O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico e experimental sobre o desempenho aerodinâmico de turbinas eólicas de eixo vertical envolvendo rotores Savonius convencional de duplo-estágio e helicoidal. O estudo experimental é realizado no Túnel Aerodinâmico Professor Debi Pada Sadhu, do Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos da UFRGS. As simulações numéricas são realizadas com o software Fluent/ANSYS utilizando o Método dos Volumes Finitos. São comparados os coeficientes de torque estático e dinâmico, o coeficiente de potência, além de uma análise aerodinâmica das duas turbinas. As medições são realizadas empregando Tubos de Pitot, um torquímetro estático digital e um torquímetro simples construído para a medição do torque dinâmico. As turbinas são fabricadas através da técnica de prototipagem 3D, com uma semelhança de dimensões e parâmetros. As soluções numéricas são resolvidas através da equação da continuidade, das equações de Navier-Stokes com médias de Reynolds (RANS) e pelo modelo de turbulência k-ω SST. A qualidade da malha utilizada é avaliada através do método de Índice de Convergência de Malha (GCI), para três diferentes tamanhos de malha. São feitas análises dos rotores na forma estática para diferentes ângulos de incidência e com a turbina em rotação são feitas análises para diferentes razões de velocidades de ponta de pá (λ). Resultados demonstram que a turbina helicoidal apresenta um coeficiente de torque positivo para todos os ângulos do rotor, assim como a turbina convencional de dois estágios. O coeficiente de torque dinâmico da turbina helicoidal é superior ao da turbina de duplo-estágio para a maioria dos casos, e também apresenta menor oscilação de torque ao longo de cada rotação. Por consequência, o coeficiente de potência do rotor helicoidal também se tornou superior, com um valor máximo encontrado na ordem de 11,8% para um λ de 0,65 no caso experimental, e de 8,4% para o mesmo λ no caso numérico, quando comparado com o rotor de duplo-estágio. Os erros relativos entre as simulações numéricas e os resultados experimentais estão entre 2,16% e 13,4%. Uma estimativa de potência gerada é feita para ambos os casos, para uma razão de velocidade de ponta de 0,65, onde a turbina helicoidal apresenta melhores resultados em relação ao rotor de duplo-estágio, na ordem de 13,6% para uma velocidade de 10,4 m/s. / This paper presents a numerical and experimental study of vertical axis wind turbine performance comparison involving two-stage and helical Savonius rotors. The experimental study is conducted in the Aerodynamic Tunnel Professor Debi Pada Sadhu at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the UFRGS. The numerical simulations are performed with the Fluent/ANSYS software using the Finite Volumes Method. The static and dynamic torque coefficients, the power coefficients, and an aerodynamic analysis of the two turbines are compared. Measurements are made using Pitot tubes, a digital static torque wrench and a simple wrench constructed for the dynamic torque measurement. The aerodynamics rotors are manufactured by 3D prototyping technique with similar dimensions and parameters. Numerical solutions are solved by the continuity equation, the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the turbulence model k-ω SST. The quality of the mesh used is evaluated used the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) method, for three different mesh sizes. The rotors analyzes are made in static form for different angles of incidence and for the rotating turbine analyzes are made for differents tip speed ratio (λ). Results show that the helical turbine has a positive static torque coefficient for any rotor angles, as well as conventional two-stage turbine. The dynamic torque coefficient of the helical turbine is higher than the two-stage turbine for most cases and also shows less torque variation along each rotation. Consequently, the power coefficient of the helical rotor also become higher, with a maximum value found on the order of 11.8% for a λ of 0.65 in the experimental case, and 8.4% for the same λ number when compared with the two-stage rotor. The relative errors between the numerical simulations and the experimental results are between 2.16% and 13.4%. A generated power estimate is made for both cases, for a tip speed ratio of 0.65, where the helical turbine provides better results compared to two-stage rotor in order of 13.6% for a velocity of 10.4 m/s.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico e experimental sobre o desempenho aerodinâmico de turbinas eólicas de eixo vertical envolvendo rotores Savonius convencional de duplo-estágio e helicoidal. O estudo experimental é realizado no Túnel Aerodinâmico Professor Debi Pada Sadhu, do Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluidos da UFRGS. As simulações numéricas são realizadas com o software Fluent/ANSYS utilizando o Método dos Volumes Finitos. São comparados os coeficientes de torque estático e dinâmico, o coeficiente de potência, além de uma análise aerodinâmica das duas turbinas. As medições são realizadas empregando Tubos de Pitot, um torquímetro estático digital e um torquímetro simples construído para a medição do torque dinâmico. As turbinas são fabricadas através da técnica de prototipagem 3D, com uma semelhança de dimensões e parâmetros. As soluções numéricas são resolvidas através da equação da continuidade, das equações de Navier-Stokes com médias de Reynolds (RANS) e pelo modelo de turbulência k-ω SST. A qualidade da malha utilizada é avaliada através do método de Índice de Convergência de Malha (GCI), para três diferentes tamanhos de malha. São feitas análises dos rotores na forma estática para diferentes ângulos de incidência e com a turbina em rotação são feitas análises para diferentes razões de velocidades de ponta de pá (λ). Resultados demonstram que a turbina helicoidal apresenta um coeficiente de torque positivo para todos os ângulos do rotor, assim como a turbina convencional de dois estágios. O coeficiente de torque dinâmico da turbina helicoidal é superior ao da turbina de duplo-estágio para a maioria dos casos, e também apresenta menor oscilação de torque ao longo de cada rotação. Por consequência, o coeficiente de potência do rotor helicoidal também se tornou superior, com um valor máximo encontrado na ordem de 11,8% para um λ de 0,65 no caso experimental, e de 8,4% para o mesmo λ no caso numérico, quando comparado com o rotor de duplo-estágio. Os erros relativos entre as simulações numéricas e os resultados experimentais estão entre 2,16% e 13,4%. Uma estimativa de potência gerada é feita para ambos os casos, para uma razão de velocidade de ponta de 0,65, onde a turbina helicoidal apresenta melhores resultados em relação ao rotor de duplo-estágio, na ordem de 13,6% para uma velocidade de 10,4 m/s. / This paper presents a numerical and experimental study of vertical axis wind turbine performance comparison involving two-stage and helical Savonius rotors. The experimental study is conducted in the Aerodynamic Tunnel Professor Debi Pada Sadhu at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of the UFRGS. The numerical simulations are performed with the Fluent/ANSYS software using the Finite Volumes Method. The static and dynamic torque coefficients, the power coefficients, and an aerodynamic analysis of the two turbines are compared. Measurements are made using Pitot tubes, a digital static torque wrench and a simple wrench constructed for the dynamic torque measurement. The aerodynamics rotors are manufactured by 3D prototyping technique with similar dimensions and parameters. Numerical solutions are solved by the continuity equation, the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the turbulence model k-ω SST. The quality of the mesh used is evaluated used the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) method, for three different mesh sizes. The rotors analyzes are made in static form for different angles of incidence and for the rotating turbine analyzes are made for differents tip speed ratio (λ). Results show that the helical turbine has a positive static torque coefficient for any rotor angles, as well as conventional two-stage turbine. The dynamic torque coefficient of the helical turbine is higher than the two-stage turbine for most cases and also shows less torque variation along each rotation. Consequently, the power coefficient of the helical rotor also become higher, with a maximum value found on the order of 11.8% for a λ of 0.65 in the experimental case, and 8.4% for the same λ number when compared with the two-stage rotor. The relative errors between the numerical simulations and the experimental results are between 2.16% and 13.4%. A generated power estimate is made for both cases, for a tip speed ratio of 0.65, where the helical turbine provides better results compared to two-stage rotor in order of 13.6% for a velocity of 10.4 m/s.

Os silos metálicos cilíndricos de chapa corrugada e cobertura cônica são as unidades mais utilizadas no Brasil para o armazenamento de produtos granulares. As principais ações variáveis que atuam sobre os silos são as pressões devidas aos produtos armazenados e ao vento, sendo esta ação crítica quando o silo se encontra vazio. Devido à grande eficiência estrutural da forma cilíndrica e à resistência elevada do aço, estas estruturas são leves e delgadas e, portanto, suscetíveis a perdas de estabilidade local e global e arrancamento. Com a finalidade de avaliar estes efeitos foram realizados estudos teóricos e experimentais sobre as ações do vento em silos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com ensaios de modelos aerodinâmicos e aeroelásticos em um túnel de vento na Universidade de Cranfield, Inglaterra, com o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes aerodinâmicos no costado e na cobertura. Os resultados mostram que os valores dos coeficientes recomendados pela Norma Brasileira de vento, NBR 6123 (1990), são adequados para o costado. Para a cobertura cônica, como não são especificados pela NBR, são recomendados valores dos coeficientes aerodinâmicos determinados nos ensaios. Conclui-se também que a colocação externa das colunas é a favor da segurança e que o uso de anéis enrijecedores no costado é indicado e muito importante para a estabilidade local e global da estrutura do silo. / The steel cylindrical silos made of corrugated sheets with conical roofs are the most used units to the storage of granular materials. The main silo loads are the pressures due to the stored material and to the wind, being this action the critical one when the silo is empty. Due to the high efficiency of the cylindrical form and to the high strength of the steel, these structures are thin and light-weight and, as a consequence, susceptible to the loss of local and global stability and to the pull out of the structure. With the aim to assess these effects related to the wind loading in silos, some theoretical and experimental studies were conducted. The work was carried out with aerodynamic and aeroelastic models tested in a boundary layer wind tunnel in the University of Cranfield, England, with the objective to determine the aerodynamic coefficients of the cylinder and the conical roof. The results show that the coefficients of the Brazilian Code of wind loads, NBR 6123 (1990), are adequate to the cylinder. The coefficients to the conical roof are suggested based on our tests, considering that there are no values specified by the NBR. As well it is concluded that the outside columns is on the side of safety and it is indicated the use of wind rings attached to the cylinder, which are very important to the local and global stability of the silo structure.

A influência da fuselagem sobre a posição do centro aerodinâmico da asa é complexa e deve ser considerada nos cálculos de equilíbrio e estabilidade estática longitudinal da aeronave. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa para indicar o mais preciso dentre sete métodos teóricos para prever esta influência, em condições de baixa velocidade, utilizando seis configurações de modelos de asa mais fuselagem em escala reduzida, com proporções dimensionais características da aviação leve. Mediram-se os coeficientes de momento e sustentação para cada configuração, através de ensaios em túnel de vento de baixa velocidade, circuito aberto e seção de testes fechada. Calcularam-se as posições experimentais do centro aerodinâmico através da distância do eixo de rotação da balança ao bordo de ataque da asa e derivadas do coeficiente de momento em relação ao coeficiente de sustentação. Aplicaram-se os métodos teóricos às configurações. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos métodos prevê comportamentos na variação da posição do centro aerodinâmico semelhantes aos obtidos experimentalmente e apontados na revisão da literatura. A análise dos resultados teóricos ante os experimentais aponta o método descrito em Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1996a) como o mais preciso. / The fuselage influence on the wing aerodynamic center is complex and must be considered within longitudinal static stability and equilibrium calculations of the airplane. This work presents a comparative analysis to indicate the most accurate between seven theoretical methods that predict this influence, at low speed conditions, using six configurations of wing-fuselage reduced scale models, with the dimensional proportions found in light aviation. The moment and lift coefficients have been measured by experiments in a low speed open circuit wind tunnel with a closed test section. The experimental aerodynamic center positions have been found by the distance of the balance trunnion to wing leading edge and the derivation of the moment coefficient relative to the lift coefficient. The theoretical methods have been applied to all configurations. The results show that most of the methods predict variations in aerodynamic center position in the same way as those obtained in experimental results and shown in the literature review. The analysis between theoretical and experimental results indicates the method from Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1996a) as the most accurate.

No description available.

No description available.

The recent resurgence in hypersonics is centered around the development of SCRAMJET engine technology to power future hypersonic vehicles. Successful flight trials by Australian and American scientists have created interest in the scramjet engine research across the globe. To develop scramjet engine, it is important to study heat transfer effects on the engine performance and aerodynamic forces acting on the body. Hence, the main aim of present investigation is the design of scramjet engine configuration and measurement of aerodynamic forces acting on the model and heat transfer rates along the length of the combustor. The model is a two-dimensional single ramp model and is designed based on shock-on-lip (SOL) condition. Experiments are performed in IISc hypersonic shock tunnel HST2 at two different Mach numbers of 8 and 7 for different angles of attack. Aerodynamic forces measurements using three-component accelerometer force balance and heat transfer rates measurements using platinum thin film sensors deposited on Macor substrate are some of the shock tunnel flow diagnostics that have been used in this study.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unmanned aerial vehicles with vertical take-off and landing capabilities have received extensive attention worldwide in the last decade. Their low detectability, high manoeuvrability in confined spaces, and their capability for out-of-sight operations make them practical solutions for an array of military and civilian missions. The main advantage of shrouded rotors in hover and low speed conditions is the decreased blade tip induced drag when the tip gap is small enough. A well-designed shroud augments the rotor thrust in hover and low axial flight conditions. It also provides noise reduction and safety. A contra-rotating rotor system eliminates the need for separate anti-torque devices, thus producing a smaller footprint and a more compact vehicle. In this study a more efficient coaxial rotor for the ducted coaxial rotor system as published by (Lee 2010) was developed. The first phase of the design process consisted of the selection and numerical analysis of the best suited parent airfoils for the rotors by using XFOIL and XFLR 5. The second phase dealt with the design of a counter-rotating rotor system for the existing cambered shroud as published by (Lee, 2010), using the DFDC-070ES2a two dimensional code, specifically written for ducted rotor optimization. The final phase of the study dealt with the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) verification of the design in ANSYS-CFX 15.07. A comparison between the CFX predictions of the newly designed rotor system and the reference design indicates a 33% improvement in hover thrust at the design power input. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onbemande lugvaartuie met vertikale opstyg en landings vermoëns het uitgebreide aandag wêreldwyd in die laaste dekade geniet. Hul lae waarneembaarheid, hoë beweegbaarheid in beperkte ruimtes, en hul vermoë om buite-sig operasies uit te voer maak dat hulle praktiese oplossings vir 'n verskeidenheid van militêre en burgerlike missies is. Die grootste voordeel van gehulde rotors in hangvlug en lae spoed omstandighede is die afname in die lem punt sleepkrag wanneer die lem punt gaping klein genoeg is. 'n Goed ontwerpde omhulsel dra by tot die rotor stukrag in hangvlug en lae aksiale vlug omstandighede. Dit bied ook geraasreduksie en veiligheid. 'n Kontra-roterende rotorstelsel skakel die vereiste van afsonderlike anti-wringkrag toestelle uit, wat lei tot 'n kleiner voetspoor en 'n meer kompakte voertuig. In hierdie studie is 'n meer doeltreffende koaksiale rotor vir die gehulde koaksiale rotor stelsel soos gepubliseer deur (Lee 2010) ontwikkel. Die eerste fase van die ontwerp-proses het bestaan uit die seleksie en numeriese analise van die mees geskikte lemprofiele vir die rotors deur die gebruik van XFOIL en XFLR 5. Fase twee het die ontwerp van 'n teen-roterende rotor stelsel vir die bestaande omhulsel soos gebruik in (Lee, 2010) se publikasie behels. Die ontwerp is met behulp van DFDC-070ES2a, ‘n twee dimensionele kode wat spesifiek vir gehul-rotor optimering geskryf is, gedoen. Die verifikasie van die nuwe ontwerp is in die finale fase met behulp van die berekeings vloeidinamika sagteware, ANSYS-CFX 15.07 gedoen. ‘n Vergelyking tussen die CFX prestasie voorspelling vir die nuwe rotorstelsel en die gepubliseerde data van (Lee, 2010) toon ‘n 33% toename in hangvlug stukrag by die ontwerpsdrywing.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

L’étude effectuée au cours de cette thèse a permis la caractérisation expérimentale des instabilités aérodynamiques se développant dans un compresseur centrifuge et une première évaluation de l’efficacité d’une stratégie de contrôle par aspiration de couche limite. Le compresseur, développé par Safran Helicopter Engines et dénommé Turbocel, est composé d’une roue directrice d’entrée, d’un rouet centrifuge splitté, d’un diffuseur radial aubé et splitté et d’un redresseur axial. Des travaux numériques antérieurs réalisés au Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique ont montré, aux bas régimes de rotation, un comportement singulier caractérisé par une structure d’écoulement dite « alternée » impliquant deux canaux adjacents du diffuseur radial. L’étude stationnaire réalisée sur l’ensemble des régimes de rotation du compresseur a conduit à une ségrégation des vitesses de rotation suite à l’établissement d’une variable– le taux d’asymétrie - caractérisant l’asymétrie de l’aérodynamique du diffuseur. Ce taux, quasi nul à très basse vitesse de rotation, croît jusqu’à atteindre un maximum à vitesse de rotation intermédiaire, puis s’effondre pour ré-augmenter légèrement. Une analyse fine des données instationnaires acquises à bas régimes a permis la description de deux modes de fonctionnement du compresseur associés à des structures de décollements différentes dans le diffuseur. Le premier mode est caractérisé par l’oscillation à une fréquence de l’ordre de 42 Hz d’un décollement localisé sur la face en dépression des aubes principales du diffuseur. Le second mode, à 12Hz, associé au pompage modéré du compresseur, correspond à la mise en place d’un schéma alterné et à son oscillation sur deux canaux adjacents du diffuseur.Les origines probables de ces différents modes de fonctionnement sont discutées à partir de considérations • aérodynamiques -- la mise en place d’une recirculation en tête de rouet est suspectée d’influer sur le taux d’asymétrie en modifiant l’incidence en entrée de diffuseur,• géométriques -- le nombre et le calage des aubes du diffuseur radial ainsi que la distance inter-roue indiquent une prédisposition du diffuseur à fonctionner en régime alterné sous certaines conditions d’incidence,• aéro-acoustiques -- un accrochage des fréquences aérodynamiques avec les fréquences des ondes acoustiques du banc d’essai semble se produire. Enfin, les résultats sur le contrôle d’écoulement par aspiration de couche limite à régime partiel sont présentés. Une amélioration du rendement est observée à certains points de fonctionnement, mais aucune extension de la plage de fonctionnement du compresseur n’est mesurée. Sans l’atténuer, l’aspiration permet de contrôler sur quels canaux s’établit le régime alterné. / This thesis presents an experimental characterization of the evolution of aerodynamic instabilities in a centrifugal compressor, and a first evaluation of the effectiveness of boundary layer suction as a control strategy. The compressor used in this study is Turbocel, a centrifugal compressor developed by Safran Helicopter Engines, featuring inlet guide vanes, a backswept splittered unshrouded impeller, a splittered vaned radial diffuser and axial outlet guide vanes.Previous numerical work, conducted at the Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique de Lyon, revealed a unusual behaviour of the compressor at low rotational speeds characterized by a distinctive alternate flow structure in the radial diffuser that develops across two adjacent blade channels. The steady analysis, which was conducted over the full operating range of rotational speeds, led to the distinction of different operating zones, following the establishment of a new indicator variable - the asymmetry rate - characterizing the asymmetry of the diffuser aerodynamics. This rate, which is close to zero at very low rotation speed, increases until it reaches a maximum value at intermediate rotational speed, before collapsing and slightly increasing again near the nominal rotational speed.Analysis of the unsteady data acquired at low speeds allowed for the characterization of two compressor operating modes, associated with different flow phenomena in the stalled diffuser. The first mode is characterized by the oscillation of a separation at 42 Hz, on the suction side of the main blades in the diffuser. The second mode, at 12Hz, associated with mild surge of the compressor, corresponds to the emergence of an alternate pattern of unsteady flow separation that occurs across two adjacent channels of the diffuser.The probable causes for these different operating modes are discussed in the context of different considerations:• aerodynamic -- the formation of a recirculation near the tip of the impeller is suspected to affect the asymmetry rate by changing the incidence angle at the diffuser inlet.• geometric -- the number and the stagger angle of the radial diffuser blades as well as the distance between the impeller and the diffuser may result in a predisposition of the diffuser to operate in an alternating mode, under certain conditions of incidence.• aero-acoustic -- as there is evidence of a lock-in of the aerodynamic frequencies with the acoustic modes of the test rig.Finally, boundary layer suction is explored as a means of flow control at partial rotational speed. Improvements in performance were observed for some operating points, however no extension of the compressor operating range was measured. Although boundary layer suction did not allow for the intensity of the oscillating separation pattern in the diffuser to be reduced, it was found to be an effective means of controlling the location of the alternate flow structure in the diffuser.