Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniverstet, 2006. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

O pterígio é uma degeneração benigna da conjuntiva, que se estende em direção à córnea e acomete principalmente adultos habitantes de regiões intertropicais. A prevalência mundial varia de 0,7 a 31%. A patogênese exata permanece incerta, mas evidências atuais sugerem a participação de fatores genéticos e ambientais, principalmente a exposição crônica à radiação ultravioleta. O tratamento pode ser clínico, com uso de colírios para melhora dos sintomas, ou cirúrgico. Até os anos de 1980, a técnica de ressecção do pterígio com manutenção de área de esclera nua era predominante, porém apresentava taxas muito elevadas de recidiva. Desde então, tem-se procurado técnicas adjuvantes a essa para obtenção de melhores resultados e redução do número de recorrência. O presente estudo busca, por meio de comparações diretas e indiretas da network metanálise, identificar qual, dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas, seria a melhor a ser empregada. Após pesquisa em bases de dados foram selecionados 24 ensaios clínicos randomizados, computando 1815 olhos em 1668 pacientes, sendo possível comparar os seguintes tratamentos adjuvantes à técnica de esclera nua: associação de 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Betaterapia, Mitomicina C (MMC) em diferentes concentrações e Ciclosporina, além de transplante de membrana amniótica (TMA) e enxerto conjuntival, também associado ao uso de Bevacizumab, MMC e Ciclosporina. Foi possível realizar comparações diretas entre os seguintes tipos de intervenções: esclera nua versus esclera nua + Ciclosporina gotas 0,05%, enxerto conjuntival versus esclera nua + MMC 0,02% intraoperatória, enxerto conjuntival versus transplante de membrana amniótica, esclera nua versus esclera nua + MMC 0,02% intraoperatória e esclera nua versus enxerto conjuntival, sendo considerados os melhores, respectivamente: esclera nua + Ciclosporina gotas 0,05%, enxerto conjuntival, enxerto conjuntival, esclera nua + MMC 0,02% e enxerto conjuntival. Em relação à network metanálise, o ranqueamento ordenado do melhor para o pior procedimento na redução de recidiva foi o seguinte: enxerto conjuntival + Ciclosporina gotas 0,05%, esclera nua associada à MMC < 0,02%, esclera nua + Betaterapia (dose única de 2500 cGy), enxerto conjuntival + Betaterapia (dose única de 1000 cGy), esclera nua + MMC gotas 0,02%, enxerto conjuntival, esclera nua + MMC > 0,02%, esclera nua + Ciclosporina gotas 0,05%, esclera nua + 5FU intraoperatório 5%, transplante de membrana amniótica, esclera nua + MMC 0,02%, enxerto conjuntival + Bevacizumab gotas 0,05%, esclera nua + Bevacizumab e esclera nua. Em conclusão, diante das inúmeras possibilidades de combinações de tratamento para o pterígio, foi possível se estabelecer, a partir das técnicas comparadas em estudos clínicos publicados e disponibilidade dos recursos em cada serviço, o tratamento com menor recidiva. / Pterygium is a benign conjunctival degeneration towards the cornea which affects mostly adults who live in the intertropical regions. World prevalence is between 0,7 and 31%. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear but it´s known that genetics and environmental factors may predispose to this condition, specially cronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation which can cause oxidative stress and increase growth factors production. Treatment can be simptomatic, with eye drops, or surgery can be performed. Until the 80´s pterygium ressection leaving an area of bare sclera was the main surgic procedure but it led to high rates of recurrency. Since then, adjuvants techniques have been studied in order to improve the results by decreasing recurrency rates. The aim of this paper is to try to identify, among several adjuvant procedures, which would be the best to avoid recurrency. To acomplish that we performed a network metanalisis. After critical search in data bases we selected 24 randomized clinical trials that included 1815 eyes of 1668 patients. We were able to compare the following adjuvant treatments to bare sclera technique: use of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Bethaterapy, Mytomicyn C (MMC) in different concentrations, Cyclosporine, Amniotic Membrane Transplantation (AMT) and Conjunctival Autograft (CAG) alone or associated to Bevacizumab, MMC and Cyclosporine. The following direct comparisons were made: bar esclera versus bar esclera + Ciclosporyne eye drops 0.05%, conjunctival autograft versus bar esclera + intraoperative MMC 0.02%, conjunctival autograft versus amniotic membrane transplantation, bare sclera versus bar esclera + intraoperative MMC 0.02% and conjunctival autograft versus bare sclera with better results, respectivelly, in: bare sclera + Ciclosporyne 0.05% eye drops, conjunctival autograft, conjunctival autograft, bare sclera + MMC 0.02% and conjunctival autograft. Regarding the network metanalysis, the rank from best to worst treatment is: conjunctival autograft + Ciclosporyne eye drops 0.05%, bare sclera + MMC < 0.02%, bare sclera + Betatherapy (2500 cGy single dose), conjunctival autograft + Betatherapy (1000 cGy single dose), bare sclera + MMC 0.02% eye drops, conjunctival autograft, bare sclera + intraoperative MMC > 0.02%, bare sclera + Ciclosporyne eye drops 0.05%, bare sclera + intraoperative 5FU 5%, amniotic membrane transplantation, bare sclera + intraoperative MMC 0.02%, conjunctival autograft + Bevacizumab eye drops 0.05%, bare sclera + Bevacizumab eye drops 0.05% and bare sclera alone. In conclusion, given the numerous possible combinations of treatment for pterygium, it is possible to establish from the techniques compared in published clinical trials and availability of resources in each service, treatment with lower recurrence.

As poliaminas são essenciais para o controle dos mecanismos celulares nos seres vivos. A Migalina é uma acilpoliamina isolada de A. gomesiana com atividade microbicida contra E. coli, contudo, seu efeito imunomodulador é desconhecido. Sabendo que os mediadores imunes produzidos por macrófagos são críticos para a regulação da resposta imune, investigamos o efeito in vitro da Migalina sobre estas células. Demonstramos que a Migalina não induziu citotoxicidade, mas ativou iNOS, potencializando a síntese de nitrito. Aumentou a produção de TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a, mas não de IL-12p40. IL-1<font face=\"Symbol\">b não foi detectada. Além disto, Inibiu a produção de TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a e IL-12p40 induzida por LPS e quando associada à Polimixina B não alterou a síntese de TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a. Macrófagos deficientes de MyD88 não produziram TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a em resposta a Migalina, sugerindo que a sinalização mediada por TLR via MyD88 é requerida para a produção desta citocina. Comprovamos que a Migalina modula a atividade de macrófagos através de mediadores da resposta imune inata e pode ser explorada como estratégia no controle de infecções. / Polyamines are present in most living organisms. Mygalin is an acylpolyamine isolated from A. gomesiana that showed microbicide activity against E. coli, however, its immunomodulator effect has not been explored. Immune mediators produced by macrophages are essential for the regulation of immune responses. Our results showed that murine macrophages stimulated in vitro with Mygalin didnt induce cytotoxicity, but activated iNOS, inducing nitrite synthesis. The production of TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a was enhanced, but IL-12p40 was not. The presence of IL-1<font face=\"Symbol\">b was not detected. In higher concentrations, Mygalin inhibited significantly the production of IL-12p40 and TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a induced by LPS, and its association with Polymixine B did not altered the production profile of TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a. Macrophages deficient in MyD88 molecule activated with Mygalin did not induce the synthesis of TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a. Our results showed that Mygalin is capable of modulating the macrophage activity by inducing mediators of innate immune response and can be explored as a strategy in the studies to control pathogen infections.

No description available.

Previous reports indicate that anti-tumor activity arising from systemically injected P. acnes is macrophage-mediated, whereas anti-tumor activity arising from locally injected P. acnes is T cell-mediated. It is possible these P. acnes-induced cytotoxic T cells arise via the Interleukin cascade. Therefore, this study investigated the involvement of Interleukin 2 (IL 2) and Interleukin 3 (IL 3), known components of the Interleukin cascade, in local P. acnes-mediated anti-tumor action. A 500 ug dose of heat-killed stationary phase P. acnes given simultaneously with 10⁴ tumor cells was found to inhibit tumor formation completely, therefore this amount was used as a standard dose throughout the study. Unvaccinated counterparts developed palpable tumors two weeks after tumor cell administration. Lower doses of vaccine protected animals from tumor growth to a lesser degree. A vaccine prepared from logarithmic phase P. acnes exerted a moderate anti-tumor effect in some cases. IL 2 and IL 3 levels were measured in vitro in normal BALB/c mice (N), tumor-bearing mice (TBH), normal vaccinated mice (N+V), and mice receiving both tumor cell and vaccine injection (T+V). IL 2 and IL 3 production was maintained in both N and N+V host splenocyte cultures throughout the study. In a similar fashion, levels of IL 2 and IL 3 in T+V host splenocyte cultures were comparable to those of N+V hosts. However, TBH splenocyte production of IL 2 and IL 3 began to decline when tumors became palpable, at Day 14 after tumor cell inoculation. By Day 28, TBH IL 2 and IL 3 levels were <15% of normal control levels. Causes for this suppression of IL 2 and IL 3 production in TBH were examined. From reports of others it appeared that suppression may be mediated through prostaglandin(s). Addition of the prostaglandin inhibitor indomethacin to splenocyte cultures greatly enhanced IL 2 production by N, N+V and T+V splenocytes, but failed to restore IL 2 production in TBH splenocyte cultures to normal levels. Thus, it appeared prostaglandins were not directly responsible for the majority of suppression seen in TBH. In the non-tumor-burdened host, prostaglandin appeared to play a homeostatic role regarding IL 2 production. Indomethacin-treatment had little effect on IL 3 production. Nylon wool fractionation of N, TBH, N+V and T+V splenocytes suggested a cell removed by nylon wool treatment was largely responsible for the suppression of IL 2 and IL 3 production in TBH. No obvious presence of functional suppressor cells was noted in N, N+V or T+V splenocytes. From these results, it appeared that P. acnes administration maintains and/or restores IL 2 and IL 3 production, thus favoring the production of CTL. In addition, the suppression of IL 2 and IL 3 production seen in TBH may be due to a nylon wool adherent suppressor cell. A model describing the effect of P. acnes administration on local anti-tumor activity was presented. / Master of Science

Malgré la popularité du procédé de métallurgie des poudres (PM) pour la fabrication de composants de forme quasi finale, un nombre important de pièces PM nécessitent des opérations d'usinage pour la conformité géométrique. Cependant, la présence de porosité dans la microstructure typique des pièces PM affecte fortement négativement leur comportement à l'usinage, nécessitant ainsi l'utilisation d'additifs pour l'améliorer. L'additif idéal améliorant l'usinabilité serait celui qui, en plus d'augmenter considérablement l'usinabilité, est chimiquement neutre, rentable et n'a aucun effet néfaste sur les propriétés mécaniques. Sur la base de ces critères, des travaux ont été menés pour étudier et comparer l'effet de l'ajout de différents activateurs d'usinabilité, contenant du MnS, du MnS revêtu de Ni, du MoS$_2$, du Cu$_2$S, du BN, du CaF$_2$ et du MgSiO$_3$ sur la réponse d'usinage de pièces de type FC-0208. Les performances de ces additifs ont été caractérisées en termes d'usinabilité, de propriétés mécaniques et de résistance à la corrosion et comparées aux propriétés des échantillons ne contenant pas d'additif, c'est-à-dire FC-0208. Les résultats ont indiqué que l'ajout d'additifs améliorant l'usinage à la composition du FC-0208 avait un effet néfaste marginal sur les propriétés mécaniques, sauf dans le cas du BN. De plus, la dissociation des particules de MoS$_2$ et la dissociation partielle des particules de Cu$_2$S au cours du processus de frittage ont été confirmées. La caractérisation de l'usinabilité a indiqué que l'ajout de MoS$_2$ et Cu$_2$S améliorait la réponse d'usinabilité des pièces tandis que CaF$_2$ et MgSiO$_3$ n'affectaient pas l'usinabilité des pièces FC-0208 et même dans certains cas, elle était aggravée. Bien que les résultats aient confirmé la grande efficacité des particules de MnS pour augmenter l'usinabilité des pièces PM, elles ont eu un effet néfaste à la fois sur le tournage à la vitesse de 243 smm et sur le perçage. / Despite the popularity of the powder metallurgy (PM) process for manufacturing near-netshape components, a significant number of PM parts require machining operations for geometrical conformance. However, the presence of porosity in the typical microstructure ofPM parts greatly negatively affects their machining behavior, thereby requiring the use of additives to improve it. The ideal machinability-enhancing additive would be one that, on top of considerably increasing machinability, is chemically neutral, cost-effective, and has no detrimental effect on mechanical properties.Based on these criteria, work was carried out to investigate and compare the effect of addition of different machinability enhancers, containing MnS, Ni-coated MnS, MoS$_2$, Cu$_2$S, BN, CaF$_2$, and MgSiO$_3$ on the machining response of the FC-0208 PM parts. The performances of these additives were characterized in terms of machinability, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance and compared with the properties of the samples containing no additive,i.e., FC-0208. The results indicated that the addition of machining enhancers to the composition of FC-0208 had a marginal detrimental effect on mechanical properties, except in the case of BN. Moreover, the dissociation of MoS$_2$ particles and partial dissociation of Cu$_2$S particles during the sintering process were confirmed. Machinability characterization indicated that addition of MoS$_2$ and Cu$_2$S improved the machinability response of the workpieces while CaF$_2$ and MgSiO$_3$ did not affect the machinability of FC-0208 workpieces and even in some cases, it was worsened. Although the results confirmed the high effectiveness of MnS particles in increasing the machinability of PM parts, it had a detrimental effect in both turning at the speed of 243 smm and drilling.

Thesis (MScAgric (Plant Pathology))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sufficient fungicide deposition on the target site is an essential requirement for effective chemical management of fruit- and foliar diseases such as grey mould of grapevines. Control failure is often attributed to insufficient quantitative deposition on susceptible grapevine tissue. However, in high disease pressure situations control failure might also be attributed to poor qualitative deposition. The primary objective of spray technology is to optimise deposition, of which the plant surface is a critical component in the spray application process, specifically in the retention of spray droplets. Adjuvant technology is reported to improve the wettability and spread of droplets by surface-acting-agents on the target surface and thereby improve deposition and retention of the fungicide active ingredient. However, this relatively new spray technology on viticulture and horticultural crops, and possible effects of adjuvants on epicuticular wax affecting plant disease development, needs to be investigated. Moreover, the development of useful prescriptions for adjuvants by determining water volumes and adjuvant dosages is required for different pesticide tank mixes. The aims of this study were, firstly to determine the effect of selected adjuvants on quantitative and qualitative spray deposition on grapevine leaves and subsequent biological efficacy of a fungicide, and secondly to evaluate selected adjuvants under field conditions and determine the effects of adjuvant dosage and spray volume on deposition. Leaves were sprayed under similar laboratory conditions to pre-run-off with 1 mL of a mixture of fenhexamid (Teldor® 500 SC, Bayer) at recommended dose, a fluorescent pigment (SARDI Fluorescent Pigment, 400 g/L EC; South Australian Research and Development Institute) at 0.2 L/100 L, as well as 15 selected commercial adjuvants to manipulate the deposition quality of a given quantity of deposited spray. Spray deposition on leaves was illuminated under black light (UV-A light in the 365 nm region) and visualised under a stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ800) at 10× magnification. Photos of sprayed leaf surfaces were taken with a digital camera (Nikon DMX 1200). Digital images were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed with Image-Pro Discovery version 6.2 for Windows (Media Cybernetics) software, to determine spray deposition. The sprayed leaves were inoculated with 5 mg dry airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea in a spore settling tower and incubated for 24 h at high relative humidity (≥ 93%). Leaf discs were isolated onto Petri dishes with paraquat-amended water agar and rated 11 days later for development of B. cinerea from isolated leaf discs. B. cinerea incidence on the upper and lower surfaces of water sprayed leaves averaged 90.4% and 95.8%, respectively. Despite full spray cover of leaves, applications with fenhexamid alone did not completely prevent infection and resulted in 34.6% and 40.8% B. cinerea incidence on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves, respectively. Through the addition of certain adjuvants, B. cinerea incidences were significantly lower (2.9-17.1% and 10.0-30.8%, respectively), while some adjuvants did not differ from the fungicide-only treatment, even though they might have improved spray deposition. The effects of Hydrosilicote and Solitaire alone and in combination with fenhexamid on germinating Botrytis conidia on leaf surfaces were studied in a histopathology study using epifluorescence microscopy. Distinct differences were observed in conidium mortality, germination and germ tube lengths between adjuvants alone and in combination with the fungicide, which might be attributed to indirect effects of the adjuvant mode of action on B. cinerea. The laboratory study clearly demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to improve the bio-efficacy of a fungicide directly through improved deposition on grapevine leaf surfaces. For the vineyard evaluations, the same fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analysis protocol were used to assess quantitative and qualitative spray deposits under varying adjuvant dosage and volume applications. The Furness visual droplet-rating technique was initially included to determine optimum spray volume with a STIHL SR400 motorised backpack mistblower by assessment of pigment deposition on Chardonnay leaves under illuminated black light. Both assessment protocols showed that quantitative spray deposition increased with increasing spray volume applications of 40 L/ha to 750 L/ha, but decreased at 900 L/ha, possibly due to run-off. The addition of selected adjuvants at recommended dosage and at 600 L/ha demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to increase quantitative and qualitative deposition significantly on upper and lower leaf surfaces. Agral 90, BB5, Nu-film-P, and Solitaire significantly improved deposition on upper and lower leaf surfaces compared with the fenhexamid only and water sprayed control. Break-thru S 240 and Villa 51 did not improve quantitative deposition, although remarkably better qualitative deposition was obtained. An adjuvant dosage effect (within the registered dosage range) was evident, especially those retained on the upper leaf surfaces. Agral 90 and Nu-film-P affected significant improvement of spray deposition at the higher, but not at the lower dosage tested. Solitaire improved deposition at the lower dosage tested, whereas reduced deposition at the higher dosage was attributed to excessive spray run-off. No significant improvement of spray deposition was observed for both dosages tested with Villa 51. Spray mixtures with adjuvants Agral 90 and Solitaire yielded similar deposition values at 600 L/ha compared with the fenhexamid only control at 900 L/ha, but reduced deposition at the higher spray volume, possibly due to spray run-off. This study clearly demonstrated the potential of adjuvants to improve quantitative and qualitative deposition, but highlights the necessity to match adjuvant dosages and application volumes on the spray target to achieve maximum spray deposition. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Effektiewe beheer van vrug- en blaarsiektes soos vaalvrot op wingerde benodig voldoende deponering van die swamdoder op die teikenoppervlak. Verlies aan beheer word gewoonlik aan onvoldoende kwantitatiewe deponering op vatbare wingerddele toegeskryf. Onder ‟n hoë siektedruk kan mislukte beheer ook moontlik toegeskryf word aan swak kwalitatiewe deponering. Die primêre doelwit van spuittegnologie is om deponering te optimaliseer met die plantoppervlak as ‟n belangrike komponent in die spuittoedieningsproses, spesifiek in die retensie van spuitdruppels. Byvoemiddel tegnologie het bewys dat oppervlak-aktiewe-agente verbeterde benatting en verspreiding van druppels op die teiken oppervlakte tot gevolg kan hê, en verder ook die deponering en retensie van die aktiewe fungisied bestanddele kan verbeter. Hierdie relatiewe nuwe spuittegnologie op wingerd- en hortologiese verbouing, asook die moontlike effekte van byvoegmiddels op epikutikulêre waks om siekte ontwikkeling te beïnvloed, moet ondersoek word. Verder word nuttige aanbevelings benodig vir byvoegmiddel toedienings by verskillende spuitvolumes en dosisse van die betrokke spuitmengsel. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was, eerstens om die effek van sekere byvoegmiddels op kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe spuitbedekking van wingerdblare te bepaal en dan te vergelyk met die biologiese effektiwiteit van ‟n fungisied, en tweedens om van die byvoegmiddels onder veldtoestande te evalueer, asook die effek van byvoegmiddel dosisse en spuitvolumes te bepaal. Blare is onder dieselfde laboratorium toestande tot net voor-afloop met 1 mL van ‟n spuitmengsel, bestaande uit fenhexamied (Teldor® 500 SC, Bayer) teen die aanbevole dosis, ‟n fluoreserende pigment (400 g/L EC; Suid Australiese Navorsing en Ontwikkeling Instituut) teen 0.2 L/100 L, sowel as 15 geselekteerde kommersiële byvoegmiddels gespuit om die kwalitatiewe deponering, vir ‟n gegewe kwantiteit van spuitdeponering, te manipuleer. Die fluoreserende pigment is op die blaaroppervlak belig met ‟n swart lig (UV-A ligbron in die 365 nm golflengte) en deponering is onder ‟n stereo mikroskoop (Nikon SMZ800) teen 10× vergroting waargeneem. Die gespuite blaaroppervlaktes is op die manier met ‟n digitale kamera afgeneem (Nikon DMX 1200), waarna die digitale foto‟s kwantitatief en kwalitatief deur die gebruik van „Image-Pro Discovery version 6.2 for Windows (Media Cybernetics)‟ sagteware geanaliseer is om spuitbedekking te bepaal. Na elke blaarspuit is die blare met 5 mg droë konidia van B. cinerea in ‟n inokulasietoring geïnokuleer en daarna vir 24 h onder hoë relatiewe humiditeit (≥ 93%) geïnkubeer. ‟n Aantal skyfies vanuit elke blaar is op Petri bakkies met paraquat medium geïsoleer en 11 dae later is die persentasie van B. cinerea ontkieming bepaal. Die gemiddelde voorkoms van B. cinerea op die blare wat slegs met water gespuit is, was 90.4% op die boonste en 95.8% op die onderste blaaroppervlaktes. Spuitbehandelings met slegs fenhexamied, ongeag goeie blaarspuitbedekking, kon nie die B. cinerea infeksie ten volle voorkom nie, en infeksie van gemiddeld 34.6% en 40.8% is onderskeidelik op die boonste- en op die onderste blaaroppervlaktes waargeneem. Met die byvoeging van sekere byvoegmiddels het die voorkoms van B. cinerea betekenisvol verminder (2.9-17.1% en 10.0-30.8%, onderskeidelik), terwyl ander byvoegmiddels nie van die fenhexamied behandeling verskil het nie, hoewel hierdie middels meestal wel spuitdeponering verbeter het. Die effek van slegs Hydrosilicote en Solitaire, en in kombinasie met fenhexamied op ontkiemende Botrytis conidia, is bestudeer in ‟n histopatologiese studie deur middel van die gebruik van epifluoresensie mikroskopie op die blaaroppervlak. Duidelike verskille in die aantal dooie konidia, ontkiemingpersentasies en kiembuislengtes is tussen die byvoegmiddels en in kombinasie met fenhexamied waargeneem, waar sommige waarnemings moontlik aan die indirekte effek van die byvoegmiddel op B. cinerea toegeskryf kan word. Hierdie laboratoriumstudie wys duidelik dat byvoegmiddels oor goeie potensiaal beskik om die bio-effektiwiteit van die fungisied te verbeter deur die direkte verbetering van deponering op die wingerdblaaroppervlak. Dieselfde fluorometrie, fotomikrografie en digitale foto-analise protokol is in ‟n wingerd evaluasie om die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe spuitdeponering van verskillende byvoegmidel dosisse and spuitvolumes te bepaal, gebruik. Die Furness visuele druppel meting tegniek is aanvanklik ingesluit om die optimale spuit volume met ‟n „STIHL SR400 motorised backpack mistblower‟ te bepaal deur visuele meetings van gedeponeerde pigment op Chardonnay blare onder ‟n swart ligbron. Beide protokolle wys dat kwantitatiewe spuitbedekking met ‟n toename in spuit volumes 40 L/ha tot 750 L/ha verbeter het, maar afgeneem het teen 900 L/ha, moontlik as gevolg van druppel-afloop. Die byvoeging van ‟n byvoegmiddel teen die aanbevole dosis en 600 L/ha wys uitstekende potensiaal om kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe deponering betekenisvol op boonste en onderste blaaroppervlaktes te verbeter. Agral 90, BB5, Nu-film-P, en Solitaire het deponering betekenisvol op boonste en onderste blare in vergelyking met die fenhexamied alleen en die water kontrole verbeter. Break-thru S 240 en Villa 51 het nie kwantitatiewe deponering verbeter nie, alhoewel verbeterde kwalitatiewe bedekking met hierdie produkte waargeneem is. ‟n Byvoegmiddel dosis effek (binne die registreerde dosis reeks) was duidelik waarneembaar, veral vir druppel retensie op die boonste oppervlak van blare. Agral 90 and Nu-film-P verbeter die spuit deponering betekenisvol met die hoër getoetste dosis, maar nie teen die lae dosis nie. Solitaire verbeter egter die deponering teen die laer dosis, maar minder deponering teen ‟n hoër dosis kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan oormatige druppel-afloop. In die geval van Villa 51 was geen betekenisvolle verbetering van spuitdeponering vir beide die behandelingsdosisse waargeneem nie. Spuitmengsels met byvoegmiddels, Agral 90 en Solitaire, het soortgelyke deponerings gelewer teen 600 L/ha in vergelyking met die fenhexamied kontrole teen 900 L/ha, maar deponering neem af teen hoër spuitvolumes met byvoegmiddels moontlik as gevolg van druppel-afloop. Hierdie studie wys duidelik die uitstekende potensiaal van Byvoegmiddels om kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe deponering te verbeter, maar beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van die korrekte gebruik van byvoegmiddel dosis en volume om die maksimum spuitdeponering op die teiken te verkry.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy