Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, no Brasil, 3% da população sofrem com transtornos mentais severos e persistentes e 6% apresentam transtornos psiquiátricos em virtude do uso de álcool e outras drogas. Só recentemente a assistência à saúde mental, notadamente no que concerne às internações psiquiátricas por via judicial, começa a suscitar questionamentos entre operadores do direito e profissionais da assistência à saúde, embora, desde o advento da Lei n. 10.216/2001, há mais de 10 anos, tenham-se estabelecido as diretrizes do novo modelo de saúde mental a ser implementado no País. Nesse sentido, é relevante saber os entendimentos que o Poder Judiciário tem sobre as questões relativas às internações psiquiátricas. A presente pesquisa teve o objetivo geral de conhecer as representações sociais do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP, sobre o direito à internação psiquiátrica, e os objetivos específicos de: 1) Caracterizar as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica submetidas ao TJSP; 2) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são sustentadas pela parte apelante em juízo; 3) Identificar como as demandas relacionadas à internação psiquiátrica são defendidas pela parte apelada em juízo; 4) Identificar as representações sociais presentes nos posicionamentos de 2a Instância do TJSP na jurisprudência acumulada sobre as demandas relativas à internação psiquiátrica; 5) Comparar os resultados das decisões de 2a Instância com os de 1a Instância. Foi utilizada uma abordagem com métodos mistos de coleta e análise de dados, empregando-se a estatística descritiva para a mensuração das variáveis quantitativas e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, para as variáveis qualitativas. Aplicou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais como referencial teórico de interpretação dos discursos coletados. No sítio eletrônico do TJSP, foram coletados os acórdãos de ações julgadas em 2a Instância, proferidos em razão de recursos de apelação, publicados no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2012, referentes às internações psiquiátricas pleiteadas no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, e no Sistema de Saúde Suplementar. As variáveis quantitativas foram digitadas, processadas, tabuladas e categorizadas nos programas Excel e SPSS v.6, e as variáveis qualitativas, no programa Qualipro. No SUS, a internação reclamada em juízo foi a compulsória. Nesses processos, os juízes representaram a internação, majoritariamente, como uma medida de proteção da dignidade do portador de transtorno mental e, minoritariamente, como uma violência contra essa mesma dignidade. No Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, a representação judicial assumiu o enfoque consumerista, consubstanciado na abusividade da cláusula limitativa da internação psiquiátrica e no direito superior à vida. O direito à saúde, vislumbrado nas decisões judiciais, resumiu-se ao direito de acesso aos serviços de saúde, ao direito à doença. A compreensão tanto do Poder Judiciário quanto dos apelados e apelantes nos dois sistemas investigados foi a do direito à saúde como o direito ao bem de saúde pleitado em juízo, o que coloca muitos desafios para os sistemas de saúde e para o Poder Judiciário frente à consolidação dos ideais da reforma psiquiátrica estatuída pela Lei n. 10.216/2001 / According to the Brazilian Health Ministry, 3% of the population suffer with severe and persistent mental disorders and 6% have psychiatric disorders due to the use of alcohol and other drugs. Recently, within mental health care, there was an increasing demand for psychiatric admissions through the justice system, raising concerns by lawyers and health professionals, although, Law n. 10.216/2001, more than10 years ago, has established the guidelines of the new model for mental health care to be implemented in Brazil. In this way, it is relevant to learn about the judges\' understandings regarding the demands concerning psychiatric admissions. The current research had the general goal to learn about the social representations of judges from the \"Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo - TJSP\" about the law regarding psychiatric admissions. This investigation specific goals were: 1) to characterize the psychiatric admission claims; 2) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are supported by the appellant party in court; 3) to identify how the psychiatric admission claims are defended by the appealed in court; 4) to identify the social representations present in the accumulated jurisprudence of TJSP about psychiatric admission claims; 5) to compare the results of first and second instance decisions. The author used an approach to collect and analyze data based on mixed methods, utilizing descriptive statistics to measure quantitative variables and the Collective Subject Speech to analyze qualitative data. The Social Representations Theory was applied as theoretical framework to interpret the collected speeches. Data were collected through the electronic TJSP site, comprehending all the decisions published between January, 1998, and December, 2012, regarding psychiatric admissions claimed to the Public Health System - SUS, and Insurance Health System. The quantitative variables were typed, processed, and categorized using Excel and SPSS v.6 programs and the qualitative variables through a Qualipro program. Considering SUS, the admissions claimed on the court were compulsory and judges represented the psychiatric admissions, mostly, as a dignity protection measure of people with mental disorders and, at a lower degree, as a violence against this same dignity. With respect to the Insurance Health System, the judicial representation was evolved by the consumerist approach, supported by the abuse of a clause restricting the time for psychiatric admissions and its contradiction with the right to life. The right to health was mentioned in the decisions characterized by the right of access to health services and the right to be ill. The comprehension of the judges in both investigated systems related the right to health to the right to a good health claimed in court, imposing many challenges to health systems and the Judiciary Power in order to consolidate the principles of psychiatric reform brought by Law n. 10.216/2001

Tato práce popisuje realizaci webové aplikace, která umožňuje centrální administraci služeb pro sbor umělců, jako je například komorní orchestr. Do této administrace patří zejména správa obsahu webové prezentace, umělců a jejich smluv a honorářů, koncertů, skladeb a rezervací a objednávek online vstupenek. Aplikace integruje vestavný Konfigurátor a rezervační systém koncertních síní (KORES), vytvořený v rámci bakalářské práce a spravuje dále jím vytvořené objednávky.

This master's thesis is devoted to the creation of the web page of the scientific journal. The main content of the research is the analysis of existing scientific web logs and methods of their publication. Particular attention is also drawn to the clarification of the functionality of existing scientific web magazine at this stage of development of science and technology. Revealed the most important requirement for the functionality of the scientific web logs and their implementation mechanisms. The structure and design of the scientific web magazine and selected software for the project web page of the scientific journal. / Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена созданию веб-страницы научного журнала. Основное содержание исследования составляет анализ существующих научных веб-журналов и методы их публикации. Особое внимание также обращается на уточнение функциональных возможностей существующих научных веб-журналов на данном этапе развития науки и техники. Выявлены наиболее важные требование по функциональным возможностям научных веб-журналов и их механизмы реализации. Разработана структура и дизайн научного веб-журнала и выбрано программное обеспечение для реализации проекта веб-страницы научного журнала.

Die Studie erforscht institutionalle Arrangements, die auf eine Privatisierung des Agrarlands in der Republik Georgien abzielen, deren Formalisierung der Eigentumsrechte den letzten Schritt der Agrarreformen darstellen, und speziell, wie sich die Durchsetzung des Rechts auf Privateigentum entwickelt hat. Laut Schätzungen ist bisher nur ca. ein Drittel des Landes registriert. Das Ziel der Analyse dient dem Verständnis, wie sich politische Reformen, die eine Privatisierung des Agrarlands beabsichtigen, auf den Landbesitz allgemein und die Agrarproduktion im Besonderen auswirken. Anhand von zwei der führenden landwirtschaftlichen Exportprodukte – Haselnuss und Wein –, verfolgt die Studie methodologisch einen abduktiven Forschungsansatz, der von Triangulation geleitet ist. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Umfrage, Fokusgruppen-Interviews mit Agrarproduzenten sowie Interviews mit Leitern verarbeitender Betriebe, Repräsentanten der Regierung sowie Experten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einerseits, dass Nutzungs- und später Eigentumsrechte konstant kraft einer ‚property rule’ durchgesetzt wurden, und somit einen Status quo gesichert haben, der besonders die Mitglieder ehemaliger einflussreicher (lokaler) Regierungskreise begünstigt hat; demgegenüber haben die Reformen kontinuierlich Unsicherheit unter der Landbevölkerung erzeugt – indem die Durchsetzung privater Eigentumsrechte von einer ‚property rule’ hin zu einer ‚liability rule’ verändert worden ist –, während die erforderlichen Kosten zur (Wieder-)Erlangung der Besitzansprüche zunehmend den ehemaligen Rechtsinhabern aufgebürdet worden ist. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine potentielle Umverteilung in Form konzentrierten Landbesitzes vermuten, während die Mehrheit der Betriebe künftig auf die Durchsetzung von Landnutzungsrechten vertrauen darf, um ihre Subsistenzwirtschaft fortzuführen. / This study focuses on the institutional change of agricultural land privatization in the Republic of Georgia, where the formalization of private property rights forms the last step of the agrarian land reforms, and specifically how people’s entitle-ment to land has been protected over time. It is estimated that so far only about a third of the land has been registered. The aim of the analysis is to understand how political reforms targeting land privatization have affected land ownership, and to show the effects on agricultural production. By focussing on two leading export products of Georgian agriculture – hazelnut and wine – the study methodologi-cally follows an abductive research strategy led by the principles of triangulation. It is based on survey data, focus groups interviews with agrarian producers as well as interviews with processors, government representatives and experts. The results reveal, on the one hand, that by constantly enforcing use and then owner-ship rights according to a property rule maintained a status-quo which has mainly favored former influential (local) government circles; in contrast, the reforms have persistently generated insecurity to rural neighborhoods – by changing the enforcement of people’s private ownership rights from a property rule to a liabil-ity rule –, while the emerging costs to (re-)claim ownership were increasingly shifted to the former right holders who can hardly raise the required financial means. The results suggest a re-distribution of land in the form of a rising concen-tration of land ownership, while the majority of agricultural producers may rely on the granting of use-rights to proceed with their subsistence farming in the fu-ture.

Die Studie erforscht institutionalle Arrangements, die auf eine Privatisierung des Agrarlands in der Republik Georgien abzielen, deren Formalisierung der Eigentumsrechte den letzten Schritt der Agrarreformen darstellen, und speziell, wie sich die Durchsetzung des Rechts auf Privateigentum entwickelt hat. Laut Schätzungen ist bisher nur ca. ein Drittel des Landes registriert. Das Ziel der Analyse dient dem Verständnis, wie sich politische Reformen, die eine Privatisierung des Agrarlands beabsichtigen, auf den Landbesitz allgemein und die Agrarproduktion im Besonderen auswirken. Anhand von zwei der führenden landwirtschaftlichen Exportprodukte – Haselnuss und Wein –, verfolgt die Studie methodologisch einen abduktiven Forschungsansatz, der von Triangulation geleitet ist. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Umfrage, Fokusgruppen-Interviews mit Agrarproduzenten sowie Interviews mit Leitern verarbeitender Betriebe, Repräsentanten der Regierung sowie Experten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einerseits, dass Nutzungs- und später Eigentumsrechte konstant kraft einer ‚property rule’ durchgesetzt wurden, und somit einen Status quo gesichert haben, der besonders die Mitglieder ehemaliger einflussreicher (lokaler) Regierungskreise begünstigt hat; demgegenüber haben die Reformen kontinuierlich Unsicherheit unter der Landbevölkerung erzeugt – indem die Durchsetzung privater Eigentumsrechte von einer ‚property rule’ hin zu einer ‚liability rule’ verändert worden ist –, während die erforderlichen Kosten zur (Wieder-)Erlangung der Besitzansprüche zunehmend den ehemaligen Rechtsinhabern aufgebürdet worden ist. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine potentielle Umverteilung in Form konzentrierten Landbesitzes vermuten, während die Mehrheit der Betriebe künftig auf die Durchsetzung von Landnutzungsrechten vertrauen darf, um ihre Subsistenzwirtschaft fortzuführen. / This study focuses on the institutional change of agricultural land privatization in the Republic of Georgia, where the formalization of private property rights forms the last step of the agrarian land reforms, and specifically how people’s entitle-ment to land has been protected over time. It is estimated that so far only about a third of the land has been registered. The aim of the analysis is to understand how political reforms targeting land privatization have affected land ownership, and to show the effects on agricultural production. By focussing on two leading export products of Georgian agriculture – hazelnut and wine – the study methodologi-cally follows an abductive research strategy led by the principles of triangulation. It is based on survey data, focus groups interviews with agrarian producers as well as interviews with processors, government representatives and experts. The results reveal, on the one hand, that by constantly enforcing use and then owner-ship rights according to a property rule maintained a status-quo which has mainly favored former influential (local) government circles; in contrast, the reforms have persistently generated insecurity to rural neighborhoods – by changing the enforcement of people’s private ownership rights from a property rule to a liabil-ity rule –, while the emerging costs to (re-)claim ownership were increasingly shifted to the former right holders who can hardly raise the required financial means. The results suggest a re-distribution of land in the form of a rising concen-tration of land ownership, while the majority of agricultural producers may rely on the granting of use-rights to proceed with their subsistence farming in the fu-ture.

Объектом исследования в настоящей работе являются международно признанные права человека как элемент государственного управления. Цель исследования – сформировать научное представление о международных стандартах прав человека как об элементе государственного управления, обозначить основные проблемы механизма их обеспечения в государственном управлении и пути повышения эффективности данного механизма. В процессе исследования были выявлены проблемы реализации международных стандартов прав человека в сфере образования, здравоохранения, физической культуры и спорта. В заключение содержатся выводы, характеризующие итоги исследования. По итогам исследования в адрес органов государственной власти разработаны рекомендации по обеспечению международно признанных прав человека. / The object of research in this paper is internationally recognized human rights as an element of public administration. The purpose of the research is to form a scientific understanding of international human rights standards as an element of public administration, to identify the main problems of the mechanism for ensuring them in public administration and ways to improve the effectiveness of this mechanism. In the course of the research, the problems of implementing international human rights standards in the field of education, health, physical culture and sports were identified. The conclusion contains conclusions that characterize the results of the study. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were made to state authorities to ensure internationally recognized human rights.

Thesis (M. Tech) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008 / Food and water are two basic human needs. International projections indicate that water shortages will be prevalent among poorer countries where resources are limited and population growth is rapid, such as the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa. Provisional estimates are that South Africa will run out of surplus usable water by 2025, or soon thereafter. Urban and peri-urban areas will therefore require new infrastructure and inter-basin transfers to provide safe water and adequate sanitation. Due to the high cost of these developments, such water is seen as being used for industrial and public needs only and not for irrigation. Currently, the agricultural water users consume the majority of the water used by humans. Taking cognisance of the before mentioned it is a reality that in the future the irrigation sector will have to sacrifice some of its water for public and industrial usage. This suggests growing conflict between the different water users and the agricultural water users. An attempt by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) to address this conflict has been the implementation of pilot studies to determine the steps Water User Associations (WUAs) could take to ensure more effective water use in the future by the agricultural sector. These steps include an increase in irrigation efficiency according to the benchmarks of crop irrigation requirements and more efficient dam and canal management. The Water Administration System (WAS) has been developed to fulfill this exact requirement as it ensures optimal delivery of irrigation water on demand. The program is designed as a management tool for irrigation schemes, WUAs and water management offices to manage their accounts, and also to manage water supply to clients more efficiently through canal networks, pipelines and rivers. The WAS program consists of four modules that are integrated into a single program. Three modules of the WAS program have already been implemented at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme. This scheme has been transformed from a government controlled scheme to a privately owned scheme, and is now known as the Vaalharts Water User’s Association (VHWUA). The main purpose of this study was to implement the fourth module of the WAS program at the VHWUA as only full functionality of the complete program will ensure effective water use at the scheme. The fourth module calculates the volume of water to be released for all the canals (main canal and all its branches), allowing for lag times, water losses and accruals in order to minimise waste and thus save water. The methodology followed in this study was to first of all develop an understanding of the distribution cycle and the current calculation procedure of the VHWUA. The fourth module was then applied on a typical feeder canal and used to calculate the release volumes in order to compare these results with the current values. The next step was then to verify all data abstracted from the database used by the WAS program to calculate the release volumes. The database consists of information like cross-sectional properties, positioning of the sluices, canal slope, as well as canal capacities. The verification of data was done by field work, by studying existing engineering design drawings, through meetings and consultations with all parties involved in the VHWUA as well as by mathematical calculations. Cross-checking and verification, if necessary, of all above mentioned data were done. After the verification process, the database was updated and another cycle of calculations were run to do the final calibrations. Accurate calibrations were done to the seepage and the lag time coefficient. Some final adjustments were also made to the canal geometry in the database. This was an important part of the study as only a trusted and verified database will deliver correct results, irrespective of the software program used. After calibration of the database, the fourth module was again applied, but this time water losses were included in the calculations and the results revealed trustworthy and accurate real-time release volumes. The study therefore succeeded in the implementation of the fourth module on a typical feeder canal at the VHWUA. The study was concluded by the compilation of a checklist, which the VHWUA can use to implement the module on the whole scheme. This would enable the VHWUA to implement and apply the complete WAS program, which offers all the benefits and answers in every need of any water management office. Sustainable water resource utilisation can only be achieved through proper management. Applying this most effective management program will ensure a cost effective and optimised process at the VHWUA.

The following diploma thesis focuses on processing of uncertain information in databases. Uncertain information represents vague customer requests during laptop choice in classic shop purchasing. Effort of the work is to develop a modern e-shop application selling laptops, which is based on expert fuzzy system helping customers to choose a laptop without knowledge of technical specifications and current trends.