The present study examines differences in political perspectives and moral identity as facilitators of retaliation of workplace incivility. It is proposed that following uncivil treatment, emotional appraisals of uncivil treatment will influence targets' retaliatory behavior; individuals who feel angry or demoralized after being treated uncivilly will be more likely to retaliate than individuals who do not negatively appraise incivility. In addition, political affiliation and moral identity are posited as moderators of the relationship between experiencing incivility and emotionally appraising the experience, as well as the relationship between emotional appraisal and retaliation. This study utilized a sample of 355 participants who completed an online survey regarding their experiences with incivility three weeks before and one week after the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Results indicate that Democrats most frequently retaliated against Republicans at high levels of received incivility from Republicans, yet Republicans engaged in the most retaliatory incivility against Democrats at low levels of incivility from Democrats. Furthermore, internalization buffered the likelihood of retaliation, while symbolization enhanced it. In three-way interactions predicting retaliatory incivility, low internalization and high symbolization Democrats most frequently retaliated against Republicans; unexpectedly, high symbolization Democrats also most frequently retaliated against Democrats. Predicting emotional appraisals from received incivility, symbolization enhanced relationships between incivility and appraisals. High internalization Republicans reported the greatest increase in anger when treated uncivilly by Democrats. Predicting retaliation from appraisals, Republicans retaliated against Democrats most frequently when angered or demoralized, but Democrats did not report retaliating against Republicans. Additionally, high symbolization Republicans reported retaliating against other Republicans when angered or demoralized. Results were not completely aligned with past theory and research, but they generally indicate that morality plays a large role in the prediction of emotional appraisals and retaliation in response to uncivil treatment. Furthermore, morality seems to be a more important predictor of retaliation than social identity processes. Finally, it is clear that emotions relate to the receipt and retaliation of incivility, and future research should clarify these relationships. This study contributes to the literature by examining how social issues that are seemingly unrelated to the workplace can negatively affect interpersonal interactions at work.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wayne State University, 1965. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [206]-281).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-195). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

The representation of social affiliation is dependent upon material signifiers that can serve as communicative links between individuals or communities. This study evaluates the material manifestation of an elite social identity during the Late Classic (AD 650-900) period at the site of Palmarejo, northwest Honduras. Previous studies on social identity in prehistory point to the importance of site plans, monumental architecture, ceramics, and human burials in conveying sociocultural messages. A regional comparison of these types of data is made between Palmarejo and three coeval sites in northwest Honduras, La Sierra, El Coyote, and Las Canoas. I argue that the chosen style of site plans, monumental architecture, ceramics, and human burials worked to convey different types of messages to specific populations. Patterns revealed by the regional comparison indicate that paramounts were able to access a common affiliation while maintaining localized distinctiveness. Finally, I argue that Palmarejo elites may have utilized a common regional belief system to reinforce their power and authority during the Late Classic.

Do person by situation effects influence physiological stress response? Despite being relatively uncontested since being theorized nearly 80 years ago, the fight-or-flight model of stress response has suffered criticism for its one-size-fits-all approach in light of the historical gender bias in the literature. In contrast, the tend-and-befriend model of stress response argues that females are driven to care for their offspring (tend) and band together with others (befriend) in response to stress. Despite evidence suggesting the importance individual differences in the effect of affiliation and social support on stress, past research has generally overlooked markers of individual difference and personality. The major aim of this dissertation was to identify and examine potential person by situation effects on stress physiology, illuminating under what conditions and for whom affiliation and social support may buffer against the stress response and aid recovery in the wake of a stressor. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the role of individual difference factors of gender and personality (i.e., person effects) and the availability of affiliation with a similar other (study 1) or a trusted friend (study 2) compared with no available affiliation (i.e., social situation effects) on stress response and recovery. Study 1 revealed that availability of affiliation with a similar other did not have a protective influence on stress physiology in general. However, personality (openness to experience) and gender together, along with availability of affiliation, were important predictors of stress physiology over time. Study 2 indicated that the availability of affiliation with a trusted friend had a protective effect on stress physiology across each time point. Further, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience each appear to be important predictors of the influence of availability of affiliation with a close friend on stress physiology over time. In sum, this dissertation found evidence of person by situation effects on stress physiology across two studies. In both studies, the effect of the availability of affiliation differed based on individual difference factors of personality, not on gender. As such, tend-and-befriend may be better conceptualized not as a uniquely female response, but rather a stress response that depends on individual difference characteristics of personality. Further, future stress response models and research should consider personality as an important marker of individual difference in physiological stress response. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Our post-modern society is being continually more characterized by the working life, where corporate relations and the understanding of human momentum, limitations and knowledge is the basis of the quality of the corporation. In other words, it is of the greatest importance to keep in mind the attitudes, behaviour, stress levels and motivations that constitute a good working environment. We find it interesting to study what social psychological approaches and social processes could be of importance to good cooperation. The research has its starting point in a qualitative method focused on semi- structured interviews, where we have interviewed eight respondents working within the psychiatry. The research has strengthened our pre-understanding but also made clear the existence of other social processes and approaches that affect cooperation. How people look at each other in the social contexts which they are currently in, as well as people’s childhood conditions and psychological development having a large impact on how man will relate to other relations and consequently situations of collaboration, is of the utmost importance. Respect, communication, a sense of belonging, trust and social connections but also conformity and like-mindedness are all concepts that are of the greatest importance to good cooperation. However, it is also of significance to find a balance between these concepts whereas emphasizing one concept more than the others will not result in a well-functioning collaboration. The essay discusses and analyzes the empirical material we have achieved from a social psychological point of view where theorists like Scheff, Collins, von Wright, May and Gastil ́s concepts and theories are being applied. Scientific articles which we also apply and which have a significant impact in the study is Justice and Effective cooperation, Workplace Friendships and Organizational Outcomes, Adult attachment styles in the workplace and Workplace Communication Problems. / Vårt postmoderna samhälle präglas allt mer av arbetslivet och där samarbetsrelationer och förståelse för människans drivkrafter, begränsningar och kunskaper är en grund för verksamhetens kvalité. Det är med andra ord av vikt att tänka på frågor som berör attityder, beteenden, stressnivå och motivation för att ett gott arbetsklimat skall kunna existera. Vi finner det intressant att studera vilka socialpsykologiska förhållningssätt och sociala processer som kan vara av vikt för ett gott samarbete. Undersökningen har sin utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ metod inriktad på halvstrukturerade informant intervjuer där vi har intervjuat åtta respondenter som arbetar inom psykiatrin. Uppsatsarbetet har förstärkt vår förförståelse men också tydliggjort att det existerar många olika sociala processer och förhållningssätt som påverkar samarbete. Att det är av vikt hur människor ser på varandra i de sociala kontexter de befinner sig i och att människans uppväxtförhållanden och psykologiska utveckling har en stor inverkan på hur människan kommer att förhålla sig till andra relationer och därmed också i samarbetssituationer. Respekt, kommunikation, tillhörighet, tillit och sociala band men också konformitet är begrepp som är av stor vikt för ett gott samarbete. Dock är det av vikt att finna en balans mellan dessa begrepp då mer tyngd åt den ena eller andra aspekten inte gynnar ett väl fungerande samarbete. I arbetet diskuteras och analyseras det empiriska materialet utifrån ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv där teoretiker som Scheff, Collins, von Wright, May och Gastils begrepp och teorier tillämpas. Vetenskapliga artiklar som vi även tillämpar och som har en betydande inverkan i studien är Justice and effective coopertion, Workplace Friendships and Organizational Outcomes, Adult attachment styles in the workplace och Workplace Communication Problems.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Political Science, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-95).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1982. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-170).