Impaired gait and postural instability in patients living with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are regarded as the main aspects of the disease that causes disability in their home and work environment. As a progressive neurological movement disorder due to degeneration in the basal ganglia, PD is the second most common neurological disease after stroke and the fourth most common neuro-degenerative disease in the elderly. Functional Electrical Sensory Stimulation (FESS) (Group 1) and Functional Electrical Sensory and Motor Stimulation (FES&MS) (Group 2) was administered to the common peroneal nerve as external cues to facilitate the initiation of taking a step in patients with akinesia. The hypotheses that were tested were: Hypothesis 1 (H1) FESS and FES&MS decrease freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD. Null Hypothesis (H0) FESS and FES&MS do not decrease freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD. Hypothesis 2 (H2) FESS and FES&MS decrease freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD to such an extent that it improves the quality of life of patients. Null Hypothesis 2 (H02) FESS and FES&MS do not decrease freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD to such an extent that it improves the quality of life of the patients. Hypothesis 3 (H3) FESS decreases freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD more than FES&MS. Null Hypothesis 3 (H03) FESS does not decrease freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia/hypokinesia during gait in patients suffering from PD more than FES&MS. A single blind, randomized active controlled clinical trial was conducted. Patients with PD who experienced freezing/akinesia and bradykinesia / hypokinesia and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study were allocated randomly into two groups. Ten (10) patients were randomly allocated to each group. The baseline measurement was determined by calculating the average of the measurements at week zero (0) and week two (2). Results of the participants in each group at week fourteen (14) (after twelve (12) weeks of FESS and FES&MS respectively) were compared to their baseline measurement, as well as between Group 1 and Group 2. The FESS and FES&MS was removed at week fourteen (14) and measurements were repeated at week twenty four (24). Parameters of gait that were used in the trial included; the time, speed, number of steps, average step length, Freezing of gait scale and PCI to complete a walking task. The Qol was determined by using the PDQ-39 and the motor part of the UPDRS. From the results obtained the alternative hypotheses H1, H2 and H3 was accepted for Group 1. The null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis H3 was accepted for Group 2 It can be concluded from the results of this clinical trial that FESS decreases akinetic episodes in patients with PD statistically significantly and clinically improves their Qol. Qol was statistically significantly improved in Group 2 although hypothesis H1 was not accepted for Group 2. / Dissertation (MPhysT)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Physiotherapy / unrestricted

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by akinesia, muscular rigidity, and postural instability, due primarily to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and depletion of upstream dopamine in the striatum. Current dopaminergic treatments reduce motor symptoms, but have diminishing benefits as the disease progresses. Treatment with the neuroactive steroid natural progesterone (PROG) improves outcomes in many experimental models of brain injury due to its pleiotropic mechanisms of neuroprotection, many of which may also benefit PD. This thesis investigated the influence of PROG on motor impairments in the unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of PD in rats. We established a PD-like impairment with a d-amphetamine induced rotation test at day 7 after large lesions and then administered PROG (4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days starting at day 8. Both PROG doses markedly improved the primary outcome measure, forelimb akinesia on the adjusting steps test, with improvement sustained for six weeks after treatment had stopped. In a second study the beneficial influence of PROG (8 mg/kg) on akinesia was replicated for rats with large lesions and was extended to rats with small lesions so that the latter rats were now similar to sham operated controls. We also found that PROG modestly improved postural instability of the ipsilateral forelimb on the postural instability test, and sensorimotor integration on the whisker test, but did not improve skilled reaching accuracy on a single-pellet reaching task, forelimb use asymmetry on the cylinder test, sensory neglect on the corridor test, or rotation bias after apomorphine. Furthermore, PROG did not change striatal tyrosine hydroxylase density when assessed in rats with large lesions. This study has provided the most thorough examination to date regarding PROG’s influence on motor skills in an animal model of PD. Furthermore, this study has produced novel evidence of the beneficial effects of PROG treatment on forelimb akinesia. These initial promising findings suggest that PROG is an effective therapy for akinesia and thus provides an impetus to further investigate PROG’s efficacy for the treatment of PD.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as “broken heart syndrome,” is a transient left ventricular dysfunction associated with stress (usually emotional) induced myocardial injury and stunning. It often presents as myocardial infarction on surface electrocardiogram (EKG). Diagnosis is made by coronary angiography, which rules out coronary artery disease and shows pathognomonic apical ballooning. In this article, we present a case of a 72-year-old woman who initially presented with an ST segment elevation myocardial infarction on EKG. Coronary angiography showed severe left anterior descending artery and diagonal lesions requiring percutaneous coronary intervention. Post–percutaneous coronary intervention, EKG changes resolved. The next day, the patient developed recurrent chest pain and her EKG showed diffuse T-wave inversion in precordial leads with reemerging ST segment elevations concerning for stent thrombosis. The patient underwent repeat emergent coronary angiography, which showed patent stents and findings consistent with takotsubo cardiomyopathy.

Nous avons pris le parti pour cette thèse d'étudier en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle deux éléments sémiologiques de la maladie de Parkinson : les mouvements en miroir et l'akinésie. Ces deux phénomènes reflètent une plasticité cérébrale anormale dans cette maladie. Notre première expérience révèle que les mouvements en miroir chez les patients parkinsoniens sont contemporains 1/ d'un défaut d'inhibition, notamment réactive. 2/ de nombreuses hyperactivations, pouvant refléter soit un recrutement compensateur soit une perte délétère de la sélectivité de l'activation corticale. La deuxième expérience s'intéresse à une autre forme d'inhibition, l'inhibition proactive. Nos résultats révèlent que les structures participant au contrôle moteur proactif et notamment le précuneus et les cortex cingulaires postérieur et antérieur sont modulés par le système noradrénergiques chez le sujet sain. Dans une troisième expérience nous avons appliqué ce protocole expérimental à des sujets parkinsoniens. La comparaison avec les données issues de la première expérience révèlent 1/ que les sujets parkinsoniens ont une implémentation anormale du réseau d'inhibition proactive avec une difficulté à se placer en condition de déverrouillage moteur. Ce phénomène pourrait allonger le temps de réaction et participer à l'akinésie. 2/ que l'administration de clonidine renforce encore ce phénomène, en agissant sur les structures antérieures du réseau d'inhibition proactive (cortex cingulaire antérieur et cortex préfrontal dorsomédial). Tous ensembles ces résultats suggèrent une plasticité anormale dans la maladie de Parkinson sousjacente aux mouvements en miroir et à l'akinésie. Celle-ci se traduit 1/ par des défauts d'inhibition, notamment réactive, favorisant l'apparition de mouvements parasites, les mouvements en miroir, 2/ par un renforcement pathologique de l'inhibition proactive qui pourrait participer à l'allongement du temps de réaction et à l'akinésie. La découverte d'une modulation noradrénergique de ce réseau ouvre des portes thérapeutiques nouvelles dans l akinésie parkinsonienne mais également dans l'impulsivité dont certains composants, notamment moteur, semblent être liés à l'inhibition proactive / Mirror movements and akinesia can be both found during Parkinson’s disease. Although very different, they may both reflect an abnormal cerebral plasticity during the disease and the perturbation of the motor inhibitory control. This work reveals that mirror movements are linked to a1/ disruption of the reactive inhibitory control and 2/ to the overactivation of numerous cortical areas. The latter could be the result of a compensatory recruitment aiming at improving the movement. But they could as well reflect a deleterious loss of cerebral activation specificity during Parkinson’s disease. The second experience shows that in healthy subject, the proactive inhibitory control is underpinned by the noradrenergic system. Last but not least the third part of this work reveals an abnormal implementation of the proactive inhibitory control in Parkinson’s disease and suggests its involvement in akinesia. Brought together these results suggest that an abnormal plasticity phenomenon underlies the mirror movements and the akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. More precisely, we observed a default of the reactive inhibitory control associated to mirror movements in Parkinson’s disease and an excess of proactive inhibitory control that seems to be linked to akinesia. The finding of an adrenergic modulation of the proactive inhibitory control opens the fields for the development of noradrenergic therapeutics in akinesia

Les troubles de l’initiation du mouvement de la maladie de Parkinson sont invalidants et sans solution thérapeutique satisfaisante. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à deux catégories de symptômes, classiquement explorées de façon indépendante : d’un côté, la lenteur à l’initiation du mouvement ou akinésie, et de l’autre, la difficulté à retenir l’initiation d’un mouvement ou impulsivité. En nous appuyant sur des avancées théoriques et méthodologiques récentes, nous tentons de revisiter ces troubles de l’initiation du mouvement en termes de dysfonctionnements exécutifs dans la maladie de Parkinson.Dans ce but, nous avons : 1) recherché les liens entre marqueurs cliniques (akinésie et impulsivité) et troubles du contrôle inhibiteur ; 2) identifié les dysfonctionnements cérébraux associés au moyen de méthodes électroencéphalographiques innovantes permettant de localiser les sources cérébrales et d’observer la dynamique des processus cérébraux ; et 3) sondé l’origine neurochimique de cette fonction à l’aide d’un protocole pharmacologique.Nos résultats suggèrent que l’impulsivité et l’akinésie sont les deux faces d’une même pièce, aux origines d’un dysfonctionnement du contrôle inhibiteur proactif non sélectif. Ils indiquent également que ce contrôle exécutif est sous-tendu par l’activité du noyau sous-thalamique et d’un réseau cortical médian comprenant le précuneus et l’aire motrice supplémentaire. Un rôle du système noradrénergique a également été mis en évidence à l’origine de ces troubles exécutifs. Ces travaux ouvrent donc la voie à de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques pour la maladie de Parkinson / Movement initiation disorders in Parkinson’s disease are multifaceted, are debilitating and have no satisfying therapeutic option. On the one hand, slowness and difficulties initiating voluntary movements contribute to akinesia, a cardinal symptom of the disease which is usually considered to be motor in origin and which is not fully alleviated by current medication. On the other hand, difficulties refraining voluntary movements contribute to impulsivity, a frequent side effect of current dopaminergic and neurosurgical therapies. Here, based on systematic analyses of the clinical neuroimaging literature, we suggest that these opposite forms of movement initiation disorders might be executive, not purely motor, in origin.To empirically test this hypothesis, we: 1) related clinical markers of the disease (akinesia and impulsivity) to behavioral indexes of inhibitory control impairment; 2) identified associated cerebral dysfunctions by means of advanced electroencephalographic (EEG) methods; and 3) investigated the neurochemical origin of these dysfunctions by combining pharmacological and cerebral stimulations with EEG recordings.Results suggest that impulsivity and akinesia are the two sides of the same coin. Indeed, they were found to be associated with opposite inhibitory control disorders, and dysfunctions of subthalamic cortical loops involving medial executive areas. Importantly, it was also found that restoring normal behavior and normal activity within these loops by means of deep brain stimulation depends on the level of noradrenergic tonus, opening the way for new therapeutic approaches for Parkinson’s disease

La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est une maladie neurodégénérative chronique qui apparait en moyenne à partir 55 ans. Sa cause reste inconnue mais son apparition et son développement sont corrélés avec la perte progressive des neurones dopaminergique de la substance noire qui innervent les ganglions de la base (GB). Jusqu'à ce jour le traitement le plus efficace est basé sur la compensation du déficit en dopamine (DA) par l'administration de son précurseur, la L-DOPA, qui est métabolisé en DA. Ce traitement améliore les symptômes moteurs de la maladie et donc la qualité de vie des patients. Néanmoins, après une certaine période des effets secondaires invalidants apparaissent, en particulier des fluctuations motrices et des mouvements anormaux involontaires appelés dyskinésies. De plus, ce traitement n'apporte pas de réponse à la progression de la dégénérescence et donc de la maladie. C'est pour ces raisons que la communauté scientifique est à la recherche d'une thérapie pharmacologique alternative à la L-DOPA, ou du moins visant à minimiser ses effets indésirables. Dans ce contexte, les récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate, en particulier mGluR4, semblent constituer une cible privilégiée. En effet, mGluR4 est situé à des synapses des GB supposées hyperactives dans la MP, et son activation par des moyens pharmacologiques pourrait donc rétablir une activité normale grâce à son action inhibitrice sur la libération de neurotransmetteur. Nos résultats démontrent le bien-fondé de cette hypothèse sur le plan fonctionnel, en utilisant un nouvel agoniste allostérique spécifique de mGluR4, Lu AF21934. / Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that appears around 55 years of age. The causes of PD remain unknown but its appearance and progression are correlated with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta innervating the basal ganglia (BG). Up to date, the most efficient treatment is based on restoring a normal level of dopamine (DA) in the brain by the administration of L-DOPA, a DA precursor that is metabolized to DA. However, at long term, L-DOPA treatment induces some side-effects, in particular the highly disabling L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For this reason, the scientific community is searching for a pharmacological treatment alternative to L-DOPA and/or minimizing LID. In this context, metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular mGluR4, are targets of interest. mGlu4 are localized at presynaptic terminals within BG circuitry that become hyperactive in PD. For this reason, mGluR4 has been considered a key strategic target for non-dopaminergic pharmacological treatments aimed at modulating these synapses, due to its ability to reduce neurotransmitter release. Herein we provide physiological and functional support to this hypothesis using Lu AF21934, a novel selective and brain-penetrant mGluR4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM). By in vitro electrophysiological recordings we demonstrate that Lu AF21934 inhibits corticostriatal synaptic transmission. In rats rendered parkinsonian, Lu AF21934 combined with sub-threshold doses of L-DOPA acted synergistically in alleviating akinesia in a dose-dependent manner and, notably, also reduced the incidence of LID.

L'inhibition est au cœur du contrôle cognitif. Mais son étude est ardue parce qu'elle s'adapte mal des méthodes psychophysiologiques classiques. En effet si l'inhibition est efficacement implémentée, tout comportement observable est supprimé! En conséquence, les modèles psychologiques existants sont fragiles, et les méthodes d'imagerie rapportent des résultats discordants. Une méta-analyse a d'abord été utilisée pour montrer que les travaux classiques confondent activations liées aux mécanismes d'inhibition réactive et sélective et activations liées aux fonctions cognitives corolaires mises en jeu dans les tâches expérimentales. Cela nous a amené à proposer un modèle alternatif d'inhibition, conçu comme un verrouillage anticipé et non-sélectif (contrôle proactif). Ce modèle a d'abord été testé au moyen de deux expériences psychophysiques. Les résultats suggèrent que l'inhibition proactive est le mode de fonctionnement par défaut du système exécutif. Le modèle proactif a ensuite été éprouvé en même temps que ses deux concurrents (réactif sélectif et réactif non-sélectif) à l'aide d'une étude IRMf. Les résultats confirment que le modèle réactif sélectif est peu plausible, au contraire de ses deux concurrents plus récents et moins populaires. La dernière partie est consacrée aux conséquences cliniques de ce renversement théorique. Alors que le modèle standard assume que l'impulsivité est la seule conséquence de troubles de l'inhibition, le modèle proactif prédit aussi des difficultés à initier un mouvement. C'est ce que nous démontrons, en faisant le lien entre hyperactivation du réseau de contrôle proactif et l'akinésie chez le patient parkinsonien / The inhibition is a key function of the cognitive control. But its assessment is made difficult by its very definition. Indeed, if the inhibition is properly implemented, the observable outcomes are suppressed. In consequences, the existing psychological models are fragile, and the imaging results inconsistent. A meta-analysis was first used to prove that the classical studies confound activations related to the reactive and selective inhibition and the activity elicited by parallel functions involved in experimental tasks. This led us to propose a new model of inhibition, defined as proactive mechanisms implemented in anticipation of stimulation. This model was first tested with two behavioral experiments. The results suggest that proactive inhibition is the default mode of the executive control. The proactive model was then assessed together with its two competing models (reactive selective and reactive non-selective) in an fMRI study. The results confirmed that the reactive selective model is less plausible than the two non-selective models. Finally we focused on the clinical consequence of this theoretical upheaval. When the standard model predicts that the impulsivity is the only consequence of inhibition deficit, the proactive model also predicts a deficit in movement initiation. This is what we showed by associating a hyperactivation of the proactive control network and the akinesia in Parkinson’s disease

Les troubles exécutifs de la maladie de Parkinson sont invalidants et sans solution thérapeutique satisfaisante. La raison est liée au fait que les fonctions exécutives sont difficiles à appréhender, tant au niveau de leur modélisation cognitive qu'anatomo-fonctionnelle ou neurochimique. Ici, nous nous appuyons sur des avancées théoriques et méthodologiques récentes pour revisiter ces troubles exécutifs. Nous nous intéressons à une fonction, récemment mise en évidence, destinée à verrouiller par anticipation le déclenchement de toute action en situation d'incertitude : le contrôle proactif de l'inhibition non sélective de l'action. Notre hypothèse directrice est que son dysfonctionnement est susceptible de générer une grande variété de troubles exécutifs. Nous avons : 1) recherché les liens entre marqueurs cliniques et troubles du contrôle proactif ; 2) identifié les dysfonctionnements cérébraux associés au moyen de méthodes électroencéphalographiques innovantes combinées à l'enregistrement des effets de la stimulation du noyau sous-thalamique ; et 3) sondé l'origine neurochimique de cette fonction. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'un dysfonctionnement de l'inhibition proactive n'engendre pas uniquement des troubles impulsifs mais explique également des comportements hypo-productifs comme l'akinésie. Ils indiquent que ces troubles ne sont pas d'origine dopaminergique et qu'ils sont liés au dysfonctionnement de l'activité du cortex frontal médian et du noyau sous-thalamique. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques pour la maladie de Parkinson et à une meilleure appréhension de la clinique d'autres pathologies / Executive impairments in Parkinson’s disease are debilitating and have no satisfying therapeutic option. This is partly due to the fact that executive functions are difficult to investigate from cognitive, neuro-functional and neurochemical standpoints. Here, we build on recent theoretical and methodological improvements to revisit executive impairments. We are interested in a function that consists in locking in advance movement initiation mechanisms in the face of uncertainty: proactive control of non-selective inhibition of action. Our leading hypothesis is that dysfunction of proactive inhibitory control could generate widespread and heterogeneous executive impairments. We thus: 1) tried to relate clinical markers of the disease to behavioral indexes of proactive control impairment; 2) identified the associated cerebral dysfunctions by means of advanced electroencephalographic methods and manipulation of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus; and 3) investigated the neurochemical origin of this function. Our results suggest that impulsivity is not the only outcome of inhibitory impairment. Disorder of proactive inhibitory control may also account for hypo-productive behaviors such as akinesia. Results also indicate that this mechanism is of non-dopaminergic origin and relies on medial frontal and subthalamic activity. This work opens the way for new therapeutic approaches for Parkinson’s disease as well as a better understanding of clinical symptoms observed in others diseases

Die Fetale Akinesia Deformation Sequence (FADS) umfasst ein breites klinisches Spektrum. Dieses reicht von Tot- und Fehlgeburten, fetalen Ödemen bis hin zu Kontrakturen, Pterygien und Atemschwäche. Die Ätiologie der FADS ist sehr heterogen. Der Fokus dieser Forschungsarbeit lag in der Mutationsanalyse in Genen des Acetylcholin-Rezeptor-Pathways. Bekannt war das homozygote missense und nonsense Mutationen in den Genen der fetalen Untereinheit CHRNG des Rezeptors mit dem klinischen Bild des multiple Pterygien-Syndrom (MPS) und Letalen multiplen Pterygien-Syndrom (LMPS) einhergehen. Missense Mutationen in weiteren Genen des AChR-Komplexes präsentieren sich klinisch als Congenitales Myasthenes Syndrom (CMS). Vermutet, aber nicht bewiesen war das homozygote nonsense Mutationen in diesen weiteren Genen letal verlaufen und ursächlich für das letale Pterygiensyndrom sein können. Wir konnten diese Hypothese bestätigen.:1. Einführung in das Thema 1.1. Prävalenz und Relevanz fetaler Bewegungsstörungen und angeborener Kontrakturen 1.2. Das klinische Bild 1.3. Ursachen verminderter fetaler Bewegung 1.4. Der nicotinerge Acetylcholinrezeptor 1.5. Mutationssuche in den Genen der α1-, β1- und δ-Untereinheit (CHRNA1, CHRNB1 und CHRND) sowie in dem Rezeptor assoziierten RAPSN-Gen 2. Publikation 3. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit Literaturverzeichnis Anlagen Darstellung des eigenen wissenschaftlichen Beitrags Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit

Movement is a prerequisite for normal fetal development and growth. Intrauterine movement restrictions cause a broad spectrum of disorders in which the unifying feature is a reduction or lack of fetal movement, giving rise to the term fetal akinesia deformations sequence (FADS [OMIM 208150]). FADS corresponds to a clinically and genetically heterogeneous constellation of properties and is characterized by multiple joint contractures, facial abnormalities, and lung hypoplasia as a result of the decreased in utero movement of the fetuses. Affected babies are often prematurely and stillborn, and those born alive typically die within minutes or hours after birth. The genetic causes for this fatal disorder are ill-defined as a genetic diagnosis is rarely executed, but mutations in three genes, namely RAPSN, DOK7, and MUSK, as well as in the subunits of the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) have been described. These mutations are thought to affect neuromuscular junctions, although this has not been proven experimentally.The nucleoporin NUP88 is a constituent of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), the gate for all trafficking between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NUP88 resides on both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear side of NPCs, and it is found in two distinct subcomplexes. It associates with NUP214 and NUP62 on the cytoplasmic face, while on the nuclear side NUP88 binds NUP98 and the intermediate filament protein lamin A. The NUP88-NUP214-NUP62 complex plays an essential role in the nuclear export of a subset of proteins and pre-ribosomes, which is mediated by the nuclear export receptor CRM1. NUP88 in particular somewhat participates in the nuclear export of NF-κB proteins in a CRM1-dependent manner. Moreover, NUP88 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, and its role in cancer appears linked to the deregulation of the anaphase-promoting complex. Here, we report the first Mendelian disorders caused by mutations in NUP88 and with that the first lethal developmental human disease due to mutations in a nuclear pore component. We demonstrate that biallelic mutations in NUP88 are likely to cause fetal akinesia of the Pena-Shokeir subtype. We confirm in zebrafish that loss of NUP88 impairs movement and the mutations identified in the affected individuals resemble a loss-of-function phenotype. We show that loss of NUP88 affects expression and localization of rapsyn, the protein encoded by RAPSN, in human and mouse cell lines, and patient samples. Consistent with altered rapsyn, AChR clustering and neuromuscular junction formation in zebrafish are abnormal. We therefore propose that defective NUP88 function cause FADS by affecting neuromuscular junction formation.Keywords: Nuclear pore complex, NUP88, Fetal Akinesia Deformation Sequence, rapsyn, acetylcholine receptor clustering, synaptic transmission, fetal development, inherited developmental disorder. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished