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Coral bleaching is a worldwide result of climate change that is affecting the marine ecosystems greatly. Methods to help solve the issue have been previously explored and Beneficial Microorganisms for Corals (BMCs) have been proven to help mitigate coral bleaching in laboratory trials. In their efforts to test its effectiveness on the field, scientists have found that it would be beneficial to have a constant, biocompatible, source of BMCs. We have tested Calcium Alginate microspheres, what we call Alginate Beads, in terms of release rate and cell viability to determine if they are fit to be used as vectors for the BMC consortia. By placing the Beads in two different temperatures representing winter and summer temperatures in the Red Sea in agitation we were able to understand their dynamics more clearly. By using Flow Cytometry, Colony Forming Units, and microscopy techniques we were able to see that Alginate Beads incorporate bacteria into their matrix and keep them viable for up to two weeks. We also observed that the Beads release more bacterial cells at higher temperatures compared to lower temperatures. This suggests that when used in the field, Alginate Beads are able to sustain the bacteria for a prolonged time period and it will release bacteria at a higher rate in warmer temperatures potentially either season or region-wise. Hence, we believe that Alginate Beads could be suitable as vectors for field research and should be explored further.

Today, paper and paperboard is an important part of the packaging industry, as well as natural part of our daily lives. The alternatives to paper and paperboard is often produced from nonrenewable sources such as petroleum and as demands on sustainability increase in the packaging sector, it gives paper a desirable advantage over plastics. To increase the use of paper, some of the limiting factors for paper needs to be overcome, such as its limited formability. One way to create a paper that can be formed in new ways is to imbibe the paper with an additive that makes its modulus changeable. This would make it possible to control the stiffness of the paper which would make it more formable. This have been the aim of this thesis. To create this formable paper four different approaches were used. Of these four, three included how paper can be treated with polyelectrolytes to be able to increase its modulus when stimuli are applied. The two first approaches were based on the layer-by-layer technique adsorbing alginate and cationic fibrils to form a layer that could be cross-linked, either on the surface of a film (the first approach) or in the network of fibres in a porous paper (the second approach). The last approach was to impregnate the papers with alginate. The results show that the first approach gave a too low adsorption of polyelectrolytes, why no difference could be detected. The second approach resulted in a higher adsorbed amount, but the effects were still too small. The third approach gave a paper which could, depending on the concentration of alginate, either increase or decrease its modulus when cross-linked. The last approach was to create a laminate, using unmodified fibers together with dialcohol cellulose fibres. This resulted in a paper that could be formed using heat and allowing the paper to cool down in the desirable form. In the curriculum for chemistry in Swedish high schools there is a paragraph that says that research in chemistry should be a part of the content the students learn. This is a challenge both to teachers and researchers. For teachers, to find research at an appropriate level and teach it in an understandable way. For researchers, to communicate the research so it is understandable for society. With this as a motivation, a second part of this thesis discuss the method flipped classroom in chemistry education at Swedish high schools. It was seen that from the teacher’s perspective, flipped classroom meant advantages that could be categorized into five categories. The categories that was found were Time to interact, Student responsibility, dialogue, laboratory work and understanding and using the language. / Pappers- och kartongindustrin är idag en viktig del av förpackningsindustrin. Alternativ till kartong är ofta producerat av icke-förnybara råvaror och idag när kraven på hållbarhet ökar ger detta kartong en fördel mot plast. För att öka användningsområdena för kartong så måste de begränsningar som materialet har idag övervinnas. Detta gäller till exempel formbarheten. Ett sätt att skapa kartong som kan bli format på nya sätt är att göra en additiv tillsats till papperet som har egenskapen att det kan variera sin styvhet. Detta skulle göra det möjligt att kontrollera papperets styvhet, vilket har varit målet för det här arbetet. Genom att använda fyra olika arbetssätt har denna egenskap försökts åstadkommas. Tre av arbetssätten har behandlat papper med polyelektrolyter vars E-modul kan ökas med hjälp av något stimuli. I de två första försöken applicerades polyelektrolyterna genom den så kallade lager-på-lager-tekniken, där alginat och katjoniska cellulosafibriller adsorberades, i första försöket på ytan av en film och i det andra på ytan av fibrerna i fibernätverket i ett poröst papper. I det tredje försöket impregnerades de orösa papperna med alginat. Resultatet från det första försöket var att adsorptionen inte gav någon effekt eftersom den absorberande mängden var för låg. I det andra försöket var adsorptionen högre men det påverkade inte de mekaniska egenskaperna nämnvärt. I det tredje försöket med impregnering så kunde en ändring av E-modulen observeras när systemet tvärbands. I det sista försöket användes en metod som byggde på laminering. Ett ark av modifierade fibrer guskades ihop med ett ark med dialkoholcellulosefibrer. De försök som gjordes tyder på att papperet kunde formas och kunde fås att behålla formen om det värmdes och kyldes i den önskade formen. I läroplanen för kemi på gymnasiet finns en paragraf som beskriver hur kemiundervisningen ska ha inslag av forskning. Detta är en utmaning för både lärare och forskare. Lärarnas utmaning består i att finna forskning på en bra nivå för eleverna och att förklara den på ett förståeligt sätt. För forskare består utmaningen i att kommunicera forskningen på ett förståeligt sätt till samhället. Med detta som motivering har detta arbete en utbildningsdel. I den har lärares perspektiv på metoden ”flipped classroom” i kemiklassrummet undersökts. Flipped classroom beskrevs ha styrkor och dessa kunde kategoriseras i fem kategorier. Kategorierna var tid för interaktion, elevens ansvar, dialog, laborationer och förstå och använda språket.

<p> Aqueous ferrofluid has been prepared via precipitation of iron oxide into a polysaccharide gel matrix followed by degradation of the polymer to form a stable magnetic colloid. Nanocrystalline particles of iron oxide were formed in an alginate network by the alkaline hydrolysis and oxidation of the crosslinking agent, Fe2+, used to bind the linear polysaccharide chains. Methanol was used to inhibit the degradation of alginate by Fe2+ and oxygen during the precipitation and growth of iron oxide particles. In addition, the structural integrity of the gel was maintained in part by interaction between the iron oxide particulate and the alginate matrix. Controlled chemical degradation of the matrix resulted in a aqueous suspension of alginate-stabilized magnetic iron oxide particles. The resulting fluid is orange-brown in color, optically transparent, superparamagnetic and stable between 2.8<pH<10 </p> <p> The magnetic gels were isolated as 2mm beads containing ~2-20 mmole Fe. X-ray and electron diffraction patterns of the composite correspond to maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and/or magnetite (Fe3O4). At room temperature, the composite material is superparamagnetic with saturation magnetizations in excess of 20 emu g^-1 at 30kOe. TEM photomicrographs of sectioned beads and of the magnetic fluid revealed the presence of spherical nanocrystalline oxide particles with diameters ranging from 3 nm to 6 nm. The iron oxide-alginate colloid has a diameter of 54nm with an average zeta potential of -51.6 mV.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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<p>The work presented in this thesis was focused on design and construction of novel cell-loaded microcapsules by incorporation of bioactive molecules (proteins or peptides) for potential application in hemophilia B treatment. The objective of this study was to improve the viability and functionality of the encapsulated cells by creating biomimetic microenvironments for cells that more closely mimic their physiological extracellular matrix (ECM) environment.</p> <p>Three cell-adhesive molecules were used in this work: fibrinogen and fibronectin, two abundant proteins present in ECM, and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) tri-peptide, the minimal essential cell adhesion peptide sequence and the most widely studied peptide for cell adhesion. Alginate, the most commonly used biomaterial used for cell encapsulation, was combined with either of these molecules to create biomimetic microcapsules. Non-modified alginate (control) and modified alginate matrices were used to encapsulate the factor IX (FIX) secreting cells for protein delivery. In this work, FIX-engineered cord blood-derived human mesenchymal stem cells CB MSCs were used as a cell source for FIX delivery.</p> <p>Our data suggested that fibrinogen-alginate, fibronectin-alginate and RGD-alginate microcapsules improved the viability of encapsulated MSC and are applicable in cell therapy technologies. However, fibrinogen-alginate and fibronectin-alginate microcapsules more significantly enhanced the proliferation and protein secretion from the encapsulated cells and may have potential for FIX delivery for hemophilia B and other inherited or acquired protein deficiencies. RGD-alginate microcapsules can v potentially be used for other tissue engineering applications with the aim of enhanced viability and attachment of the enclosed cells. Differentiation studies showed the osteogenic (but not chondrogenic or adipogenic) differentiation capability of FIX-engineered CB MSCs and their efficient FIX secretion while encapsulated in fibrinogen-alginate and fibronectin-alginate microcapsules.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most common ligamentous injuries of the knee. Post rupture, the ACL does not heal on itself due to poor vasculature and hence surgical intervention is required to treat the ACL. Current surgical management of ACL rupture consists of reconstruction with autografts or allografts. However, the limitations associated with these grafts have prompted interest in tissue engineered solutions that combine cells, scaffolds and stimuli to facilitate ACL regeneration. This thesis describes a ligament tissue engineering strategy that involves incorporating biomolecules within fibers-based electrospun meshes which mimics the extra-cellular matrix microarchitecture of ligament. However, challenges exist with incorporation of biomolecules. Therefore, the goal of this research project was to develop two techniques to incorporate biomolecules within electrospun meshes: (1) co-axially electrospinning fibers that support surface-grafting of biomolecules, and (2) co-axially electrospinning fibers decorated with biomolecule-loaded microspheres. In the first approach, chitosan was co-axially electrospun on the shell side of poly caprolactone (PCL) and arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) was attached to the electrospun meshes. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) attached, spread and proliferated on these meshes. In the second approach, fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) loaded chitosan-alginate (CS-AL) microspheres were fabricated. The effects of cation to alginate ratio, type of alginate and concentration of CaCl2 on microsphere size, FITC-BSA loading and release were systematically evaluated. The CS-AL microspheres were then incorporated into the sheath phase of co-axially electrospun meshes to achieve microsphere-decorated fiber composite meshes. The results from these model study suggest that both approaches are tractable for incorporating biomolecules within fibers-based electrospun meshes. Both these approaches provide platform for future studies that can focus on ligament-relevant biomolecules such as FGF-2 and GDF-5. / Master of Science