Para avaliar a capacidade da toxina ExoU de P. aeruginosa de induzir a expressão do fator tissular (FT) por células epiteliais respiratórias da linhagem BEAS-2B, células infectadas pela cepa PA103, produtora da toxina, foram comparadas com outras infectadas por cepa mutante obtida por deleção do gene exoU e com células controles não infectadas quanto a i) expressão do mRNA do FT, por RT-PCR; ii) expressão da proteína FT em lisados celulares, por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), e na superfície celular, por citometria de fluxo; iii) atividade pró-coagulante das células, pela determinação da capacidade de indução de coagulação de plasma humano normal e do lisado celular, através de ensaio colorimétrico; iv) presença de FT solúvel no sobrenadante das culturas, por ELISA; v) liberação de micropartículas expressando FT e fosfatidilserina (FS), por citometria de fluxo. Nossos resultados mostraram que ExoU foi responsável pelo aumento da expressão do mRNA e da concentração da glicoproteína FT tanto nos lisados quanto na superfície celular. Esse aumento foi revertido quando as bactérias foram tratadas com uma droga inibidora de PLA2 (MAFP), comprovando-se a dependência da atividade fosfolipásica A2 de ExoU para a modulação da expressão do FT. Células infectadas pela cepa PA103 induziram uma diminuição no tempo de coagulação do plasma humano normal e o aumento da hidrólise do substrato sintético utilizado no teste colorimétrico em comparação com as células infectadas com a cepa mutante, mostrando que o FT expresso era funcionalmente ativo. Foi também detectado um aumento na concentração de FT solúvel presente nos sobrenadantes de culturas infectadas por PA103 e no número de micropartículas expressando, simultaneamente, FT e FS em relação à cultura infectada pela cepa PA103∆exoU. Os resultados obtidos nos testes in vitro foram validados pela demonstração de que a concentração de FT no parênquima pulmonar de camundongos infectados, por via intratraqueal, com a cepa selvagem foi significativamente superior à detectada nos animais infectados com a cepa mutante. / To evaluate the capacity of the P. aeruginosa toxin ExoU to induce the expression of tissue factor (TF) by epithelial respiratory cells from the BEAS-2B cell line, cells infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 bacterial strain were compared with cells infected with a mutant obtained by deletion of the exoU gene and with control non-infected cells in their i) expression of the TF mRNA, by RT-PCR; ii) expression of the protein TF in cell lisates and surfaces, by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively; iii) procoagulant activity by determining the ability of intact cells to induce the coagulation of normal human plasma and the ability of cell lysates to cleave the synthetic substrate of a chromogenic assay; iv) presence of soluble TF in cell culture supernatants, by ELISA and v) release of microparticles simultaneously expressing TF and phosphatidylserine, by flow cytometry. Cells infected with the wild type bacteria exhibited increased expression of TF mRNA 1 hour after infection and a positive modulation of TF expression in both cell lysates and cell surfaces. The enhancement of TF expression was inhibited when cells were infected with bacteria previously treated with a PLA2 inhibitor (MAFP), confirming that the ability of ExoU to modulate TF expression depended on its phospholipase A2 activity. Newly expressed TF was shown to be functionally active, by both the decrease in the clotting time of human plasma and the enhancement of the hydrolysis of the chromogenic assay substrate. Cells infected with the ExoU-producing bacteria exhibited also higher concentrations of soluble TF and of TF and PS bearing microparticles in the cell culture supernatants. These in vitro results were validated by our finding of increase TF concentrations in the lung parenchyma of mice infected intratracheally with the ExoU producing-bacteria at 24 h post-infection.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19592号 / 医博第4099号 / 新制||医||1014(附属図書館) / 32628 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 上杉 志成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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<p>IPF is a respiratory condition of unknown etiology that has poor survival prognosis. The stiffening of the lung associated with this condition is attributed to the irreversible turnover of healthy lung tissue into scar tissue, which affects gas exchange and can eventually lead to organ failure. Numerous studies have implicated the pro-fibrogenic growth factor TGF-β, through activation of the SMAD2/3 pathway, as a central mediator in the pathology of this condition. However, other cytokines, including members of the IL-6/gp130 family such as OSM, and other signaling pathways may be implicated in ECM accumulation in certain conditions. In particular, STAT3 activation and an impairment of the BMP-SMAD1 signaling axis is thought to contribute to lung ECM accumulation. Based on the finding that transient pulmonary overexpression of OSM induces lung ECM accumulation in C57Bl/6 mice, it was hypothesized that OSM-induced ECM remodeling would be associated with STAT3 activation and suppression of the BMP-SMAD1-signaling axis.</p> <p>Findings in this thesis revealed that transient pulmonary overexpression of OSM induces ECM remodeling in both BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice after seven days, despite a dichotomous response in other experimental models of ECM remodeling. However, parenchyma, but not airway, pathology resolved after 28 days in AdOSM-treated BALB/c mice. Furthermore, OSM-induced ECM remodeling occurred independently of IL-6-associated inflammation as well as TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling. MLF cultures treated with OSM did not directly regulate gene expression of ECM-related genes, suggesting that other cells may be responsible for OSM-induced ECM accumulation <em>in vivo</em>. OSM overexpression <em>in vivo </em>was associated with STAT3 activation and SMAD1 suppression, and an assessment of STAT3 and SMAD signaling <em>in vitro</em> showed that OSM activated the STAT3 pathway in MLF cultures, mouse type two pneumocytes, and human airway cells, while OSM suppressed the SMAD1 pathway in mouse type two pneumocytes, and human airway cells. Collectively, this thesis shows that OSM induces novel pathways in models of lung ECM remodeling, and this may have implications for IPF pathogenesis.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles de l’hypoxie intermittente (HI) sur l’inflammation respiratoire. Dans un premier travail, nous avons caractérisé le profil inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales nasales humaines (CENH) en réponse à l’HI et mis en évidence une augmentation significative de la sécrétion d’IL-8, de PDGF AA, de VEGF et de gélatinases. L’IL-8 sécrétée était active comme en atteste le pouvoir chémotactique majeur des surnageants de CENH envers les neutrophiles. De plus, nous avons montré que l’HI per se était responsable d’une augmentation de la migration des neutrophiles et que l’addition d’IL-8 potentialisait cet effet, d’autant plus qu’elle agissait sur des neutrophiles de patients présentant un syndrome d’apnées/hypopnées du sommeil, déjà activés. Dans le second travail, nous avons mis en évidence une réponse spécifique des cellules musculaires lisses bronchiques à l’HI avec une sécrétion de VEGF et surtout une augmentation de leurs capacités de migration. De surcroît, nous avons montré que le surnageant des CENH soumises à l’HI induisait une augmentation majeure de ces capacités de migration, dépendant de la sécrétion de PDGFAA. Nos études montrent que l’HI induit une réponse inflammatoire des cellules résidentes de l’arbre trachéobronchique, cellules épithéliales et musculaires lisses. L’utilisation d’un modèle in vitro a permis d’isoler cette réponse tissulaire spécifique de l’influence d’une inflammation vasculaire et systémique. Ces résultats peuvent expliquer la neutrophilie observée dans les expectorations des apnéiques ainsi que les résultats fonctionnels respiratoires de ces patients / In present work, we addressed the role of Intermittent Hypoxia (IH) on respiratory inflammation. In a first study, we characterized the inflammatory profile of the human nasal epithelial cells (CENH) in response to IH and showed a significant increase of the IL-8, PDGF AA, VEGF and gelatinases secretion. The released IL-8 was active, as shown by the ability of supernatants to induce neutrophil migration. Furthermore, we showed that IH per se induced neutrophil migration and that IL-8 had an additive effect, especially on already activated neutrophils from patients suffering from sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). In the second study, we showed a specific response of bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC) to IH with induction of VEGF secretion and an increase in migration capacities. In addition, supernatants of CENH exposed to IH induced a major increase of BSMC migration, dependent on PDGFAA secretion. Our studies show that IH leads to an inflammatory response of the resident tracheobronchial cells, both epithelial and smooth muscle cells. The use of an in vitro model allowed to isolate the specific tissular response from the influence of a vascular and systemic inflammation. These results can explain the neutrophilia observed in induced sputum of patients with SAHS, as well as the results of their pulmonary functional tests

Introduction: le Virus Respiratoire Syncytial humain (RSV) induit un taux élevé de morbidité et de mortalité chez les enfants, les personnes immunodéprimées et les personnes âgées. Il existe un besoin urgent d'un nouveau traitement antiviral et d'un vaccin efficaces. Les cellules épithéliales des voies aériennes (AEC) sont la cible principale de RSV et constituent la première ligne de défense grâce à des mécanismes distincts, qui incluent une réponse antivirale autonome cellulaire. La protéine p62/SQSTM1 a de multiples fonctions cellulaires, y compris la séquestration spécifique de la cargaison ubiquitinée (c'est-à-dire, les protéines/organelles et les bactéries intracellulaires) pour leur clairance par autophagie. Des données publiées ont mis en évidence un rôle important de p62 dans la régulation de plusieurs virus (par exemple, le virus de la grippe et la dengue), favorisant ou restreignant sa réplication en fonction du virus. L'objectif de notre étude est de déterminer le rôle de p62 dans la régulation du cycle infectieux de RSV. Méthodes et résultats: L'analyse de l'expression de p62 dans les cellules A549 a montré que p62 est induit et phosphorylé au début de l'infection par RSV. Il est ensuite dégradé plus tardivement durant l’infection. La déplétion des niveaux de p62 a diminué l'accumulation intracellulaire des protéines virales, tandis que la relâche des virions infectieux a été augmentée. De plus, nous avons observé que la réplication de recRSV-GFP est diminuée dans des cellules exprimant de façon stable la protéine associée aux microtubules 1A/1B, chaîne légère 3 (LC3). LC3 recrute p62 et ses cargaisons à l'autophagosome pour qu'ils soient dégradés par autophagie. Des études sont actuellement en cours pour déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires, dépendant de p62, impliqués dans la régulation de la réplication de RSV. Conclusion: nos résultats mettent en évidence un rôle clé de p62 dans la réplication et la propagation de RSV. Ces études aideront à définir si p62 pourrait représenter une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour lutter contre l'infection à RSV. / Introduction: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide in children, immunocompromised and elderly people. There is an urgent need for effective antiviral treatments and vaccines for RSV. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) are the primary target of RSV and constitute the first line of defense through distinct mechanisms, including intrinsic antiviral responses. The p62/SQSTM1 protein has multiple cellular functions including cell signaling and sequestration of specific ubiquitinated cargo (i.e. proteins/organelles and intracellular bacteria) for autophagic degradation. The replication of several viruses has been shown to be sensitive to p62 levels. The goal of our study is to investigate the role of p62 in the regulation of RSV replication. Methods and Results: Analysis of p62 expression in A549 cells showed that p62 is induced and phosphorylated during early stages of RSV infection, followed by degradation at later times. P62 silencing diminished the intracellular accumulation of viral proteins, while causing increased release of infectious virions. Additionally, we observed that the stable expression of Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), which recruits p62 and its cargos to the autophagosome for autophagy degradation, reduces recRSV-GFP replication. Studies are currently undertaken to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in p62-dependent regulation of RSV replication. Conclusion: Our results highlight a key role of p62 in the replication of RSV. These studies will help to define whether p62 might represent a potential therapeutic target to fight RSV infection.

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