Existing whistle-blower research has found that retaliation affects the whistle-blowing process. However, there is little literature focusing on the personal and emotional effects that retaliation can have on the whistle-blower’s life. Furthermore, while whistle-blowing has been studied in various organizational contexts, both public and private, virtually no research exists on whistle-blowing in the context of the public school system. This study examines the effects of the whistle-blowing process, specifically the effects of retaliation, on the life of the whistle-blower through a narrative identity construct in the context of the Texas Public School System. This study utilizes narrative analysis to understand the relationship between retaliation and the whistle-blowers’ narrative identity. the analysis reveals that whistle-blowers’ decisions to disclose instances of wrong-doing are motivated by their desired narrative identities. Furthermore, this study shows that retaliation has the greatest effect when it directly attacks the whistle-blowers’ identities.

Quite apart from its apparent political obsolescence, the policy of nuclear deterrence is vulnerable to attack for its seemingly obvious immorality. Nuclear war is blatantly immoral, and nuclear deterrenec requires a genuine intention to resort to the nuclear retaliation which would precipitate such a war. Therefore, since it is wrong to intend that which is wrong to do, deterrence is immoral. This thesis seeks to examine the nature of the deterrent intention as a means of verifying the soundness of the above deontological argument. This examination is carried out by first suggesting an acceptable notion of intention in general and then, after analysing the views of deterrent intention by other writers, proceeding to demonstrate the uniqueness of that intention. Having done this, and having explored the possibility that deterrence need not contain a genuine intention to retaliate, the thesis moves on to suggest and defend a moral principle which states that endeavours requiring the formation of an immoral intention may nevertheless be moral. Called the Principle of Double Intention (and based on the Principle of Double Effect), it offers a method for the moral assessment of agents who form immoral intentions within larger contexts. By applying this principle to nuclear deterrence, it is demonstrated that agents who undertake such a policy may be morally justified in doing so, provided certain conditions are met. The thesis closes with a refutation of the objection that an agent cannot rationally form an intention (such as that required in deterrence) which he has no reason to carry out. By highlighting the objection's reliance on a claimed isomorphism between intention and belief, it is shown that the objection, while generally sound, does not apply to the special case of nuclear deterrence. The conclusion suggests a framework for disarmament which results in a deterrent force structure which is both strategically effective and morally acceptable.

This dissertation analyzes the trading effects and the politics of antidumping. The first essay empirically examines the influence of partisanship on antidumping. I show that an increase in the leftist orientation of the government makes labor intensive industries less likely to file an antidumping petition. I also demonstrate that the increase in the leftist orientation of the government is associated with an increase in the likelihood of an affirmative antidumping outcome for the petitions of labor intensive industries. The second essay investigates the effect of past exporting relationships of the firms, whose products are targeted by antidumping duties, on their export flows to alternative markets. My estimations show that facing an antidumping duty on a product leads to a 18% increase in the exports of the firm for that product to the alternative countries where the firms previously exported the same product and a 8% increase to the countries where the firms exported another product. On the contrary, I fail to find a significant effect of antidumping duties on the exports of the particular product to third countries to which the firm did not export before. Further, I show that a firm’s probability to start exporting the duty imposed product in a different destination increases by 8-10% if the firm already exported another product to that destination. However, I find no such evidence for the countries to which the firm did not export before. The third essay empirically analyzes the effect of potential antidumping claims, resulting from an antidumping investigation in the domestic market, on the quality of exported products to the target countries. My findings suggest that retaliation threats increase the quality of firms’ shipments for the named industries’ products to the target countries by 11%. This effect is also significantly increasing in the share of the exports of the named industries’ products shipped to the target country in the firms’ total exports. Further, I show that this effect is 4 % higher for the exporters serving the developed countries and 3% higher for ones serving the heavy antidumping users.

Esta dissertação tem dois objetivos principais: (1) efetuar um estudo introdutório, concentrando-se sobretudo no argumento do diálogo que se encontra em 49a-c e (2) apresentar uma tradução do Críton de Platão em português a partir do original em grego. Quanto à tradução, esta está entremeada de notas e comentários que visam: (a) explicar o meu entendimento acerca das funções exercidas pelas partículas, que são abundantes no texto em grego; (b) esclarecer a sintaxe dos trechos que considerei mais complexos; (c) fundamentar algumas das opções que adotei na tradução; (d) explicar algumas referências a nomes, lugares e trechos de obras citados no texto original; e, finalmente, (e) evidenciar alguns pontos do Críton que não são tratados diretamente nesta dissertação, mas que são objetos de estudo e discussão entre os comentadores de Platão. Quanto ao trecho 49a-c, Sócrates propõe nele um princípio que limita a retaliação em resposta a uma injustiça qualquer sofrida. O estudo que me propus a fazer consiste em (a) evidenciar algumas ambigüidades presentes na formulação de tal princípio e em (b) uma análise das interpretações de três importantes comentadores de Platão sobre este tema. / This dissertation has two main objectives: (1) to perform a introductory study concerning the argument of the dialogue which lies in the passage 49a-c and (2) to present a translation of Platos Crito from the original text in Greek into Portuguese. With relation to the translation, it is interspersed with notes and commentaries whose intentions are: (a) to explain my understanding of the functions performed by the particles, which are plentiful in the text; (b) to clarify the syntax of the passages I considered more difficult; (c) to give support to some choices I adopted in the translation; (d) to explain some references to names, places and passages of other works mentioned in the original text; and, finally, (e) to point out some passages of the Crito with which I do not deal in this dissertation, but which are objects of study and discussion among the commentators on Plato. With relation to the passage 49a-c, Socrates proposes in it a principle that limits the retaliation in response to an injustice suffered. The study I intended to perform consists (a) in pointing out some ambiguities in the formulation of this principle and (b) in analyzing the interpretations of this passage performed by three important commentators on Plato.

Esta dissertação tem dois objetivos principais: (1) efetuar um estudo introdutório, concentrando-se sobretudo no argumento do diálogo que se encontra em 49a-c e (2) apresentar uma tradução do Críton de Platão em português a partir do original em grego. Quanto à tradução, esta está entremeada de notas e comentários que visam: (a) explicar o meu entendimento acerca das funções exercidas pelas partículas, que são abundantes no texto em grego; (b) esclarecer a sintaxe dos trechos que considerei mais complexos; (c) fundamentar algumas das opções que adotei na tradução; (d) explicar algumas referências a nomes, lugares e trechos de obras citados no texto original; e, finalmente, (e) evidenciar alguns pontos do Críton que não são tratados diretamente nesta dissertação, mas que são objetos de estudo e discussão entre os comentadores de Platão. Quanto ao trecho 49a-c, Sócrates propõe nele um princípio que limita a retaliação em resposta a uma injustiça qualquer sofrida. O estudo que me propus a fazer consiste em (a) evidenciar algumas ambigüidades presentes na formulação de tal princípio e em (b) uma análise das interpretações de três importantes comentadores de Platão sobre este tema. / This dissertation has two main objectives: (1) to perform a introductory study concerning the argument of the dialogue which lies in the passage 49a-c and (2) to present a translation of Platos Crito from the original text in Greek into Portuguese. With relation to the translation, it is interspersed with notes and commentaries whose intentions are: (a) to explain my understanding of the functions performed by the particles, which are plentiful in the text; (b) to clarify the syntax of the passages I considered more difficult; (c) to give support to some choices I adopted in the translation; (d) to explain some references to names, places and passages of other works mentioned in the original text; and, finally, (e) to point out some passages of the Crito with which I do not deal in this dissertation, but which are objects of study and discussion among the commentators on Plato. With relation to the passage 49a-c, Socrates proposes in it a principle that limits the retaliation in response to an injustice suffered. The study I intended to perform consists (a) in pointing out some ambiguities in the formulation of this principle and (b) in analyzing the interpretations of this passage performed by three important commentators on Plato.

The present study examines differences in political perspectives and moral identity as facilitators of retaliation of workplace incivility. It is proposed that following uncivil treatment, emotional appraisals of uncivil treatment will influence targets' retaliatory behavior; individuals who feel angry or demoralized after being treated uncivilly will be more likely to retaliate than individuals who do not negatively appraise incivility. In addition, political affiliation and moral identity are posited as moderators of the relationship between experiencing incivility and emotionally appraising the experience, as well as the relationship between emotional appraisal and retaliation. This study utilized a sample of 355 participants who completed an online survey regarding their experiences with incivility three weeks before and one week after the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Results indicate that Democrats most frequently retaliated against Republicans at high levels of received incivility from Republicans, yet Republicans engaged in the most retaliatory incivility against Democrats at low levels of incivility from Democrats. Furthermore, internalization buffered the likelihood of retaliation, while symbolization enhanced it. In three-way interactions predicting retaliatory incivility, low internalization and high symbolization Democrats most frequently retaliated against Republicans; unexpectedly, high symbolization Democrats also most frequently retaliated against Democrats. Predicting emotional appraisals from received incivility, symbolization enhanced relationships between incivility and appraisals. High internalization Republicans reported the greatest increase in anger when treated uncivilly by Democrats. Predicting retaliation from appraisals, Republicans retaliated against Democrats most frequently when angered or demoralized, but Democrats did not report retaliating against Republicans. Additionally, high symbolization Republicans reported retaliating against other Republicans when angered or demoralized. Results were not completely aligned with past theory and research, but they generally indicate that morality plays a large role in the prediction of emotional appraisals and retaliation in response to uncivil treatment. Furthermore, morality seems to be a more important predictor of retaliation than social identity processes. Finally, it is clear that emotions relate to the receipt and retaliation of incivility, and future research should clarify these relationships. This study contributes to the literature by examining how social issues that are seemingly unrelated to the workplace can negatively affect interpersonal interactions at work.

Retaliation is a well-established response to abusive supervision. Leading edge research explains the occurrence of supervisor-directed retaliation through processes associated with the strength model of self-control (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). The present research builds on these ideas by considering the role of emotions in the retaliatory processes. 407 participants completed an online survey that included questionnaires measuring personality traits associated with self-control and emotional experiences. Findings indicate that a predisposition to negative emotional experiences predicts retaliatory behavior in response to abusive supervision, even for individuals with a high capacity for self-control. It is suggested that future research should determine whether emotion-driven retaliation is mediated by a desire for revenge.

Retaliation is a well-established response to abusive supervision. Leading edge research explains the occurrence of supervisor-directed retaliation through processes associated with the strength model of self-control (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). The present research builds on these ideas by considering the role of emotions in the retaliatory processes. 407 participants completed an online survey that included questionnaires measuring personality traits associated with self-control and emotional experiences. Findings indicate that a predisposition to negative emotional experiences predicts retaliatory behavior in response to abusive supervision, even for individuals with a high capacity for self-control. It is suggested that future research should determine whether emotion-driven retaliation is mediated by a desire for revenge.

My study investigated the effects of abusive supervision on work and family outcomes including supervisor-directed and organization-directed deviance and spousal undermining. Using a moderated-mediation model, the relationship of abusive supervision on outcome variables was proposed to be mediated by moral courage and moderated by leader-member exchange (a-path) and work and family role quality (b-path). Two separate studies were conducted using a sample (N=200) recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and through relatives of students at a large US public southeastern university (N=150 dyads). Results confirm the effects of abusive supervision on work and family outcomes while analyses of contextual and conditional factors are mixed. Confirmatory factor analyses, factor loadings, and model fit statistics are provided and implications for research and practice are discussed.

This Master's thesis deals with the topic of the protection of whistleblowers, or persons reporting wrongdoing, as the term is often translated into Czech. The first part of the thesis deals with the approach to the issue, the history of whistleblowing, definitions of basic terms and concepts necessary for its further understanding, and general remarks, why it is necessary to protect the reporting persons. Furthermore, the thesis describes obligations arising in the field of protection of reporting persons under the international law and in particular, from the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and further analyses the rules of the new EU Directive on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law. The Directive was approved at the end of 2019. It represents a comprehensive set of principles and rules, whose purpose is to ensure a high level of protection for whistleblowers across all Member States, including the Czech Republic, through the introduction of common minimum standards. Like other EU Member States, the Czech Republic is obliged to transpose the Directive into the national law by 17 December 2021 at the latest. The final part of the thesis analyses the Czech legislation on the whistleblowing. This concerns both the current legislation, the sufficiency of which has been...