Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are major physiological stimulators of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion from the pituitary gland, while glucocorticoids act as inhibitors. In addition to acting alone, CRH, AVP and glucocorticoids interact with each other to regulate ACTH release in response to stress. Prolonged or repeated stimulus results in attenuated ACTH responsiveness, a process termed as desensitization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interactions between CRH, AVP and steroids on desensitization of the ACTH response to AVP. Perifused ovine anterior pituitary cells were stimulated with three 5-min pulses of 100 nM AVP at 120, 200 and 280 min, and were continuously exposed to CRH (0.2 nM) from 80 min and/or cortisol (10-500 nM) from 0 min onwards. Desensitization was induced by a 15 min pre-treatment with 5 nM (0.5 nM for CRH alone) AVP immediately preceding the second AVP pulse. When CRH was absent, pre-treatment with 0.5 nM AVP did not influence the ACTH response to the second AVP pulse. In the presence of CRH, the response to the second AVP pulse was reduced to 66.7±2.2% of control (n=6, P<0.0001, t-test). On the other hand, following 5 nM AVP pre-treatment, continuous perifusion with cortisol (100 nM) results in a significantly smaller reduction in the response to the second AVP pulse compared with that seen in its absence (78.4±1.7% c.f. 66.7±1.9% of control; n=10, P<0.001, t-test). In contrast to this, following 5 nM AVP pre-treatment, continuous CRH and cortisol in combination results in a greater reduction in the response to the second AVP pulse compared with that obtained in the absence of these two hormones (46.5±1.7% c.f. 66.2±1.7 of control; n=8, P<0.0001, t-test). Taken together, these data suggest that desensitization of the ACTH response to AVP can be modulated by CRH and/or cortisol: CRH or CRH and cortisol in combination amplify this desensitization, whereas cortisol reduces it.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are major physiological stimulators of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion from the pituitary gland, while glucocorticoids act as inhibitors. In addition to acting alone, CRH, AVP and glucocorticoids interact with each other to regulate ACTH release in response to stress. Prolonged or repeated stimulus results in attenuated ACTH responsiveness, a process termed as desensitization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interactions between CRH, AVP and steroids on desensitization of the ACTH response to AVP. Perifused ovine anterior pituitary cells were stimulated with three 5-min pulses of 100 nM AVP at 120, 200 and 280 min, and were continuously exposed to CRH (0.2 nM) from 80 min and/or cortisol (10-500 nM) from 0 min onwards. Desensitization was induced by a 15 min pre-treatment with 5 nM (0.5 nM for CRH alone) AVP immediately preceding the second AVP pulse. When CRH was absent, pre-treatment with 0.5 nM AVP did not influence the ACTH response to the second AVP pulse. In the presence of CRH, the response to the second AVP pulse was reduced to 66.7±2.2% of control (n=6, P<0.0001, t-test). On the other hand, following 5 nM AVP pre-treatment, continuous perifusion with cortisol (100 nM) results in a significantly smaller reduction in the response to the second AVP pulse compared with that seen in its absence (78.4±1.7% c.f. 66.7±1.9% of control; n=10, P<0.001, t-test). In contrast to this, following 5 nM AVP pre-treatment, continuous CRH and cortisol in combination results in a greater reduction in the response to the second AVP pulse compared with that obtained in the absence of these two hormones (46.5±1.7% c.f. 66.2±1.7 of control; n=8, P<0.0001, t-test). Taken together, these data suggest that desensitization of the ACTH response to AVP can be modulated by CRH and/or cortisol: CRH or CRH and cortisol in combination amplify this desensitization, whereas cortisol reduces it.

Uma premissa da Biologia Molecular atual estabelece a ativação de programas de transcrição voltados a processos biológicos específicos. Neste trabalho o objetivo é descrever genes regulados que, uma vez agrupados, são capazes de indicar os programas disparados na linhagem corticoadrenal murina Y1 quando tratada com o fator de crescimento de fibroblasto 2 (FGF2) ou pelo hormônio adrenocorticotrópico (ACTH). O papel de ACTH em células Y1 ainda não está bem estabelecido quanto ao seu potencial mitogênico, uma vez que este hormônio é capaz de agir por diferentes vias de sinalização, apresentando um comportamento dual. Ao traçar o perfil de genes regulados por este hormônio, comparando com o padrão observado por tratamentos de indutores clássicos, espera-se determinar o papel de ACTH frente ao ciclo celular. FGF2 é classicamente conhecido por sua atividade mitogênica, de forma que, em células Y1, é capaz de induzir a passagem G0?G1?S do ciclo celular. Recentemente foi descrita uma nova e surpreendente ação de FGF2, como um indutor de morte seletivo, agindo apenas em células potencialmente tumorigênicas (Costa e Armelin, dados não publicados). Foram feitos estudos de expressão gênica com ensaios de microarray, observando-se o padrão de transcrição da linhagem Y1, bem como de sub-linhagens de Y1 resistentes a morte desencadeada por FGF2, submetidas a tratamentos de FGF2, ACTH e soro. Os resultados indicam que a) o padrão de expressão gênica observado quando a linhagem Y1 é submetida a tratamentos de ACTH é diferente daqueles desencadeados por mitógenos clássicos; b) o tratamento de FGF2 regula genes envolvidos na via de MAPK, controle do ciclo celular e genes relacionados a processos de adesão, comunicação intercelular e sinalização a partir da matriz extracelular (ECM); c) o comportamento de morte induzida por FGF2 está relacionado a alterações na estrutura da célula, envolvendo mecanismos de adesão, remodelagem de citoesqueleto e transdução de sinais a partir da ECM. / Nowadays, a molecular biology premise establishes the activation of transcription programs related to specific biological processes. At this work the objective is to describe regulated genes that, once clustered, are able to indicate the running programs when murine adrenocortical lineage Y1 is treated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) or by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The mitogenic potential of ACTH treatments in Y1 cells is not well established since this hormone acts by different signaling pathways, presenting a dual behavior. By tracing the profile of genes regulated by this hormone and comparing it to the transcription patterns observed in response to classic mitogens it is expected to determine the ACTH role in the cell cycle. FGF2 is known by its mitogenic activity, inducting the G0? G1?S cell cycle transitions in Y1 cells. Recently it has been described a new and surprising feat of FGF2, acting as a selective death inductor, only in potentially tumorigenic cells (Costa and Armelin, unpublished data). Microarray assays were used to determine the transcription patterns observed in Y1 lineage, as well as in FGF2 death-resistant Y1 sub-lineages, submitted to FGF2, ACTH and serum treatments. The results indicate that a) the gene expression profile displayed when Y1 cells are under ACTH treatments is different from the patterns observed when this lineage is submitted to classic mitogens; b) FGF2 treatment regulates genes involved in the MAPK pathway, cell cycle control and genes related to adhesion processes, intercellular communication and signaling from the extra cellularmatrix (ECM); c) the death behavior initiated by FGF2 is related to structural alterations in the cell, involving adhesion mechanisms, citoskeleton remodeling and signal transduction from the ECM.

Dysfunction of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis is a common finding in advanced dementia. In this study, the function of the LHPA axis at different levels was investigated in patients with dementia and in healthy elderly. A subtle disturbance in the feedback regulation of the LHPA axis was found in patients with early (i.e., mild to moderate) Alzheimer’s disease (AD). After 0.5 mg dexamethasone, serum cortisol levels were less suppressed in AD patients and plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels were lower as compared with healthy elderly. After stimulation with human corticotropin-releasing hormone a blunted ACTH response was found in AD patients while relative serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and androstenedione responses were increased. Significant correlations were found between low plasma ACTH levels and temporal lobe atrophy and between low peak plasma ACTH levels and hippocampal atrophy measured with computer tomography. Patients with advanced AD and multi-infarct dementia had lower basal levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in combination with no difference in cortisol levels, resulting in a high cortisol/DHAS ratio. The difference persisted after adjustments for age and sex in a multivariate analysis. In patients with early AD, basal serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione were increased, and this increase was accentuated after stimulation with ACTH. Peripheral glucocorticoid sensitivity was examined by skin vasoconstrictor blanching tests. Patients with AD and patients treated with glucocorticoids showed skin blanching at higher clobetasol concentrations than healthy elderly. These findings justify further investigations on the role of LHPA axis dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and its possible importance for the pathophysiology of the disease. / digitalisering@umu

Uma premissa da Biologia Molecular atual estabelece a ativação de programas de transcrição voltados a processos biológicos específicos. Neste trabalho o objetivo é descrever genes regulados que, uma vez agrupados, são capazes de indicar os programas disparados na linhagem corticoadrenal murina Y1 quando tratada com o fator de crescimento de fibroblasto 2 (FGF2) ou pelo hormônio adrenocorticotrópico (ACTH). O papel de ACTH em células Y1 ainda não está bem estabelecido quanto ao seu potencial mitogênico, uma vez que este hormônio é capaz de agir por diferentes vias de sinalização, apresentando um comportamento dual. Ao traçar o perfil de genes regulados por este hormônio, comparando com o padrão observado por tratamentos de indutores clássicos, espera-se determinar o papel de ACTH frente ao ciclo celular. FGF2 é classicamente conhecido por sua atividade mitogênica, de forma que, em células Y1, é capaz de induzir a passagem G0?G1?S do ciclo celular. Recentemente foi descrita uma nova e surpreendente ação de FGF2, como um indutor de morte seletivo, agindo apenas em células potencialmente tumorigênicas (Costa e Armelin, dados não publicados). Foram feitos estudos de expressão gênica com ensaios de microarray, observando-se o padrão de transcrição da linhagem Y1, bem como de sub-linhagens de Y1 resistentes a morte desencadeada por FGF2, submetidas a tratamentos de FGF2, ACTH e soro. Os resultados indicam que a) o padrão de expressão gênica observado quando a linhagem Y1 é submetida a tratamentos de ACTH é diferente daqueles desencadeados por mitógenos clássicos; b) o tratamento de FGF2 regula genes envolvidos na via de MAPK, controle do ciclo celular e genes relacionados a processos de adesão, comunicação intercelular e sinalização a partir da matriz extracelular (ECM); c) o comportamento de morte induzida por FGF2 está relacionado a alterações na estrutura da célula, envolvendo mecanismos de adesão, remodelagem de citoesqueleto e transdução de sinais a partir da ECM. / Nowadays, a molecular biology premise establishes the activation of transcription programs related to specific biological processes. At this work the objective is to describe regulated genes that, once clustered, are able to indicate the running programs when murine adrenocortical lineage Y1 is treated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) or by adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The mitogenic potential of ACTH treatments in Y1 cells is not well established since this hormone acts by different signaling pathways, presenting a dual behavior. By tracing the profile of genes regulated by this hormone and comparing it to the transcription patterns observed in response to classic mitogens it is expected to determine the ACTH role in the cell cycle. FGF2 is known by its mitogenic activity, inducting the G0? G1?S cell cycle transitions in Y1 cells. Recently it has been described a new and surprising feat of FGF2, acting as a selective death inductor, only in potentially tumorigenic cells (Costa and Armelin, unpublished data). Microarray assays were used to determine the transcription patterns observed in Y1 lineage, as well as in FGF2 death-resistant Y1 sub-lineages, submitted to FGF2, ACTH and serum treatments. The results indicate that a) the gene expression profile displayed when Y1 cells are under ACTH treatments is different from the patterns observed when this lineage is submitted to classic mitogens; b) FGF2 treatment regulates genes involved in the MAPK pathway, cell cycle control and genes related to adhesion processes, intercellular communication and signaling from the extra cellularmatrix (ECM); c) the death behavior initiated by FGF2 is related to structural alterations in the cell, involving adhesion mechanisms, citoskeleton remodeling and signal transduction from the ECM.

We present the case of a 7-month-old baby with Cushing’s disease due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma combined with cells producing thyreotropin-secreting hormone (TSH). In MRI scans, a contrast-enhancing lesion was seen inside the pituitary fossa, and it extended into the suprasellar region. On the assumption of a pituitary adenoma, surgery was performed. Corresponding with biochemical findings, histopathological evaluation revealed an ACTH- and TSH-producing tumor. Genetic analysis did not demonstrate an alteration at codon 201 (Arg) and 227 (Glu). To our knowledge, this is the first case described in a child of this age. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

We present the case of a 7-month-old baby with Cushing’s disease due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma combined with cells producing thyreotropin-secreting hormone (TSH). In MRI scans, a contrast-enhancing lesion was seen inside the pituitary fossa, and it extended into the suprasellar region. On the assumption of a pituitary adenoma, surgery was performed. Corresponding with biochemical findings, histopathological evaluation revealed an ACTH- and TSH-producing tumor. Genetic analysis did not demonstrate an alteration at codon 201 (Arg) and 227 (Glu). To our knowledge, this is the first case described in a child of this age. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.