Engineering complex systems and New Product Development (NPD) are major challenges for contemporary engineering design and must be studied at three levels of: Products, Processes and Organizations (PPO). The science of complexity indicates that complex systems share a common characteristic: they are robust yet fragile. Complex and large scale systems are robust in the face of many uncertainties and variations; however, they can collapse, when facing certain conditions. This is so since complex systems embody many subtle, intricate and nonlinear interactions. If formal modelling exercises with available computational approaches are not able to assist designers to arrive at accurate predictions, then how can we immunize our large scale and complex systems against sudden catastrophic collapse? This thesis is an investigation into complex product design. We tackle the issue first by introducing a template and/or design methodology for complex product design. This template is an integrated product design scheme which embodies and combines elements of both design theory and organization theory; in particular distributed (spatial and temporal) problem solving and adaptive team formation are brought together. This design methodology harnesses emergence and innovation through the incorporation of massive amount of numerical simulations which determines the problem structure as well as the solution space characteristics. Within the context of this design methodology three design methods based on measures of complexity are presented. Complexity measures generally reflect holistic structural characteristics of systems. At the levels of PPO, correspondingly, the Immunity Index (global modal robustness) as an objective function for solutions, the real complexity of decompositions, and the cognitive complexity of a design system are introduced These three measures are helpful in immunizing the complex PPO from chaos and catastrophic failure. In the end, a conceptual decision support system (DSS) for complex NPD based on the presented design template and the complexity measures is introduced. This support system (IMMUNE) is represented by a Multi Agent Blackboard System, and has the dual characteristic of the distributed problem solving environments and yet reflecting the centralized viewpoint to process monitoring. In other words IMMUNE advocates autonomous problem solving (design) agents that is the necessary attribute of innovative design organizations and/or innovation networks; and at the same time it promotes coherence in the design system that is usually seen in centralized systems.

The thesis solves a challenging problem in military logistics for tasks such as transportation scheduling and combinatorial auctions. A conceptual model has been developed that captures the organisational business processes involved and an effective implementation suitable for computer software agents. The protocol facilitates planning and task allocation among organisations in decentralised, dynamic and open environments.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 168 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματεύεται ζητήματα που αφορούν σε συστήματα αυτομάτου ελέγχου με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στα συστήματα κατανεμημένου ελέγχου. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, πραγματοποιείται στην εργασία καταρχάς μια σύντομη ανασκόπηση σε σχέση με τα συστήματα ελέγχου και με το πώς αυτά τα συστήματα εισήχθησαν για χρήση στη βιομηχανία. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζονται τα κατανεμημένα συστήματα ελέγχου, τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά τους αλλά και οι βασικές μεθοδολογίες σχεδίασης ενός τέτοιου συστήματος. Γίνεται επίσης σημαντική αναφορά στα πολυπρακτορικά συστήματα (Multi Agent Systems – MAS) τα οποία αποτελούν το μέλλον της ανάπτυξης των κατανεμημένων συστημάτων. Τέλος, συνοψίζονται τα βασικά προβλήματα, οι τάσεις αλλά και η κατάσταση στην αγορά αναφορικά με αυτά τα συστήματα. / -

Dentro da Educação a Distância (EaD), os softwares de apoio como os Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem (AVA) são considerados recursos que favorecem a comunicação entre os atores envolvidos, permitindo a troca de informação. Atribuir Inteligência Artificial a esses AVAs, utilizando Sistemas Multiagentes (SMA) e uma forma de procurar que os mesmos tenham um bom desempenho e que seus recursos facilitem o processo de aprendizagem. Esse trabalho cont em um estudo sobre os principais AVAs existentes e sobre os métodos alternativos de integração de AVA com SMA. Ao analisar o estado da arte dos AVAs pode-se observar que todos trabalham como ferramentas de auxílio ao aluno, por em nenhum deles trabalha aspectos da gestão da EaD dando suporte aos aspectos relevantes da legislação dessa modalidade. Por esse motivo, essa Tese tem por objetivo a criação de um modelo de integração AVA-SMA que possa tornar o AVA MOODLE capaz de auxiliar os gestores da EaD em suas diferentes tarefas, com base na incorporação, ao mesmo, de um modelo de representação de legislação. Para realizar essa integração do modelo AVA-SMA orientado a Legislação foi desenvolvido um espec co modelo organizacional de Sistema Multiagente. Por m com base em um estudo de caso, ser a realizado simulações para veri car as funcionalidades do Modelo de Sistema AVA-SMA orientado a Legislação, proposto nesta Tese. / In Distance Learning (EaD), supporting software such as Virtual Learning Environments (VLE) are considered resources that favor communication between the actors involved, allowing the exchange of information. Assigning Arti cial Intelligence to these VLEs, using Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is a way of ensuring they have a good performance and that its resources facilitate the learning process. This work contains a study on the major existing VLEs and on alternative methods to integrate VLE with MAS. When analyzing the state of the art of the VLEs it is possible to see that all of them work as aid tools for students, but none of them work on management aspects of distance learning that support the relevant aspects of the legislation for this type of education. Therefore, this thesis aims to create a VLE-MAS integration model that can make the VLE MOODLE able to help distance learning managers in their di erent tasks, based on incorporating a legislation representation model to it. To accomplish this integration of the legislation-oriented VLE-MAS model, a speci c Multi-Agent System organizational model was developed. At last, based on a case study, simulations will be conducted to verify the functionalities of the VLE-MAS System Model oriented to legislation, proposed in this thesis.

Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e arquitetura de uma plataforma para execução de Agentes com funções implementadas em hardware, tomando vantagem do uso de hardware reconfigurável. Os Agentes em hardware são implementados utilizando dispositivos FPGA (Field-programmable Gate Array). O trabalho estende trabalhos anteriores semelhantes na área, com o diferencial de adicionar suporte às funcionalidades de reconfiguração parcial do hardware, suportar aplicações que demandam alto desempenho em hardware – como processamento de sinais e imagens – e redução de recursos de hardware necessários para execução da interface em software. A plataforma proposta utiliza o framework JADE (Java Agent Development Framework), que é um dos frameworks mais populares no estado da arte de desenvolvimento de Agentes e compatível com outros frameworks de Agentes através da conformidade aos padrões FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents). Com o uso do JADE, a plataforma possibilita a comunicação entre Agentes com funções implementadas em hardware e Agentes puramente implementados em software dentro de um mesmo SMA (Sistema Multi-Agente). Uma funcionalidade notável do JADE é a possibilidade de migração de Agentes entre plataformas de um mesmo SMA. Através do uso da reconfiguração parcial de hardware em conjunto com o JADE, a plataforma permite a migração de Agentes de software para hardware e vice-versa, além de suportar reconfiguração de múltiplos Agentes em hardware com um único FPGA. A plataforma faz uso de um único chip através do uso de um processador soft core implementado na lógica programável. O uso deste processador é um diferencial neste trabalho, e mostra que é possível utilizar o JADE em sistemas embarcados com recursos de processamento limitados. Ou seja, em um Agente cuja principal função é implementada em hardware, basta um processador bastante simples para atuar como uma interface entre o hardware e o framework de Agentes. O uso do processador dentro do FPGA tem também o benefício de oferecer formas de acesso mais integrado ao hardware, permitindo maior desempenho na transmissão de dados ao hardware. A plataforma foi validada através de estudos de caso de Agentes com implementações em hardware e em software, incluindo um estudo de caso aplicado de processamento de imagem embarcado utilizando VANTs (Veículos Aéreos Não-Tripulados). O estudo também apresenta comparações de desempenho entre a execução dos Agentes em hardware e em outras plataformas embarcadas de prateleira. Os experimentos realizados mostram um ganho significativo de desempenho nas implementações em FPGA, especialmente considerando processamento de imagens de alta resolução, mesmo considerando que o FPGA executa em frequências consideravelmente reduzidas em comparação às outras plataformas testadas. / This work described the design and architecture of a platform for execution of Agents whose functions are implemented in hardware, by leveraging the use of reconfigurable hardware. The hardware Agents are implemented using FPGA (Field-programmable Gate Array) devices. This work extends previous similar work in this field, while adding the features of hardware partial reconfiguration, supporting applications which require high performance in hardware – such as image or signal processing – and reducing the hardware resource for the software interface execution. The proposed platform makes use of the JADE (Java Agent Development Framework) framework, which is one of the most popular frameworks in state-of-the-art Agent development, and is also compatible with other Agent development frameworks due to compliance with FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) standards. With the use of JADE, the platform enables communication among Agents which are implemented in hardware and Agents purely implemented in software, inside the same MAS (Multi-Agent System). One notable feature of JADE is the possibility of migrating Agents among platforms inside a single MAS. Through the use of hardware partial reconfiguration along with JADE, the platform enables the migration of Agents from software to hardware and viceversa, in addition to supporting múltiple hardware Agents in a single FPGA. The platform makes use of a single chip, by using a MicroBlaze soft core processor implemented in programmable logic. The use of this processor is a distinction on this work, and it shows that it is possible to use JADE on embedded systems with limited processing power. That is, in an Agent whose main function is implemented in hardware, a very simple processor to act as an interface between hardware and the Agent framework is enough. The use of the soft core processor inside the FPGA also has the benefit of offering more integrated ways of accessing hardware, enabling higher performance for transferring data to hardware. The platform was validated through case studies of hardware and software Agent implementation, including a case study applied to image processing using UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). The study also shows performance comparisons between the Agent execution in hardware and in other off-the-shelf embedded platforms. The performed experiments report a significative performance increase in the FPGA implementations, particularly in high resolution image processing, even considering that the FPGA runs in considerably lower clock frequency than the other tested platforms.

La présente thèse s'intéresse à la mise en place de relations contractuelles entre donneur d'ordres et sous-traitants dans une logique de commerce équitable. Nous définissons un contrat équitable comme une relation de partenariat durable qui spécifie les modalités d'échanges physiques,financiers et éventuellement informationnels de façon à garantir la juste rémunération à chaque partie contractante. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise en place de relations contractuelles équitables du type prix de gros. La première phase de notre travail a consisté à proposer une approche permettant de répartir les bénéfices de manière à établir un contrat équitable. La deuxième phase a consisté à appliquer cette approche sur deux types de chaînes : une chaîne dyadique résolue de manière analytique pour une demande aléatoire et une chaîne convergente avec un donneur d'ordres et plusieurs sous-traitants. Dans le cadre de la chaîne convergente, l’approche de résolution diffère selon le contexte de partage d’information. Une résolution analytique est proposée dans le cadre d’un partage d’information total. Dans le cadre d’un partage inexistant, nous avons proposé un modèle multi-agent (M1) qui présente une dynamique de négociation inspirée du contract-net réitéré entre un agent donneur d’ordres et des agents sous-traitants. Dans le cadre d'un partage partiel d'information, nous avons proposé deux modèles multi-agents : (M2) et (M3). Ces modèles intègrent,en plus des agents négociateurs, un agent équitable. Dans (M2), cet agent joue le rôle d'un conseiller.Dans (M3), il joue le rôle d'un dirigeant. Dans le but de valider expérimentalement nos propositions,des critères d’évaluation de l’équité ont été proposés. L'implémentation des modèles a été réalisée grâce à la plateforme JADE. Les différents modèles ont produits des résultats proches de l’équitable.Toutefois, les modèles qui adoptent un partage partiel d'informations présentent de meilleurs résultats. / This thesis is concerned with the establishment of contractual relationships between retailers and subcontractors in a fair trade way. We define a fair contract as a long lasting partnership that specifies physical, financial and eventually informational exchanges to ensure fair repartition of benefits between contracting parties. Thus, we were interested to set up fair whole sale prices contracts.The first phase of our work was to propose an approach to distribute the benefits in order to establish afair contract. The second phase was to apply this approach on two types of supply chains: a dyadicsupply chain solved analytically for a stochastic demand and a convergent supply chain with a retailerand several subcontractors. For the convergent chain, the solving approach differs depending on the context of information sharing. An analytical resolution is proposed for a context of total sharing ofinformation. In the context of inexistent information sharing, we proposed a multi-agent model (M1)having a negotiation dynamic inspired from the iterated contract-net between a retailer agent and several subcontractor agents. In the context of partial information sharing, we proposed two multiagent models (M2) and (M3). In these models a fair agent is added to the bargaining agents. In (M2),the fair agent acts as an advisor. In (M3), it acts as a director. In order to experimentally validate our proposals, fairness evaluation criteria have been proposed. The implementation of these models was performed using the JADE platform. The different models have produced relatively fair results.However, models adopting partial information sharing have produced better results.

[pt] Arquitetos de software têm optado cada vez mais por utilizar estratégias auto–organizáveis para o projeto de sistemas descentralizados dinâmicos e adaptativos, capazes de executar sem a interferência do usuário, administrador ou de outros sistemas. Esse processo de auto-organização muitas vezes resulta em comportamentos emergentes imprevistos, resultantes da interação entre os agentes do sistema. Comportamentos emergentes podem ser tanto benéficos quanto prejudiciais à execução e organização do sistema. Por esse motivo, um sistema multiagente auto-organizável só será utilizado em domínios de problema que envolvam qualquer tipo de risco - tais como indústrias, hospitais, equipamentos militares, etc. - se houver a possibilidade de garantir que ele será capaz de cumprir os seus objetivos de projeto. Entretanto, essa garantia não é simples de ser obtida, uma vez que é impossível mapear todas as possibilidades de comportamento de um sistema modelado através da interação de agentes. Algumas abordagens já foram propostas, mas suas aplicações normalmente são extremamente complexas. Portanto, este trabalho apresenta um novo método para a verificação experimental de sistemas multiagentes auto- organizáveis, evoluindo a técnica empírica de verificação proposta por Kevrekidis e complementando-a através de uma abordagem autonômica integrada à simplicidade da verificação dos planejadores em tempo-real. Como resultado, apresenta-se um framework para o projeto, verificação e simulação de sistemas multiagentes. / [en] Software architects have been recently adopting self-organizing strategies to design dynamic and adaptive decentralized systems capable of executing without interference from the user, from the administrator or from other systems. This self-organization process usually results in unpredicted emergent behaviors resulting from the interaction between the agents. Emergent behaviors can be beneficial or harmful to the system execution and organization. Because of this, multiagent systems will only be adopted into domains that involve risk - like industries, hospitals, military equipments, etc. - if one can guarantee that it will be able to fulfill its design goals. However, it is not easy to guarantee this, since it is impossible to map all the possible behaviors of a system modeled through agent interaction. Some approaches have already been proposed, but their use is usually extremely complex. Therefore, this work presents a new method for the experimental verification of self-organizing multiagent systems, evolving the empiric verification technique proposed by Kevrekidis and complementing it through an autonomic approach linked to the simplicity of the verification through online planners. As a result, a framework for designing, verifying and simulating multiagent systems is presented.

[pt] A crescente expansão e evolução da Internet têm impulsionado a demanda por aplicações baseadas em agentes e a busca por padrões e ferramentas para dar suporte ao desenvolvimento destas aplicações. MIDAS (Middleware for Intelligent and Distributed Agent-based Systems) define uma arquitetura flexível e adaptativa, fracamente acoplada, orientada a serviços que provê uma plataforma de execução e um framework para facilitar o desenvolvimento de sistemas multiagentes na Internet. A arquitetura do framework adere e estende as especificações da arquitetura de referência WSA (Web Services Architecture), sendo formada por duas estruturas básicas: uma concreta e outra abstrata. A estrutura concreta é composta por um conjunto de agentes intermediários dinâmicos e pró-ativos, que provêem serviços de infraestrutura. Estes serviços possibilitam que os desenvolvedores possam abstrair funcionalidades complexas, tais como comunicação, concorrência, gerenciamento e interoperabilidade. A segunda estrutura é composta por classes abstratas que representam os agentes e componentes de aplicações. As classes abstratas definem os hot-spots a partir dos quais as particularidades específicas das aplicações podem ser implementadas e regulam o fluxo de interação entre a implementação concreta dos agentes e a arquitetura. A abordagem estende os atuais padrões definidos pela arquitetura de referência WSA introduzindo o conceito de agente abstrato, e mecanismos complementares para dar suporte ao workflow e modelo de comunicação dos agentes. / [en] The increasing widespread and evolution of the Internet have stimulated the demand for agent-based applications, and the search for standards and tools to support the development of these applications. MIDAS (Middleware for Intelligent and Distributed Agent-based Systems) defines a flexible, adaptable, and loosely coupled service-oriented architecture, that provides an agent platform and a framework to facilitate the development of multi- agent systems in the Internet. The framework architecture adheres and extends the specifications of the WSA (Web Services Architecture) reference model, being composed by two basic structures: a concrete and an abstract one. The concrete structure is composed by a set of dynamic and pro-actives agents, which provide infrastructure services. These services enable the developer to abstract complex functionalities, such as communication, concurrency, management and interoperability. The second structure is composed by abstract classes, which represent the agents and components of applications. The abstract classes define the hot-spots from which the specific particularities of the applications can be implemented, and regulate the interaction flow between the concrete implementation of the agents and the architecture. The proposed architecture extends the current concepts defined by the WSA reference model, introducing the concept of abstract agent and complementary mechanisms to provide support for the agent´s workflow and communication model.

Esta dissertação apresenta a utilização de ontologias como um primeiro passo em direção à interoperabilidade, no nível semântico, entre agentes de diferentes domínios. O contexto de aplicação é um portal educacional chamado PortEdu. Este portal fornece a infra-estrutura e suporte para ambientes de aprendizagem baseados em agentes. O foco deste trabalho é em um agente específico, o agente social, no qual são acrescentadas todas as funcionalidades necessárias para que ele possa interagir com agentes fora de seu contexto. O agente social pertence a um ambiente de aprendizagem multi-agente projetado para apoiar o treinamento do raciocínio, diagnóstico e modelagem de domínios de conhecimento incerto e complexo, como a área médica. Esse ambiente de aprendizagem chama-se AMPLIA. O conhecimento do agente social é modelado através de redes bayesianas, as quais possibilitam ao agente representar seu conhecimento probabilístico e tomar decisões através dele. A representação através de redes bayesianas não foi desenvolvida para ser utilizada no processo de comunicação com outros agentes, o que dificulta a interoperabilidade do agente social com os demais agentes do portal educacional, no qual os ambientes de ensino aprendizagem encontram-se ancorados. A abordagem proposta para fornecer interoperabilidade amplia a arquitetura do agente social possibilitando-o representar seu conhecimento probabilístico através de OWL (Web Ontology Language) e também sua comunicação com agentes externos através de FIPA-ACL (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents – Agent Communication Language), linguagem para comunicação utilizada no PortEdu. A OWL não foi projetada para representar incerteza, sendo assim, também foi desenvolvida uma estrutura para possibilitar tal representação em OWL. / This dissertation presents the utilization of ontologies as a first step towards interoperability at the semantic level among agents of different domains. Our test bed is an Educational Portal (PortEdu). This portal provides the infra-structure and support for agent-based learning environments. We focus on a specific agent, the social agent, adding all the necessary functionality for him to interact with agents that aren’t fully aware of its context. The social agent belongs to a Multi-agent Learning Environment designed to support training of diagnostic reasoning and modeling of domains with complex and uncertain knowledge, such as the medical area. This learning environment is called AMPLIA. The knowledge of social agent is implemented with Bayesian networks, which allows the agent to represent its probabilistic knowledge and make its decisions. The representation through Bayesian networks was not designed to be used for communication with other agents, which makes it more difficult for the social agent to interoperate with the agents present in the portal. The approach proposed to supply interoperability extends the social agent’s architecture allowing the representation of his probabilistic knowledge through OWL (Web Ontology Language) and also allows this communication with external agents through FIPA-ACL (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents – Agent Communication Language), which is the communication language adopted in PortEdu. OWL was not designed to represent uncertain knowledge, thus, it was also developed a structure to allow such representation in OWL.