Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Key research areas in modern enology are related to the production of wine of consistent quality, as well as to the improvement of existing wine quality through the enhancement of the sensory properties of wine. The formation of glycerol during alcoholic fermentation is highly relevant to both these issues. Since the early years of the zo" century, glycerol has been positively associated with the quality of wine and it is thought to impart important mouth-feel sensations such as "viscosity", "smoothness" and "body". In general, it is considered that glycerol concentrations higher than those normally found in wine, can contribute towards the improvement of wine quality. It has also been suggested that increased concentrations of glycerol can enhance the aroma of wine. On the basis of these perceptions, several strategies have been developed to favour the production of glycerol during the fermentation process and over a period of years, a large volume of data has been collected that relates to various aspects regarding glycerol production during alcoholic fermentation. To date, however, several aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol and wine quality remain unclear. The reasons for this situation can mainly be ascribed to the lack of reliable analytical data to serve as a basis for investigating the relationship between glycerol and wine quality, as well as the preponderance of empirical and anecdotal evidence. Despite numerous opinions regarding optimal glycerol concentrations in wine, glycerol is indeed seldom assayed on a routine basis and targets with respect to specific wine grape cultivars and glycerol concentrations have largely remained unspecified. To date, very little information regarding glycerol concentrations in South African wines has been published. The analytical techniques that are most frequently used for the quantification of glycerol in grape juice, fermenting must and wine are not easily automated and this aspect placed severe limitations on the generation of large volumes of analytical data on glycerol concentrations in these matrices. This project was undertaken with the aim to holistically address some of the unresolved issues relating to the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. This also implied the development and optimisation of analytical techniques suitable for the rapid and accurate determination of glycerol in fermentation media, as well as in finished wine. In the first stage of this project a quantitative database was established that contained the analytical data on the glycerol concentrations of a statistically significant number of wines of adjudged quality, as well as additional information for each wine regarding the geographic origin, vintage, routine chemical analyses and the yeast strain(s) used for the production of the wine. The relevance of glycerol in wine for the modern South African winemaker was evaluated through the establishment of a quantitative database that contained the opinions of an expert panel of 15 South African winemakers, enologists and wine chemists on topics relating to glycerol in wine. In the second stage of the project the data captured in the databases were used to investigate aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. From the data captured in the qualitative database, it was clear that the topic regarding glycerol in wine was important to the South African winemakers and it was also evident that there was a need for the development and optimisation of methods suitable for the routine analysis of the glycerol concentrations in grape juice, fermenting must and wine. The opinions of the panel members also highlighted the issue that the mouth-feel property of wine was considered to be an area where the quality of some wines could be further improved. The quantitative database contained the information on the glycerol concentrations of 450 commercial South African table wines of adjudged quality. The premium cultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz and Pinotage were used for the purpose of investigating the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality. The wines represented a wide variety of wine styles, including dry white, off-dry white, dry red and late harvest wines. The average glycerol concentration was significantly associated with the wine style. In white wines the average glycerol concentration was much lower than in the red wines (6.82 gIL versus 10.49 gIL, respectively). No significant relationship between the final glycerol concentration and the geographic origin, vintage and the yeast strain used for the fermentation was found. Wine quality could not be significantly associated with glycerol concentration in the red wines. In the white wines, the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality was significant, but due to the very small differences in the average glycerol concentrations of the wines of different quality ratings, the statistical significance is probably of little practical value. The effect of glycerol on the volatility of a selection of esters and higher alcohols was also investigated. Solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography, was used to analyse the composition of the headspace at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the gas phase of a model wine, and a dry white wine that contained a basal concentration of 5.4 gIL glycerol. Results showed that incremental increases in the glycerol concentrations over a range of 1 -10 gIL in the model wine and in a Chenin blanc wine, were not accompanied by a proportional increase or decrease in the abundance of the aroma components in the headspace. The volatile components tested were isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl valerate, ethyl lactate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol. For all the volatile components tested, the difference between the headspace composition of samples containing the lowest glycerol concentration, and those containing the highest glycerol concentration, was not significant. However, sufficient experimental evidence was obtained to indicate that increasing glycerol concentrations had an effect on the volatility of aroma components, and that the effect is of a complex and non-linear nature. In the third phase of the work Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to establish and optimise methods for the accurate and rapid quantification of glycerol in wine. For this purpose calibrations were developed for the quantification of glycerol in dry wine and late harvest wines. The accuracy of prediction was evaluated by means of the standard error of prediction that was 0.38 gIL for the dry wines and 0.65 gIL for the sweet wines. Large variations are introduced in the FT-IR spectra of wine by factors such as process technology, cultivar and geographic origin, and this variation can have an effect on the accuracy of the analytical data generated when employing FT-IR spectroscopy. Using glycerol prediction in wine as a model system, principal component analysis of the FT-IR spectra was done in order to establish quality control measures for the detection of poorly predicted, or outlier samples. A classification model, based on principal component analysis, was established that enabled the interpretation and classification of the outlier samples in the data set in 100% of the cases tested. This work forms the basis for expanding the quality control measures for the detection of wines of which the FT-IR spectra are highly unnatural, as well as for establishing quality control measures to ensure that accurate analytical data are generated when FT-IR is used. FT-IR spectroscopy was also used to develop a rapid screen for the evaluation of the fermentation profiles of wine yeasts. For this purpose, a selection of wine yeasts, which included commercial wine yeasts frequently used in winemaking in South Africa, as well as a selection of hybrid Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, that were obtained through a selective breeding strategy aimed at increasing glycerol concentrations were used. Calibrations necessary for the accurate quantification of glycerol, volatile acidity, ethanol, reducing sugar and glucose, in Chenin blanc must and a synthetic must were developed and optimised. This work forms the basis upon which the scope of the analysis, both in terms of the number of components that can be measured, as well as the medium in which the yeasts are being evaluated, can be enlarged. This would be valuable for future applications in both the research as well as the industrial environment. The method that was developed serves to illustrate how this application can play a supportive role in yeast development programmes, through the speeding up of the initial stages of yeast strain evaluation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing in moderne wynkunde is sterk gefokus op die produksie van wyn waarvan die kwaliteit van In volhoubare goeie peil is, sowel as die verdere verbetering van bestaande wynkwaliteit, deur In verhoging van die sensoriese eienskappe van wyn. Die vorming van gliserol tydens alkoholiese fermentasie het betrekking op beide hierdie aspekte. In Opvatting wat wyd gehuldig word en wat reeds sedert die vroeë jare van die 20e eeu geld, impliseer dat gliserol In positiewe bydrae lewer tot wynkwaliteit. Oor die algemeen word dit beskou dat gliserolvlakke hoër as wat normaalweg in wyn aangetref word, kan bydra om die kwaliteit van die wyn nog verder te vehoog. Daar is ook spekulasie dat verhoogde gliserolvlakke in wyn die intensiteit van die aroma van wyn kan verhoog. Hierdie opvattings het tot gevolg gehad dat veskeie strategieë ontwikkel is om die gliserol vlakke wat tydens die fermentasieproses gevorm word, te verhoog. Baie min inligting oor die gliserolinhoud van Suid-Afrikaanse wyn is tot onlangs gepubliseer. Ten spyte van die opvattings oor gliserol en wynkwaliteit wat reeds oor In lang tydperk gehuldig word, bly sekere aspekte van die verwantskap tussen gliserol en wynkwaliteit nog steeds onduidelik. Redes vir hierdie situasie kan hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die totale afwesigheid van betroubare en substansiële eksperimentele data wat as basis kan dien vir die evaluering van die algemene opvattings aangaande die verwantskap tussen gliserol en wynkwaliteit. Die inligting wat wel beskikbaar is, is verder ook oorwegend van In empiriese aard. Huidig word gliserol selde op In roetine basis in die analitiese laboratorium bepaal, hoofsaaklik omdat die bestaande metodes tydrowend is en nie maklik geoutomatiseer kan word nie. In hierdie studie is In kwantitatiewe databasis opgestel waarin die inligting ten opsigte van die gliserolvlakke van 450 kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse tafelwyne waarvan die kwaliteit beoordeel is, vervat is. Die kultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz en Pinotage is gebruik vir hierdie doel en die seleksie van wyne was verteenwoordigend van In wye verskeidenheid wynstyle, insluitende droë wit-, halfdroë wit-, droë rooi- en laatoeswyne. Die gemiddelde gliserolvlakke in die witwyne was heelwat laer as die gemidelde gliserolvlakke in die droë rooiwyne (6.82 gIL teenoor 10.49 gIL, onderskeidelik). Geen beduidende verwantskap kon aangetoon word tussen die gliserolkonsentrasie in die wyn en die geografiese oorsprong, oesjaar, en die gisras wat gebruik is in die produksie van die wyn nie. Die kwaliteit van rooiwyn kon nie beduidend met die gliserolkonsentrasie geassosieer word nie. In die geval van wit wyn was die verwantskap statisties beduidend, maar die verskille was klein en moontlik nie van veel praktiese waarde nie. Die aktualiteit van gliserol vir die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse wynmaker is geëvalueer op grond van die opinies van In paneel van 15 Suid-Afrikaanse kundiges, rakende aspekte wat verband hou met die algemene opvattings oor gliserol en wyn. Die paneel het bestaan uit wynmakers, wynkundiges en chemici. Die opinie van die panel is deur middel van "n vraelys bekom en is vervat in "n kwalitatiewe databasis. Die resultate van hierdie menigspeiling het getoon dat gliserol wel vir die Suid- Afrikaanse wynmakers belangrik is en dit het ook die behoefte uitgewys vir die ontwikkeling en optimisering van metodes wat geskik is vir die roetine analyses van gliserol in wyn. Die invloed van gliserol op die vlugtigheid van "n seleksie van hoëralkohole en esters is ondersoek in "n model wyn sowel as "n wit wyn, waarvan die basiese gliserolkonsentrasie 5.4 gIL was. Soliede-fase mikroekstraksie van die gasfase van wyn is opgevolg met "n gaschromatografiese analise. Resultate het getoon dat "n stapsgewyse toename in die gliserol konsentrasie, oor "n konsentrasie reeks van 0 - 10 gIL in die model wyn, en 0 - 15 gIL in die wit wyn, nie gepaard gegaan het met "n reglynige toename of afname in die konsentrasie van die aromakomponente nie. Vir al die komponente wat ondersoek is, was die samestelling van die gasfase in monsters wat die laagste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, teenoor dié wat die hoogste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, nie beduidend nie. Nietemin het die resultate getoon dat gliserol wel "n effek het op die vlugtigheid van die aroma komponente wat in hierdie ondersoek gebruik is, maar dat die aard van die effek kompleks en nie-liniê is. Fourier-transformasie-infrarooispektroskopie (FT-IR) is gebruik om die metodes vir die analise van gliserol in wyn sodanig te optimiser, dat vinnige en akkurate bepalings op "n roetine basis in wyn gedoen kan word. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die kwantifisering van gliserol in droëwyn en laatoeswyn. Die standaard voorspellingsfout van die kalibrasies wat ontwikkel is, was 0.38 gIL in droëwyn en 0.65 gIL in die geval van laatoeswyn. Inherente variasie in die FT-IR-spektra word deur eksterne faktore soos die proses tegnologie wat gebruik is om die wyn te berei, die kultivar en geografiese oorsprong van die wyn veroorsaak en hierdie variasie kan "n effek hê op die voorspelingsakkuraatheid van FT-IR spektroskopie. Om die effek van hierdie variasie op die akkuraarheid van die analitiese data te evalueer, is die voorspelling van gliserol as modelsisteem gebruik. Hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR spektra is gedoen om dié wyne met onnatuurlike FT-IR-spektra te identifiseer, ten einde beheer oor die akkuraatheid van die analitiese data uit te oefen. "n Verdere model wat ook gebaseer is op hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR-wynspektra is ontwikkel vir die interpretasie en klassifikasie van wynmonsters met onnatuurlike FT-IRspektra. Met die model wat ontwikkel is kon onnatuurlike wynmonsters met "n akkuraatheid van 100% gëidentifiseer word. Hierdie werk vorm die basis waarop kwaliteitsbeheer verder uitgebrei kan word sodat wyne met onnatuurlike spektra gëidentifiseer kan word, sowel as om te verseker dat akkurate data gegenereer word as FT-IR as analitiese metode gebruik word vir die kwantifisering van gliserol in wyn. FT-IR spektroskopie is ook gebruik om "n vinnige skandeerproses te ontwikkel waarmee die fermentasieprofiele van wyngiste geëvalueer kan word. Die seleksie giste wat vir hierdie doel gebruik is, sluit kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse wyngiste in, sowel as hibriede Saccharomyces cerevisia-giste wat normaalweg hoër vlakke van gliserol tydens die fermentasieproses produseer. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die akkurate kwantifisering van gliserol, vlugtige suur, alkohol, reduserende suiker en glukose, in Chenin blanc-mos sowel as in 'n sintetiese medium. Hierdie werk vorm die basis waarop verdere uitbreidings gedoen kan word, sodat meer metaboliete gemeet kan word en 'n groter verskeidenheid van fermentasiemedia gebruik kan word. Hierdie ontwikkeling is waardevol vir toekomstige toepassings in die navorsings- sowel as die industriële omgewing. Die metode wat ontwikkel is illustreer ook hoe hierdie toepassing 'n ondersteunende rol kan speel in wyngisontwikkelingsprogramme deur die aanvanklike evalueringsproses van die giste te versnel.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Scotch whiskey is of two main types, namely Scotch malt whiskey, made from malted barley alone, or Scotch grain whiskey, made from cereals, such as wheat or maize, together with malted barley. In both processes, the enzymes from the barley are responsible for starch conversion and should always be derived entirely from the malted barley. No exogenous enzymes are allowed to be added to any mashing. The enzymes involved in the conversion process to fermentable sugars, are the aand p-amylases, limit dextrinase and p-glucosidase. Maize, on the other hand, contains no enzyme activity, therefore enzymes need to be added when producing whiskey from maize alone. In other whiskey-producing countries where maize is freely available and cheaper than barley, the use of exogenous enzymes are allowed in the mashing process and is crucial for the formation of fermentable sugars from complex carbohydrates. The cost of the enzymes, however, can push the production cost of whiskey to higher levels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have any amylolytic activity, but is an excellent fermenter and produces favourable organoleptic notes, which makes it very suitable for producing potable spirit. Efforts have been made to genetically improve industrial strains, relying on classical genetic techniques followed by the selection of broad traits, such as ethanol tolerance, absence of off-flavours and carbohydrate/starch utilisation. No strain has thus far been selected for total starch degradation during the fermentation of whiskey mash. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the development of genetically improved strains for the distilling, wine, brewing and baking industries. The expression of heterologous genes introduced a new dimension in approaches to the genetic improvement of industrial strains. It would therefore be cost-effective to use a yeast strain that can produce active and sufficient enzymes to ferment raw starch efficiently to alcohol without lowering the quality of the end product. No such strain has been developed to date, but the continuous improvement of starch-utilising strains has made this goal more achievable. Two a-amylase genes, namely LKA 1 and LKA2, were previously isolated from Lipomyces kanonenkoae. In this study, we selected 4 strains on the basis of criteria that are important for whiskey-specific strains. The selected strains were transformed with LKA 1, as well as with a combination of LKA 1 and LKA2 genes. The wine yeast VIN13 was included in the transformation of LKA1 and LKA2 because of its rapid fermentation rate. The genes were integrated into the genomes of the yeast strains and were stable after many generations. Assays showed that a significant increase in enzyme activity was induced in the whiskey strains, compared to the untransformed strains. The strains also showed good fermentation ability in whiskey fermentations, although optimum alcohol production was still not achieved. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skotse whiskey bestaan uit 2 tipes, nl. mout whiskey, gemaak slegs van mout d.w.s. gars wat die mout proses ondergaan het, en graan whiskey wat gemaak word van gewasse soos mielies of koring, waarby mout gevoeg word. Die ensieme afkomstig van die mout is verantwoordelik vir die omsetting van stysel na fermenteerbare suikers en geen eksogene ensieme mag by die gars- of graanmengsel gevoeg word nie. Die ensieme wat betrokke is by die omsetting van stysel, is die a- en ~- arnitases, limiet dekstrinase en ~-glukosidase. Mielies bevat geen ensiemaktiwiteit nie, dus moet ensieme by die proses gevoeg word indien slegs mielies vir die vervaardiging van whiskey gebruik word. In whiskey produserende lande waar mielies vryelik beskikbaar is en goedkoper is as gars, word eksogene ensieme by die graanmengsel gevoeg vir die vrystelling van fermenteerbare suikers vanaf komplekse koolhidrate. Die hoë koste van die ensieme kan egter die produksiekoste van whiskey verhoog. Saccharomyces cerevisiae besit geen amilolitiese aktiwiteit nie, maar is 'n uitstekende fermenteerder en produseer gewensde organoleptiese geure. Om hierdie redes is S. cerevisiae baie geskik vir die produksie van drinkbare etanol. Navorsingspogings om industriële rasse geneties m.b.v. klassieke genetiese metodes te verbeter, kom wydverspreid in die literatuur voor. Dit sluit in die seleksie van rasse met 'n verskeidenheid van eienskappe soos etanol toleransie, die afwesigheid van afgeur produksie en koolhidraat/stysel benutting. Geen ras is egter tot op hede geselekteer vir totale stysel afbraak gedurende fermentasie nie. Groot vordering is gedurende die laaste dekade gemaak in die ontwikkeling van genetiese verbeterde rasse vir die wyn- stokery- en brouers industrieë. Die uitdruk van heterogene gene in gisrasse gee 'n nuwe dimensie aan die genetiese verbetering van industriële rasse. Die gebruik van 'n gisras wat aktiewe en genoegsame ensieme produseer om rou stysel te fermenteer, sonder om die kwalitiet van die eindproduk nadelig te beïnvloed, kan die produksiekoste van whiskey aansienlik verminder. Geen gisras met hierdie eienskap is tot op hede ontwikkel nie, maar die voortdurende verbetering van rasse om stysel af te breek maak hierdie doel meer bereikbaar. Twee a-amilase gene, nl. LKA 1 en LKA2 is voorheen uit Lipomyces kononenkoae geïsoleer. In hierdie studie is 4 gisrasse geselekteer op grond van die kriteria wat nodig is vir whiskey giste. Die geselekteerde rasse is getransformeer met LKA 1 sowel as 'n kombinasie van LKA 1 en LKA2 gene. Die wyngis VIN13 is ingesluit by die transformasie met die LKA1 en LKA2 gene, omrede VIN13 bekend is as 'n vinnige fermenteerder. Die gene is geïntegreer in die genoom van die verskillende gisrasse en is stabiel na vele generasies. Die getransformeerde rasse het 'n betekenisvolle verhoging in ensiemaktiwiteit teenoor die nie-getransformeerde rasse getoon. AI die transformante het ook goeie fermentasie vermoë getoon in whiskey fermentasie proewe. Optimum alkoholproduksie is egter nie verkry nie.

Culture plays a significant role in defining how alcohol is consumed and in determining the attitudes of the nonconsuming population toward the consumer. While the mechanics of the relationship between alcohol consumption and culture have been extensively investigated in the industrialized world, there is a paucity of studies concerning developing nations. This study contributes to available data by examining in detail alcohol consumption within one North Indian caste group, the Rajputs. The Rajputs have played a unique role in Indian history, first as conquering invaders and later as martial rulers sworn to defend Hindu India. In the subject village, which is over 80 percent Rajput, they are the principal landholders and control the power structure. A survey of a variety of jatis within the village also confirmed their reputation as heavy drinkers. Investigation of the Rajput in relation to other jatis revealed significant differences in childrearing practices, family structure, marriage, religiosity and sex role differentiation between the two groups. This was seen to result in a different basic personality being evident in Rajputs and non-Rajputs. The Rajputs' ongoing ties to their marital past were found to dictate that Rajput males express their martiality by repressing a broad range of intense emotions, including fear, loneliness and despair, and that they restrict the expression of intimacy in personal relationships. Family life, childrearing, marriage and sexual relationships were all subordinated to this overriding concern. Alcohol plays a crucial role in this cultural scheme in that it is viewed as a culturally-sanctioned "escape valve," its consumption resulting in "disinhibiting" behavior not usually associated with the stoic Rajput personality. Evidence of this assigned role was seen in the high associations of alcohol consumption with the release of violence and sexual passions and its function as a social lubricant providing the means for the individual Rajput to function in social situations in which he feels uncomfortable. The sociocultural roles assigned to the consumption of alcohol in Rajput culture were found to bear a striking resemblance to those found in North American culture, specifically in the United States.

A preocupação com o uso do álcool entre universitários é evidente em várias partes do mundo. Diversos estudos mostram que o uso e abuso dessa substância vêm aumentando em ritmo acelerado. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool e suas conseqüências entre universitários da área de saúde de uma Faculdade privada do interior do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório com uma amostra de 1007 estudantes universitários. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicável, contendo três partes: a primeira referente aos dados sóciodemográficos, a segunda refere-se ao padrão de consumo de álcool e a terceira refere-se aos problemas vivenciados por essa população após beber. Entre os resultados estão que a maioria dos estudantes pertence ao sexo feminino 84%, estado civil solteiro 85,1%, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos 79%, provenientes de outras cidades 62,6% e 60,0% referiram não trabalhar. A maioria dos estudantes pertence ao curso de enfermagem 24,2% e em relação ao ano do curso, 30,3% são calouros. Quanto à moradia, 75,1% referiram morar com a família. No que se refere ao tipo de religião 64% afirmaram ser católicos e 67% referem que a religião é muito importante em suas vidas. Em relação ao consumo de álcool, 64% fazem uso de baixo risco, incluindo os abstêmios 11%, enquanto que 20% são bebedores de risco moderado e 5% bebedores de alto risco. A análise de associação demonstrou que o consumo de álcool é maior entre o gênero masculino, na faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, entre os casados, entre aqueles que tiram notas baixas em relação à média, entre os que moram sem a família, e entre aqueles que não pertencem a nenhum tipo de religião. O aparecimento de náuseas, vômito e ressaca, o fato de dirigir após beber ou dirigir bebendo, perder aulas por estar passando mal, ?matar aulas? após beber demais, apresentar problemas com a lei ou com a administração da faculdade por beber, tirar notas baixas, a freqüência que fuma, ser criticado por beber, brigar após beber ou ainda apresentar qualquer tipo de comportamento negativo por beber, foi encontrado com maior freqüência entre os universitários que apresentaram um maior consumo de álcool. A bebida de maior consumo foi a cerveja. Esses resultados nos evidenciam a importância do planejamento de estratégias de cunho preventivo no âmbito universitário, na tentativa de detectar precocemente aqueles com potencial para o abuso e possíveis problemas relacionados ao consumo dessa substância. / The worry about the alcohol use among college students is evident in several parts of the world. Many studies show that the use and abuse of this substance is increasing in accelerated rate. In this context, this study has as purpose identifying the standard of alcohol consumption and its consequences among health area college students from a Sao Paulo State private college. It?s a descriptive and explorative study with a 1007 college students? sample. For the data collect, it was used a self-applicable questionnaire that contains three parts: the first regarding the social demography data, the second refers to the standard of alcohol consumption and the third refers to the problems lived by this population after drinking. Among the results the most part of the students belongs to the female sex 84%, single 85,1%, age between 18 and 25 years old 79%; other cities provenance 62,6% and 60% referred that they don?t work. The most part of the students belongs to the Nursing course 24,2% and in relation to the course year, 30,3% are undergraduates. As for the residence, 75,1% referred to live with the family. According to the kind of religion 64% are Catholics and 67% referred that the religion is very important in their lives. In relation to the alcohol consumption, 64% are low risk users, including the teetotaler 11%, while 20% are moderate risk drinkers and 5% high risk drinkers. The association analysis showed that the alcohol consumption is larger among male gender, age group between 18 and 25 years old, married people, those who get low grades in relation to the average, who live without the family, and those who don\'t\' belong to any kind of religion. The nausea, vomit and hangover appearance, the fact of drive after drinking or to drive drinking, to lose classes after drinking too much, to have problems with the law or with the college administration for drinking, to get low grades, the often that smokes, being criticized for drink, to fight after drinking or to show any kind of negative behavior for drink, it was found with larger frequency among the college students who showed a larger alcohol consumption. The most consummated beverage was the beer. These results show us the importance of preventive strategies planning in the college scope at the attempt to detect prematurely those students with potential for the abuse and possible problems related to the consumption of this substance.

Orientador: José Anchieta Gomes Neto / Resumo: Foram feitos estudos sistemáticos envolvendo padronização interna (PI) em determinações de elementos-traço em bebidas não alcoólicas por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). A influência da composição química das amostras, da concentração do padrão interno, do volume injetado de amostra, da diluição e do desgaste da superfície grafítica ilustraram a potencialidade de PI na melhoria da precisão e da exatidão analítica ou mesmo na minimização de efeitos de amostragem e de matriz. Arsênio e Ge foram avaliados como padrões internos na determinação de Se em água mineral gaseificada, água de coco e leite. Ambos melhoraram o desempenho analítico, seja no aspecto da precisão e exatidão como na minimização dos efeitos de matriz e amostragem. Nesse estudo foram utilizados como modificadores químicos Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W associado a co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos (%RSD) obtidos por meio da PI foram 0,5 a 3,5% (As) e de 1,0 a 3,1% (Ge), e na ausência da PI foram de 1,0 a 6,5%. A exatidão do método proposto foi avaliada por meio de teste de adição e recuperação de analito e os valores de recuperação (n=3) obtidos foram 94-109% (As) e 98-104% (Ge) com a PI e de 70-100% sem a PI. As concentrações de Se nessas amostras variaram de 5,0-25 æg L-1. No caso das amostras de água mineral gaseificada houve um aumento de 15% no tempo de vida útil do tubo e um acréscimo na confiabilidade dos resultados, apesar da superfície grafítica deteriorada. Cobalto foi avaliado como padrão interno na determinação de Ni em refrigerante e apresentou potencial para minimizar problemas de amostragem causados por gases dissolvidos. O modificador químico utilizado foi Mg(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos obtidos foram de 0,5 a 3,4% e de 1,0 a 7,0% na presença e na ausência da PI, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Systematic studies of internal standardization (IS) were carried out on the simultaneous determination of trace elements in non-alcoholic beverages by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The influence of samples matrices, analyte concentration, injected sample volume, sample dilution and graphite surface degradation showed the potentiality of IS on the improvement of precision and accuracy of results, or in the minimization of matrix and sampling effects. Arsenic and Ge were evaluated as internal standards for the determination of Se in sparkling waters, coconut water and milk. Different chemical modifiers Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W + co-injection of Pd(NO3)2 were evaluated. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) obtained by IS were 0.5-3.5% (As) and 1.0-3.1% (Ge), and in the absence of IS were 1.0-6.5%. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 94-109% (As) and 98-104% (Ge) with the IS and 70-100% without IS. The Se concentrations in these samples varied from 5.0-25 æg L-1. For sparkling waters there was an increase in 15% in the lifetime of atomizer. Cobalt was evaluated as an internal standard in the determination of Ni in soft drinks and it minimized sampling problems caused by dissolved gases. Nitrate magnesium was used as chemical modifier. The relative standard deviation obtained were 0.5-3.4% and 1.0-7.0% in presence and absence of IS, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 98-104% and 78-91% with and without IS, respectively... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Doutor

A preocupação com o uso do álcool entre universitários é evidente em várias partes do mundo. Diversos estudos mostram que o uso e abuso dessa substância vêm aumentando em ritmo acelerado. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar o padrão de consumo de álcool e suas conseqüências entre universitários da área de saúde de uma Faculdade privada do interior do estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório com uma amostra de 1007 estudantes universitários. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicável, contendo três partes: a primeira referente aos dados sóciodemográficos, a segunda refere-se ao padrão de consumo de álcool e a terceira refere-se aos problemas vivenciados por essa população após beber. Entre os resultados estão que a maioria dos estudantes pertence ao sexo feminino 84%, estado civil solteiro 85,1%, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos 79%, provenientes de outras cidades 62,6% e 60,0% referiram não trabalhar. A maioria dos estudantes pertence ao curso de enfermagem 24,2% e em relação ao ano do curso, 30,3% são calouros. Quanto à moradia, 75,1% referiram morar com a família. No que se refere ao tipo de religião 64% afirmaram ser católicos e 67% referem que a religião é muito importante em suas vidas. Em relação ao consumo de álcool, 64% fazem uso de baixo risco, incluindo os abstêmios 11%, enquanto que 20% são bebedores de risco moderado e 5% bebedores de alto risco. A análise de associação demonstrou que o consumo de álcool é maior entre o gênero masculino, na faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, entre os casados, entre aqueles que tiram notas baixas em relação à média, entre os que moram sem a família, e entre aqueles que não pertencem a nenhum tipo de religião. O aparecimento de náuseas, vômito e ressaca, o fato de dirigir após beber ou dirigir bebendo, perder aulas por estar passando mal, ?matar aulas? após beber demais, apresentar problemas com a lei ou com a administração da faculdade por beber, tirar notas baixas, a freqüência que fuma, ser criticado por beber, brigar após beber ou ainda apresentar qualquer tipo de comportamento negativo por beber, foi encontrado com maior freqüência entre os universitários que apresentaram um maior consumo de álcool. A bebida de maior consumo foi a cerveja. Esses resultados nos evidenciam a importância do planejamento de estratégias de cunho preventivo no âmbito universitário, na tentativa de detectar precocemente aqueles com potencial para o abuso e possíveis problemas relacionados ao consumo dessa substância. / The worry about the alcohol use among college students is evident in several parts of the world. Many studies show that the use and abuse of this substance is increasing in accelerated rate. In this context, this study has as purpose identifying the standard of alcohol consumption and its consequences among health area college students from a Sao Paulo State private college. It?s a descriptive and explorative study with a 1007 college students? sample. For the data collect, it was used a self-applicable questionnaire that contains three parts: the first regarding the social demography data, the second refers to the standard of alcohol consumption and the third refers to the problems lived by this population after drinking. Among the results the most part of the students belongs to the female sex 84%, single 85,1%, age between 18 and 25 years old 79%; other cities provenance 62,6% and 60% referred that they don?t work. The most part of the students belongs to the Nursing course 24,2% and in relation to the course year, 30,3% are undergraduates. As for the residence, 75,1% referred to live with the family. According to the kind of religion 64% are Catholics and 67% referred that the religion is very important in their lives. In relation to the alcohol consumption, 64% are low risk users, including the teetotaler 11%, while 20% are moderate risk drinkers and 5% high risk drinkers. The association analysis showed that the alcohol consumption is larger among male gender, age group between 18 and 25 years old, married people, those who get low grades in relation to the average, who live without the family, and those who don\'t\' belong to any kind of religion. The nausea, vomit and hangover appearance, the fact of drive after drinking or to drive drinking, to lose classes after drinking too much, to have problems with the law or with the college administration for drinking, to get low grades, the often that smokes, being criticized for drink, to fight after drinking or to show any kind of negative behavior for drink, it was found with larger frequency among the college students who showed a larger alcohol consumption. The most consummated beverage was the beer. These results show us the importance of preventive strategies planning in the college scope at the attempt to detect prematurely those students with potential for the abuse and possible problems related to the consumption of this substance.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 21, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Denver Conservative Baptist Seminary, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-330).

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-51).

Objective: The review aims to evaluate associations of occasional and moderate drinking with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), specifically to compare results for occasional and moderate drinking, as moderate drinking is widely investigated while occasional drinking is relatively understudied and can potentially inform whether alcohol is causally related to CVD. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by searching for observational and interventional studies from three databases (ScienceDirect, Ebscohost, and PubMed) for alcohol consumption and its association with cardiovascular health. Online internet sources were also used for more supplementary research in this literature review. Patient-oriented outcomes, primarily on heart diseases, including cardiovascular heart disease, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease, were extracted from all study groups. Results: Fifteen studies were included, most of which were conducted in the United States of America (9 studies). Generally, moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a reduction in CVD risks, including extensive coronary calcification, sudden cardiac death, congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, ischemic heart disease. Studies also suggests that alcohol may be associated with better endothelial function and lower systolic blood pressure Current occasional alcohol use is found to be associated lower IHD mortality in men, but is not related to IHD mortality in women. Conclusion: We found consistent evidence of protective association of moderate alcohol consumption against cardio-mortality and CVD, while occasional alcohol consumption has relatively less protection against CHD deaths. Such associations were only found in studies with living controls. Only a small number of studies have studied occasional drinking, in relation to cardiovascular health. Further studies that specifically examine occasional drinking, are needed. If the biological effects of occasional drinking towards CVD are limited, then occasional drinking may indicate the magnitude of residual and unobserved confounding in the association with cardiovascular health. This will in turn inform alcohol-related policies such as alcohol duties and minimum alcohol pricing. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health