Santrauka Šio darbo tema – lokalinės normos kaip darbo teisės šaltinis. Darbo teisiniams santykiams yra būdingas dinamiškumas. Todėl reguliuojant darbo teisinius santykius būtina derinti centralizuotą ir sutartinį metodus. Įmonės kolektyvinės sutarties norminės nuostatos yra pripažinti įstatymų leidėjo darbo teisės šaltiniu. Šio darbo teisės šaltinio specifiškumą lemia tiek jo priėmimo tvarka - tai darbuotojų ir darbdavio sutartinės teisėkūros rezultatas, tiek jo taikymo sfera – lokalinėmis normomis, įtvirtintomis įmonės kolektyvinėje sutartyje, reguliuojami darbo teisiniai santykiai tarp darbuotojų kolektyvo ir darbdavio, jos privalomos vykdyti abiems šalims. Įstatymų leidėjas skatindamas socialinį dialogą įvairiomis priemonėmis. Buvo sukurtas darbo tarybų institutas, kaip alternatyvą profesinėms sąjungoms, tačiau praktiškai jis kol kas nėra veiksmingas. Taip pat Darbo kodekse yra eilė nuostatų, kurios gali būti nustatytos tik kolektyvinėje sutartyje. Tačiau kolektyvinis sutartinis reguliavimas nėra išplėtotas Lietuvoje. Mūsų nuomone, nacionalinės kolektyvinės sutarties priėmimas pakeistų situacija, nes nacionalinė kolektyvinė sutartis būtų privaloma darbdaviams, kurios yra darbdavių organizacijų nariai. Tačiau nacionalinės kolektyvinės sutarties priėmimui iškiltų praktinių kliūčių, susijusių su šalių atstovavimu. Taip pat tokiu būdu išlaikytas ir in favorem principas. Įstatymų leidėjas skatindamas socialinį dialogą, priėmė eilę Darbo kodekso pakeitimų, kurios yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary The theme of this work is the Local norms as source of labour law. Dynamism is typical of the legal labour relations. Thus it is necessary to combine a centralized and a contractual method when regulating the legal labour relations. The normative provisions of a company’s collective agreement are recognized as the source of labour law of the legislator. The specificity of this source of the labour law is determined both by its adoption procedure – it is a result of the employees’ and the employer’s contractual lawmaking – and by its application field – legal labour relations between the collective of the employees and the employer are regulated by the local norms established in the collective agreement of the company, which are binding to both of the parties. The legislator stimulates a social dialogue by various means. The institute of the labour councils has been found as an alternative to the trade unions however it is still practically ineffective. In addition the Labour Code includes many provisions that can be stipulated only in a collective agreement. However the collective contractual regulation is not developed in Lithuania. In our opinion the adoption of a national collective agreement would change the situation as the national collective agreement would be mandatory to the employers that are members of employer’s organizations. A principle of in favorem would be maintained in such a way. However, the adoption of the national collective agreement would face... [to full text]

The current socio-economic and political landscape of Sudan and South Sudan can be described as one that is war-ridden and deeply divided by religion, culture, ethnicity and ownership over oil. It has been more than twelve months since the secession of Southern Sudan from the North (See Map 1). Despite the secession, general instability continues. To deal with this turmoil, Sudan declared a so-called “state of emergency” in 2012 along its border with South Sudan. The reason for this was the on-going tension between North Sudan and South Sudan over ownership of the oil-rich Abyei area. This conflict over oil is furthermore fuelled by diverse internal divisions among the Sudanese population (North and South). Sudanese diversity is characterized by two opposing antagonistic religious groupings, namely the Arabic North, whose main religious belief is Islam, and the so-called “black Africans” in the South, whose religious belief is mainly Christianity or Animist. In addition to this primary division there are also over 570 ethnic groups in Sudan (North and South). Conflicts and tension between the different ethnic groups is furthermore caused by disputes over natural resources such as water, livestock and land as well as political power and economic gains. Despite the continued conflict the assumption in this study was that the signing and implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) (2005–2011) represented a potential step towards eventual stability. This dissertation therefore focuses, as a case study, on an analytical description of the CPA and its outcomes. Specific reference was made to the role and impact of political mobilization by using an instrumental approach as a framework for analysis. In the above regard, research centred on the following three themes: *Ethnic mobilization as a factor in the political destabilization of Sudan since independence and towards the implementation of the CPA; *Ethnic mobilization as a guideline in the structuring of the CPA; and *Ethnic mobilization and the eventual outcome of the CPA. By addressing the above themes, the study attempted firstly to provide a balanced perspective on the causes of continued instability and conflict in Sudan. Secondly, an attempt was made to provide a future scenario for the possible unfolding of socio-economic and political developments in Sudan and South Sudan. / MA (Political studies), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The problem of invasive alien species (IAS) is recognized as the second most serious threat to loss of biodiversity after habitat destruction. It is a problem largely created by humans as they transport and introduce species, deliberately and accidentally, from one part of the globe to another. The pressures exerted on biodiversity by international trade are one of the most serious aspects of the IAS problem. Although states are under obligations in international environmental law to prevent the entry of, and control, those alien species that threaten biodiversity, to date state practice has often been found wanting. In particular, quarantine regulation, which can be a state??s first line of defence against IAS, is mainly used by states to protect their farming and agricultural product sectors rather than biodiversity at large. The reasons for this include lack of domestic resources and lack of guidance at the international level. However, even if states were to expand the purview of quarantine, the question arises whether they would be able to use quarantine regulation to protect biodiversity from IAS while simultaneously fulfilling their international trade law obligations. This study seeks to answer this question by examining international environmental law and international trade law in their application to quarantine regulation. In doing so, the study identifies many areas of conflict. The different policies that underpin environmental and trade regimes mean that environmental concepts, such as the precautionary principle and the ecosystem approach, are difficult to apply within the international trade law regime. A way of achieving a more harmonized international response to the problem of IAS is suggested by incorporating environmental considerations into the international standards used by states to design and implement domestic quarantine measures. To facilitate the practical implementation of international standards the study further recommends appropriate financial and institutional capacity building mechanisms.

Zugl.: Hannover, Univ., Diss., 2007

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / "The implications of state trading, and the costs and benefits of GATT membership; with illustrations from the stell industry." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-64).

Thesis--Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [205]-217).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:04:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sgarbi_nmfq_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2341170 bytes, checksum: 0219bc0ae93419efa2e044f2c8290571 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta pesquisa, descrevemos e analisamos a variação da concordância entre o verbo e o SN sujeito de 3ª pessoa do plural, na fala de informantes de 30 municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, para mostrarmos como tem se comportado a variação correlacionada com fatores lingüísticos e sociais, tendo como amostra falas registradas pela equipe de pesquisa do Atlas Lingüístico do Mato Grosso do Sul-ALMS-. Nossos informantes femininos e masculinos, são de distintas faixas etárias e diferentes graus de escolaridade. Para realizar este estudo, tomamos como base os princípios teóricos da Sociolingüística Variacionista e das abordagens Funcionalistas. Recorremos, ainda, aos programas computacionais do pacote VARBRUL para que obtivéssemos as análises individuais e os cruzamentos dos fatores escolhidos. A partir dos resultados, verificamos que a variação de 3ª pessoa do plural está condicionada, tanto por fatores sociais como lingüísticos, sendo que os fatores sociais foram os mais significativos. Entre os fatores sociais os que tiveram maior destaque foram a procedência, o sexo e a escolaridade, e entre os lingüísticos os subfatores sujeito pronominal não-explícito, alguns casos específicos de saliência fônica verbal, como é/são e a presença de marca formal de plural em todos os elementos. De modo geral, esta investigação sugere a evidência de que em vários aspectos a concordância verbal está sujeita a condicionamentos sociais e lingüísticos, desviando-se dos padrões gramaticais. / In this research, it was described and analyzed the variation of the agreement between verb and subject in the 3rd person plural SN- in the speech of informants from thirty towns from Mato Grosso do Sul, to show how it has behaved the variation correlated with linguistic and social factors, having as a sample speeches recorded by the research team from Atlas Lingüístico do Mato Grosso do Sul - ALMS. Our informants, feminine and masculine, are from different age groups and schooling degrees. To carry out this study, it was based on theoretical principles from a variant linguistics and functional approaches. It was also resorted to computing programs from VARBRUL to get individual analyses and the mixing of chosen factors. From the results, it was verified that the variation of the 3rd person plural is conditioned, both social factors and linguistics ones, being the social factors the most meaningful. Among social factors, those which had a greater prominence were the origin, sex and schooling and among linguistics ones, the under factors subjectpronoun were non explicit, some specific cases of phonic verbal prominence as is / are and the formal plural mark present in all elements. In general, this scientific investigation suggests the evidence that in several aspects the verb agreement is submitted to social and linguistics conditions, deviating from grammatical patterns.

La volonté exprimée par le législateur de renforcer la place de la norme conventionnelle au sein du droit du travail, témoigne de l’importance devant être accordée à l’acte conventionnel de sa formation à son extinction, en passant par son exécution. Cette thèse aura ainsi pour objet d’étudier la phase d’extinction et plus spécifiquement les différents mécanismes conduisant à l’anéantissement des conventions et accords collectifs de travail. L’analyse de ces derniers conduit ainsi à opérer une distinction selon l’origine du fait générateur de l’extinction. L’extinction sera dite assumée lorsqu’elle sera la conséquence directe de la volonté des parties de mettre un terme à l’acte conventionnel. Un tel choix imposera dès lors le recours à la dénonciation ou bien aux conventions et accords à durée déterminée. Par opposition, l’extinction pourra être subie. L’anéantissement de l’acte s’imposera alors aux parties en raison de la survenance d’un événement déterminé. Dans pareilles circonstances, ce sont la mise en cause et la caducité qui devront alors être mises en oeuvre. La pluralité des situations que de tels mécanismes ont vocation à régir atteste de leur pertinence et de leur intérêt. Dès lors, au-delà de leur définition, c’est un régime complet de chacun de ces différents mécanismes d’extinction de l’acte conventionnel qui sera proposé au travers de cette étude. / The decision expressed by the legislator to strengthen conventional norm’s position in labor law, shows the importance of collective bargaining agreement from their conclusion through their application to their extinction. This PhD work aims to study the extinction phase and more precisely various mechanisms which lead to the end of collective bargaining agreements. There should be a clear distinction according to the origin of the operative event. Extinction will be shouldered when it will be the direct result of the choice made by the contracting parties to put an end to collective bargaining agreement. This choice will require the use of specific mechanisms such as denunciation or fixed term collective bargaining agreement. In contrast, extinction can be induced. Extinction should be binding on the parties because of a determinate event occurrence. In such cases different mechanisms have to be used such as caducity or « mise en cause ». These several situations show their relevance and interest. Therefore, beyond their definition a comprehensive scheme for each extinction mechanism will be suggested in this study.

Due to the abortion of the proposed Havana Charter and non-participation of the USSR and other State trading economies in the Charter negotiations, GATT has been acting as a traders' club - a club mainly beneficial to western •market economies. Its rules are formulated almost exclusively in favor of free trade on a comparative advantage and private enterprise basis. There is virtually no place for NMEs to have effective access. As one of the pivots of post-World-War-II multilateralism, GATT assumes a major role in compromising, integrating, regulating and supervising diversified member nations' trade laws and policies. Its legal framework, however, is inadequate to deal with the integration of NME. This is because GATT is framed essentially along the line of market ideology and minimal government intervention. NMEs, on the other hand, discard market ideology and adopt wholesale government intervention and central planning as a basic form of economy. While trading practice in NMEs is basically incompatible with the GATT-promoted free trade rules, accommodations were made to facilitate NMEs' request for membership. Consequently, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia became GATT members respectively during the 1960s and 70s. At that time East European countries maintained command state trading thus were unable to be fully integrated into the GATT-based international trade order. During negotiations on terms of NMEs' accession to GATT, GATT countries adopted an import commitments approach to solve the central and much debated issue of market access to NME countries. Despite its merits, the approach has been criticized notwithstanding the fact that no alternative has been suggested. Accordingly, the primary objective of the thesis is to rethink the existing approaches to NMEs in order to explore new ways of effectively integrating NMEs into the GATT legal framework. By approaching the thesis problem carefully, the writer arrives at the conclusion that although GATT would need new assumptions with a view to regaining a new consensus of broader international representation and participation, a considerable and substantial decentralization in the NME is unavoidable in order to adapt themselves into the GATT framework. In the meantime, it is stressed that all GATT countries should continue to facilitate NMEs' access to the GATT forum in the hope that NMEs being potential world traders would increase world prosperity and understanding by broader participation. World prosperity, needless to say, is the best guarantee of world peace and security. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with theoretical description of franchising, we can find there definition, basic terms and types of franchising, advantages and disadvantages for both parties and there is also a description how to build a franchised business, including pilot operation, operational manual or franchise agreement. The second part is dedicated to practical application of franchising on a concept of kindergarten and nursery.