Les Métallo Protéases Matricielles (MMP) en tant qu'endopeptidases à zinc ont une large gamme de fonctions biologiques allant du remodelage tissulaire à la modulation de la réponse cellulaire. Une modification de leur activité protéolytique est souvent associée à de nombreux désordres biologiques. In vivo, ces protéases sont soumises à de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles. Elles sont sécrétées sous formes latentes à l'extérieur des cellules pour être ensuite transformées en forme fonctionnelles. Ces dernières sont ensuite inhibées par des inhibiteurs endogènes. En raison de leur sécrétion dans l’espace extra cellulaire, les MMP sous formes actives ont longtemps été considérées comme de simples ciseaux moléculaires capable de dégrader uniquement la matrice extracellulaire. Cependant, le remodelage tissulaire ne constitue pas la fonction unique et encore moins la fonction principale de ces enzymes. Elles peuvent en effet cliver une grande variété de substrats non matriciels et à ce titre sont impliquées dans la progression tumorale, l'immunité et l'inflammation. Pour ajouter une complexité supplémentaire à la biologie des MMP, il a été récemment montré que certaines MMP ont une localisation intracellulaire associée à des fonctions non protéolytiques. Ces observations, mais aussi celles montrant que ces protease participent à la progression de la maladie alors que d'autres ont une fonction protectrice, soulignent la nécessité de mieux documenter leur activation spatiale et temporelle dans divers contextes biologiques.Le profilage protéique basé sur l'activité vise à analyser l'état fonctionnel des protéines dans des échantillons biologiques complexes. À cette fin, des sondes basées sur l'activité (ABP), qui réagissent avec les enzymes en s’appuyant sur leur mécanisme catalytique, ont été développées pour la détection d’enzymes sous formes actives, notamment dans le cas des protéases à sérine et à cystéine. Une sonde basée sur l’activité (ABP) est classiquement composée : i) d’un groupement réactif conduisant à la modification covalente de résidus au sein du site actif de l’enzyme, ii) d’un motif de liaison imposant la sélectivité au groupement réactif et iii) d’un groupement rapporteur permettant la détection des enzymes ciblées. Cette approche ne s’applique toutefois pas aux MMP, pour lesquelles il n’existe pas de résidus nucléophiles conservés au sein du site actif. À cet égard, tous les ABP ciblant les MMP comportent un groupement photo activable qui, sous irradiation UV, favorise la formation du complexe covalent. De telles sondes photo sensibles ont permis de détecter les MMP sous leurs formes actives dans des tissus et des fluides, mais pas chez les animaux vivants au sein desquels l’étape de photo-activation ne peut être réalisé.Dans ce contexte, en nous appuyant sur un contexte structural favorable et en exploitant la chimie de l'acyl imidazole (LDAI) dirigée par un ligand, nous avons identifié une nouvelle série de sondes capables de modifier de manière covalente les MMP sans recourir à la photo-activation. Nous avons ainsi validé la capacité de ces sondes à marquer de manière sélective et efficace la MMP12 humaine in vitro et dans des protéomes complexes. Dans ce dernier cas, jusqu’à 50ng de hMMP12 correspondant à 0,05% du protéome total peuvent être détectés. Nous avons également déterminé l'identité de l’unique résidu modifié de façon covalente au sein du site actif de la hMMP-12 et vérifié que cette modification avait peu d'impact sur l’activité protéolytique de cette dernière. Nous avons démontré que cette approche permettait de détecter des MMP endogènes. Enfin, nous avons étendu cette stratégie de marquage à un panel plus large de MMP.En développant la première stratégie de marquage des formes actives de MMP «sans photo-activation», il semble maintenant possible d’envisager la détection de ces enzymes à la fois dans les protéomes complexes et in vivo. / Matrix MetalloProteases (MMPs) as zinc endopeptidases have a wide range of biological functions, and changes in their proteolytic activity underlie many biological disorders. Since their proteolytic activity has to be tightly controlled to prevent tissue destruction, theses proteases are subjected to numerous posttranslational modifications in vivo. They are secreted under latent forms outside of the cells, and are subsequently processed into their functional form that can be further inhibited by endogenous inhibitors. Due to their delineated area of activation, MMP active forms have long been considered for their unique ability to degrade extracellular substrates. However, turnover and breakdown of the extracellular matrix are neither the sole nor the main function of MMPs. These enzymes can indeed process a wide variety of non-matrix substrates and are involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of tumor progression, immunity and inflammation. To add further complexity to MMPs biology, some members within the family were recently reported to have intracellular localization associated to non-proteolytic functions. These observations but also those evidencing that some MMPs participate in disease progression while others have a protective function, stress the need to better document their spatial and temporal activation in various biological contexts.Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) aims to analyze the functional state of proteins within complex biological samples. To this purpose, activity-based probes (ABPs) that react with enzymes in a mechanism-based manner have been successfully developed for the profiling of several enzymes including serine and cysteine proteases. A typical Activity-Based probe (ABP) is composed of i) a reactive warhead, which reacts in a covalent manner with enzyme active site residues, ii) a targeting moiety that imposes selectivity upon the reactive group and iii) a detectable group for subsequent analyses. This approach is not applicable to MMPs, which lack a targetable nucleophile involved in the catalysis. In this respect, all ABPs directed to MMPs are affinity-based probes (AfBPs) containing within their structure a photo cross-linking group that promotes the formation of a covalent complex upon UV-irradiation. Such photoactivatable probes have been successfully developed for the detection of MMPs under their active forms in fluids and tissue extracts, but not in living animals where the photo-activation step is not feasible.By relying on a favorable structural context and by exploiting the ligand-directed acyl imidazole (LDAI) chemistry, we have identified a novel series of AfBPs capable of covalently modifying matrix metalloproteases without making use of photo-activation. These active-site-directed probes whose structure was derived from that of a MMP12 selective inhibitor harbored a reactive acyl imidazole in their P3' position. They demonstrated their labelling specificity in vitro by covalently modifying a single Lysine residue within the MMP-12 S3' region. We also showed that these probes only targeted functional states of hMMP-12 and spared forms whose active site was occluded either by a synthetic or a natural inhibitor. We have validated the ability of these chemical probes to efficiently label human MMP12 in complex proteomes. In this case, down to 50 ng of hMMP12 corresponding to 0.05% of the whole proteome can be labelled and detected by in-gel fluorescence analysis. We demonstrated that this approach also allowed detecting endogenous MMPs secreted by stimulated-macrophages. In addition, by modifying the nature of the targeting moiety, we have extended this affinity-labeling approach to six other MMPs.By developing the first “photo activation-free” strategy to covalently modify active forms of MMPs, the unresolved proteomic profiling of native MMPs should be now accessible both in complex proteomes and in preclinical model in which MMPs are potential relevant targets.

This essay examines the incentives and notions behind the practice of genealogy, in terms of how discourses and notions of kinship, identity and history is expressed against the setting of genealogy as a cultural and social phenomenon that is gaining a growing interest amongst the general public. Through qualitative interviews with six amateur genealogists, the study explores how notions of kinship and history shape the way in which genealogists come to understand themselves and their place in the world. Furthermore, the study explores how genealogists make use of the specific knowledge that they have acquired through their engagement with genealogy. Through analysis of discourse and the logics approach, the essay shows that lack of specific knowledge about one’s ancestry is seen as an inherent reason for seeking knowledge through genealogy. The essay indicates that the notion of understanding oneself can be seen as a significant incentive and driving force in the practice of genealogy, where kinship is made meaningful through identity formation. The essay also shows that genealogy is made meaningful through notions and desires of belonging and affinity, and that genealogy can be seen as a way for genealogists to either create or maintain links between generations, to places, or with the past in general. Furthermore, the essay shows examples of how genealogy can be seen as a way to explore alternative aspects of history, and that the knowledge that is acquired through genealogy can be employed to challenge understandings of “real” and “authentic” history. Lastly, the essay shows that genealogy offers a backdrop of historic knowledge that can be used by genealogists to contrast notions of the past with notions of the present, in order to express criticism towards society, convey moral messages, and to make sense of the present time.

Cell fate decisions in many physiological processes, including embryogenesis, stem cell niche homeostasis and wound healing, are regulated by secretion of small signaling proteins, called cytokines, from source cells to their neighbors or into the environment. Concentration level and steepness of the resulting paracrine gradients elicit different cell responses, including proliferation, differentiation or chemotaxis. For an in-depth analysis of underlying mechanisms, in vitro models are required to mimic in vivo cytokine gradients. We set up a microparticle-based system to establish short-range cytokine gradients in a threedimensional extracellular matrix context. To provide native binding sites for cytokines, agarose microparticles were functionalized with different glycosaminoglycans (GAG). After protein was loaded onto microparticles, its slow release was quantified by confocal microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Besides the model protein lysozyme, SDF-1 was used as a relevant chemokine for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) chemotaxis. For both proteins we found gradients ranging up to 50 µm from the microparticle surface and concentrations in the order of nM to pM in dependence on loading concentration and affinity modulation by the GAG functionalization. Directed chemotactic migration of cells from a hematopoietic cell line (FDCPmix) and primary murine HSPC (Sca-1+ CD150+ CD48-) toward the SDF-1-laden microparticles proved functional short-range gradients in a twodimensional and three-dimensional setting over time periods of many hours. The approach has the potential to be applied to other cytokines mimicking paracrine cell-cell interactions in vitro

Social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook and My Space have experience rapid worldwide growth. It is crucial that this global phenomenon be investigated within the South African context. Social networking is a relatively new trend in South Africa and there is a paucity of academic literature on the topic. This quantitative study investigated one of the most popular social networking websites to date, namely Facebook. Facebook is a social networking website which was launched in early 2004. The primary research question focused on determining the usage patterns of South African Facebook users. In specific, the study investigated the purposes for which the site was used, the self-reported substitution of Facebook usage for face-to-face interaction and the relationship between Facebook affinity and Facebook use. A survey research design was used to collect data via an electronic questionnaire posted on Facebook. The theoretical point of departure was post-positivist. Media theories applied to the phenomenon under investigation include the uses and gratifications theory and the theory of the niche. The findings suggest that Facebook is primarily used for its intended purpose of communication. The respondents reported the gratification of versatile (multipurpose) communication. Furthermore, only half of the sample reported privacy concerns regarding Facebook. There was no significant indication that Facebook is a substitute for face-to-face interaction. Half of the sample claimed that their interpersonal contact has increased as a result of Facebook use. In addition, in accordance with expectations, the more affiliated a person is to Facebook, the more they will use Facebook. The findings of this study conform to other studies concerning social networking and provide a South African view of the global phenomenon of social networking websites. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

The human positive regulatory domain I binding factor 1 (PRDI-BF1/PRDM1) promotes differentiation of mature B cells into antibody secreting plasma cells. In contrast ectopic expression of PRDM1 in lymphoma cells can lead to inhibition of proliferation or apoptosis. However, little is currently known about the regulation of PRDM1. The first study presented demonstrates that in lymphoma cells stimulation through the B cell receptor rapidly induces endogenous PRDM1 at the level of transcription. This study provides evidence that the PRDM1 promoter is preloaded and poised for activation in the B cell lines. The transcription factor PU.1 is shown to be required for B cell receptor induced expression of PRDM1 in lymphoma cells and in PU.1 positive myeloma cells. Furthermore, activation is associated with loss of the co-repressor TLE4 from the PU.1 complex. The second study establishes the requirement for PRDM1 in Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) response to Bortezomib. MCL, an aggressive form of B cell lymphoma, has poor disease- free survival rate. The proteasome inhibitor, Bortezomib, is approved for treatment of relapsed and refractory MCL. However, the precise mechanism of action of Bortezomib is not well understood. Bortezomib rapidly induces transcription of PRDM1 along with apoptosis in MCL cell lines and primary MCL tumor samples. Knockdown of PRDM1 inhibits Bortezomib-induced apoptosis, while ectopic expression of PRDM1 alone leads to apoptosis in MCL. MKI67 and PCNA, which are required for proliferation and survival, were identified as novel direct targets of PRDM1 in MCL. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and knockdown studies reveal specific repression of MKI67 and PCNA is mediated by PRDM1 in response to Bortezomib. Furthermore promoter studies demonstrate that PRDM1 functions through a specific site in the proximal promoter region of PCNA and through a distal upstream repression domain on the MKI67 promoter. Together these findings establish PRDM1 as a key mediator of Bortezomib activity in MCL through suppression of proliferation and survival genes. The third study presented demonstrates use of Tandem affinity purification technique followed by mass spectrometry to identify PRDM1 and Reptin52 protein interactions. The observations in this study provide preliminary evidence of novel mechanism of regulation of PRDM1 protein function.

<div><div><div><p>Calcium-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) is a highly abundant protein within the hippocampus, the region of the brain responsible for memory and learning. CaMKII has both structural and signaling roles in the regulation of the connective strength of synapses in excitatory neurons. It has a unique structure comprised of twelve subunits that form a dynamic assembly and is highly flexible. Its structural behavior has been shown to affect its activity, and a comprehensive mechanism of structure and function is still not fully understood. The determination of the quaternary structure of the CaMKII holoenzyme has been attempted for nearly 20 years by a variety of methods, with no one method giving a definitive structure. Problems in obtaining a structure originated with observation methods that estimated quaternary shape from low-resolution ensemble averages or required significant alteration of the protein to enforce a particular conformation. In this work, experiments were conducted to remove these limitations and provide a path towards the quaternary structure of CaMKIIα. Different expression and purification methods were evaluated to produce an optimal protocol for the generation of samples of concentrated, monodisperse, autoinhibited full-length wild-type CaMKIIα for study with cryo-electron microscopy. Strategies for microscopy sample preparation were investigated, including affinity girds, graphene-coated grids, and holey carbon grids. Lastly, experiments using negative stain electron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy with single particle analysis, and cryo-electron tomography with subtomogram averaging were conducted to reveal the conditions required to produce an unambiguous three-dimensional structure. It was found that the assembly of the hexameric hub rings appeared to have flexible orientation, and superposition problems inherent in two-dimensional projection averaging requires the use of cryo-electron tomography to unravel the ambiguity in both hub orientation and catalytic module placement within the reconstructed volume. A subtomogram average of a limited number of particles revealed a hub domain that matched the morphology of prior reports, but the determination of catalytic module placement was not resolved. The cumulative result of this work establishes a strategy for the large-scale data collection needed to fully elucidate the structure of this challenging and fascinating protein.</p></div></div></div>

A method is described for the rapid purification of RNA polymerase holoenzyme from small amounts of Escherichia coli cells. Chromatography of a crude extract on a single-stranded DNA agarose column followed by gell filtration chromatography gave 95% pure holoenzyme. The enzyme kinetic characteristics on T7 DNA identical to those of RNA polymerase purified by other more laborious procedures.

Human RPA (replication protein A), a single-stranded DNA-binding protein, is required for many cellular pathways including DNA repair, recombination and replication. However, the role of RPA in nucleotide excision repair remains elusive. In the present study, we have systematically examined the binding of RPA to a battery of well-defined ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) substrates using fluorescence spectroscopy. These substrates contain adducts of (6-4) photoproducts, N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene-, 1-amino-pyrene-, BPDE (benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide)- and fluorescein that are different in many aspects such as molecular structure and size, DNA disruption mode (e.g. base stacking or non-stacking), as well as chemical properties. Our results showed that RPA has a lower binding affinity for damaged ssDNA than for non-damaged ssDNA and that the affinity of RPA for damaged ssDNA depends on the type of adduct. Interestingly, the bulkier lesions have a greater effect. With a fluorescent base-stacking bulky adduct, (+)-cis-anti-BPDE-dG, we demonstrated that, on binding of RPA. the fluorescence of BPDE-ssDNA was significantly enhanced by up to 8-9-fold. This indicated that the stacking between the BPDE adduct and its neighbouring ssDNA bases had been disrupted and there was a lack of substantial direct contacts between the protein residues and the lesion itself. For RPA interaction with short damaged ssDNA, we propose that, on RPA binding, the modified base of ssDNA is looped out from the surface of the protein, permitting proper contacts of RPA with the remaining unmodified bases.

A novel method for the immobilization of ribonucleosides to polysaccharides, namely to agarose, is presented, and the immobilized nucleosides are used for the purification of nucleoside-converting enzymes, such as adenosine deaminase, guanase OMP-decarboxylase and xanthine oxidase.

An alternative molecular recognition approach was developed for sensing small molecule analytes using the differential binding of an allosteric transcription factor (TF, specifically TetR) to its cognate DNA as the molecular recognition element coupled with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to yield an internally calibrated optical signal transduction mechanism. Sensors were evaluated comprising Cy5-modified DNA (FRET acceptor) with either a tdTomato-TetR fusion protein (FP-TF) or quantum dot-TetR conjugate (QD-TF) as the FRET donor by measuring the ratio of acceptor and donor fluorescence intensities (FA/FD) with titrations of a derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, anhydrous tetracycline (aTc). A proof-of-concept FRET-based biosensor was successfully demonstrated through the modulation of FA/FD signal intensities based on varying analyte concentrations. Sensor design parameters affecting overall signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of the sensors are also identified. / 2020-06-03T00:00:00Z