with the risk of job loss at one-year, adjusting for age, gender, depression and self-rated health status (n=18 879). The risk of job loss associated with problematic use or alcohol dependence was 1.92 (CI 95 % : 1.34-2.75) compared to low-risk use. This risk was 1.78 (95% CI : 1.26-2.54) for heavy smokers compared to non-smokers and 2.68 (CI 95 % : 2.10-3.42) for cannabis users at least once a month compared to non-users.These findings could help public health and occupational health decision-makers to develop information and prevention strategies aiming at reducing the burden of substance use, particularly in the workplace. Because of the complexity of the interrelationships between addictive behaviours and occupational life, this field of the epidemiologic research should continue to be developed in order to meet the major public health challenges posed by both addictive behaviours and exposure to occupational risks.

The subject matter of this thesis is a crime of habitual drunkenness under s. 360 of the Act No. 40/2009 - Criminal Code. The offense of drunkenness is atypical one among other offenses and unique in many ways. The aim of this work is to intelligibly and comprehensively describe the issue of the crime of drunkenness and aspects associated with it. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the possible starting points and concepts. There are three basic approaches on the issue of the crime of drunkenness and four more which are based on the concept of so-called rauschdelikt. The second chapter examines the historical development of this issue in our country. There were different regimes over time and each of them approached resolved legal issues differently. For proper grasp and understanding of the current legal situation it is therefore necessary to look back in history. This chapter overviews the most important legislation, case law, and it also contains comparison of historical development with the present one, amended with regard to the development of the institute of insanity. Chapter three is the basis of this work. It consists of a detailed analysis of current legislation and careful analysis of the elements contained in s. 360 of the Criminal Code, then again...

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Psychology

Rao, Yichen. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-184). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 26, October, 2016).