L’expertise du risque biologique joue un rôle central dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la politique sanitaire et environnementale au niveau de l’Union européenne. Depuis la crise dite de la « vache folle », le législateur de l’Union a reconnu la nécessité d’encadrer davantage cette expertise. Toutefois, si le droit de l’Union s’intéresse au cadre scientifique de l’expertise du risque biologique, il traite de façon lacunaire la question de son cadre juridique. En effet, si les exigences d’indépendance, d’impartialité et de transparence sont affirmées à l’égard de l’expert, leur application manque de clarté et menace à terme la protection de la santé et de l’environnement des citoyens de l’Union. Pour remédier à ce problème, cette étude propose des critères ayant pour but l’établissement d’une réglementation au niveau de l’Union de l’expertise du risque biologique. Ces critères ont été établis après l’analyse du cadre juridique existant, des modèles d’expertise issus des législations de certains Etats membres et tiers à l’Union ainsi que de contributions doctrinales. / Biological risk expertise plays a central role in the development and implementation of health and environmental policy at EU level. Since the "mad cow" crisis, the Union's legislator has recognized the need to provide more guidance for this expertise. However, while EU law is concerned with the scientific framework of biological risk expertise, it does not address the issue of its legal framework in a comprehensive way. Indeed, while the requirements of independence, impartiality and transparency are affirmed with regard to the expert, their application lacks clarity and ultimately threatens the protection of the health and environment of EU citizens. To address this problem, this study proposes criteria for establishing EU-level regulation of biological risk expertise. These criteria were established after analysis of the existing legal framework, models of expertise from the legislation of certain Member States and third countries as well as doctrinal contributions.

<div><div><div><p>The presence of attacks in day-to-day traffic flow in connected networks is considerably less compared to genuine traffic flow. Yet, the consequences of these attacks are disastrous. It is very important to identify if the network is being attacked and block these attempts to protect the network system. Failure to block these attacks can lead to loss of confidential information and reputation and can also lead to financial loss. One of the strategies to identify these attacks is to use machine learning algorithms that learn to identify attacks by looking at previous examples. But since the number of attacks is small, it is difficult to train these machine learning algorithms. This study aims to use generative techniques to create new attack samples that can be used to train the machine learning based intrusion detection systems to identify more attacks. Two metrics are used to verify that the training has improved and a binary classifier is used to perform a two-sample test for verifying the generated attacks.</p></div></div></div>

Abundance of labelled data played a crucial role in the recent developments in computer vision, but that faces problems like scalability and transferability to the wild. One alternative approach is to utilize the data without labels, i.e. unsupervised learning, in learning valuable information and put it in use to tackle vision problems. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have gained momentum for their ability to model image distributions in unsupervised manner. They learn to emulate the training set and that enables sampling from that domain and using the knowledge learned for useful applications. Several methods proposed enhancing GANs, including regularizing the loss with some feature matching. We seek to push GANs beyond the data in the training and try to explore unseen territory in the image manifold. We first propose a new regularizer for GAN based on K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) selective feature matching to a target set Y in high-level feature space, during the adversarial training of GAN on the base set X, and we call this novel model K-GAN. We show that minimizing the added term follows from cross-entropy minimization between the distributions of GAN and set Y. Then, we introduce a cascaded framework for GANs that try to address the task of imagining a new distribution that combines the base set X and target set Y by cascading sampling GANs with translation GANs, and we dub the cascade of such GANs as the Imaginative Adversarial Network (IAN). Several cascades are trained on a collected dataset Zoo-Faces and generated innovative samples are shown, including from K-GAN cascade. We conduct an objective and subjective evaluation for different IAN setups in the addressed task of generating innovative samples and we show the effect of regularizing GAN on different scores. We conclude with some useful applications for these IANs, like multi-domain manifold traversing.

The study and the analysis of marine ecosystems is a significant part of the marine science research. These systems are valuable resources for fisheries, improving water quality and can even be used in drugs production. The investigation of ichthyoplankton inhabiting these ecosystems is also an important research field. Ichthyoplankton are fish in their early stages of life. In this stage, the fish have relatively similar shape and are small in size. The currently used way of identifying them is not optimal. Marine scientists typically study such organisms by sending a team that collects samples from the sea which is then taken to the lab for further investigation. These samples need to be studied by an expert and usually end needing a DNA sequencing. This method is time-consuming and requires a high level of experience. The recent advances in AI have helped to solve and automate several difficult tasks which motivated us to develop a classification tool for ichthyoplankton. We show that using machine learning techniques, such as generative adversarial networks combined with transfer learning solves such a problem with high accuracy. We show that using traditional machine learning algorithms fails to solve it. We also give a general framework for creating a classification tool when the dataset used for training is a limited dataset. We aim to build a user-friendly tool that can be used by any user for the classification task and we aim to give a guide to the researchers so that they can follow in creating a classification tool.

This thesis tackles the problem of understanding deep neural network with piece- wise linear activation functions. We leverage tropical geometry, a relatively new field in algebraic geometry to characterize the decision boundaries of a single hidden layer neural network. This characterization is leveraged to understand, and reformulate three interesting applications related to deep neural network. First, we give a geo- metrical demonstration of the behaviour of the lottery ticket hypothesis. Moreover, we deploy the geometrical characterization of the decision boundaries to reformulate the network pruning problem. This new formulation aims to prune network pa- rameters that are not contributing to the geometrical representation of the decision boundaries. In addition, we propose a dual view of adversarial attack that tackles both designing perturbations to the input image, and the equivalent perturbation to the decision boundaries.

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<div>In this dissertation, we study two important problems in the area of modern deep learning: adversarial robustness and adversarial generative model. In the first part, we study the generalization performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) in adversarial learning. Recent studies have shown that many machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, but much remains unknown concerning its generalization error in this scenario. We focus on the $\ell_\infty$ adversarial attacks produced under the fast gradient sign method (FGSM). We establish a tight bound for the adversarial Rademacher complexity of DNNs based on both spectral norms and ranks of weight matrices. The spectral norm and rank constraints imply that this class of networks can be realized as a subset of the class of a shallow network composed with a low dimensional Lipschitz continuous function. This crucial observation leads to a bound that improves the dependence on the network width compared to previous works and achieves depth independence. We show that adversarial Rademacher complexity is always larger than its natural counterpart, but the effect of adversarial perturbations can be limited under our weight normalization framework. </div><div></div><div>In the second part, we study deep generative models that receive great success in many fields. It is well-known that the complex data usually does not populate its ambient Euclidean space but resides in a lower-dimensional manifold instead. Thus, misspecifying the latent dimension in generative models will result in a mismatch of latent representations and poor generative qualities. To address these problems, we propose a novel framework called Latent Wasserstein GAN (LWGAN) to fuse the auto-encoder and WGAN such that the intrinsic dimension of data manifold can be adaptively learned by an informative latent distribution. In particular, we show that there exist an encoder network and a generator network in such a way that the intrinsic dimension of the learned encodes distribution is equal to the dimension of the data manifold. Theoretically, we prove the consistency of the estimation for the intrinsic dimension of the data manifold and derive a generalization error bound for LWGAN. Comprehensive empirical experiments verify our framework and show that LWGAN is able to identify the correct intrinsic dimension under several scenarios, and simultaneously generate high-quality synthetic data by samples from the learned latent distribution. </div><div><br></div>

Machine Learning has shown great promise when combined with large volumes of historical data and produces great results when combined with contextual properties. In the world of the Internet of Things, the extraction of information regarding context, or contextual information, is increasingly prominent with scientific advances. Combining such advancements with artificial intelligence is one of the themes in this thesis. Particularly, there are two major areas of interest: context-aware attacker modelling and context-aware defensive methods. Both areas use authentication methods to either infiltrate or protect digital systems. After a brief introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 discusses the current extracted contextual information within cybersecurity studies, and how machine learning accomplishes a variety of cybersecurity goals. Chapter 3 introduces an attacker injection model, championing the adversarial methods. Then, chapter 4 extracts contextual data and provides an intelligent machine learning technique to mitigate anomalous behaviours. Chapter 5 explores the feasibility of adopting a similar defensive methodology in the cyber-physical domain, and future directions are presented in chapter 6. Particularly, we begin this thesis by explaining the need for further improvements in cybersecurity using contextual information and discuss its feasibility, now that ubiquitous sensors exist in our everyday lives. These sensors often show a high correlation with user identity in surprising combinations. Our first contribution lay within the domain of Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS). Despite its benefits, MCS requires proper security solutions to prevent various attacks, notably injection attacks. Our smart-injection model, SINAM, monitors data traffic in an online-learning manner, simulating an injection model with undetection rates of 99%. SINAM leverages contextual similarities within a given sensing campaign to mimic anomalous injections. On the flip-side, we investigate how contextual features can be utilized to improve authentication methods in an enterprise context. Also motivated by the emergence of omnipresent mobile devices, we expand the Spatio-temporal features of unfolding contexts by introducing three contextual metrics: document shareability, document valuation, and user cooperation. These metrics are vetted against modern machine learning techniques and achieved an average of 87% successful authentication attempts. Our third contribution aims to further improve such results but introducing a Smart Enterprise Access Control (SEAC) technique. Combining the new contextual metrics with SEAC achieved an authenticity precision of 99% and a recall of 97%. Finally, the last contribution is an introductory study on risk analysis and mitigation using context. Here, cyber-physical coupling metrics are created to extract a precise representation of unfolding contexts in the medical field. The presented consensus algorithm achieves initial system conveniences and security ratings of 88% and 97% with these news metrics. Even as a feasibility study, physical context extraction shows good promise in improving cybersecurity decisions. In short, machine learning is a powerful tool when coupled with contextual data and is applicable across many industries. Our contributions show how the engineering of contextual features, adversarial and defensive methods can produce applicable solutions in cybersecurity, despite minor shortcomings.

The work deals with the generation of ECG signals using generative adversarial networks (GAN). It examines in detail the basics of artificial neural networks and the principles of their operation. It theoretically describes the use and operation and the most common types of failures of generative adversarial networks. In this work, a general procedure of signal preprocessing suitable for GAN training was derived, which was used to compile a database. In this work, a total of 3 different GAN models were designed and implemented. The results of the models were visually displayed and analyzed in detail. Finally, the work comments on the achieved results and suggests further research direction of methods dealing with the generation of ECG signals.