Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1985. / The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary canal and the associated structures are described. The long tubular alimentary tract is divisible into different regions. The filter chamber and Malpighian tubules are absent. The peritrophic membrane is also absent. The rectum, or hindgut is extremely thin, expanded and transparent. The salivary gland complex consists of two sets of glands: the principal and accessory glands. The common salivary duct opens at the base of the maxillary stylets.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIDIA REGINA ZANATTA DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1693227 bytes, checksum: f00e9b58928447010ab2a434092d210d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / This study had as objective to analyze the alimentary habits, the body mass index (BMI) and some varied of the women's treatment submitted to in vitro fertilization by the technique of ICSI and to stand out the presence of actions of promotion of alimentary habits in Agenda 21 of Goiânia. The present idea is reinforced in the Agenda 21 that the health promotion and the nutritional surveillance are of extreme importance for the quality of life of the population in Goiânia. The research was accomplished in a clinic specialized in human reproduction located in Goiânia in the period of September of 2006 to April of 2007. The alimentary ingestion was evaluated by the reminding of 24 hours through which was possible to observe the macro and micronutrients ingestion, as well as the presence of the fat acid, glutamic acid and caffeine. BMI was calculated through the measures of height and weight. The program DietPRO was used to convert homemade amounts in measures in ingestion levels. The variables of the treatment were obtained from the medical handbook after the procedures. For the statistical analysis of the data the program was used MATLAB version 6.0, the statistical method used to correlate the nutritional variable with the one of the treatment the coefficient of Pearson s correlation. The correlations were classified as: positive or negative light, acceptable, moderate, substantial and almost perfect. The results showed that BMI, proteins, caffeine, copper, vitamin E, zinc and carbohydrates had a moderate correlation with the gonadotropins levels used in the induction of the ovulation. BMI, copper, vitamin E and zinc had moderate correlation with the days of induction of the ovulation. The number of follicles, observed in the last analysis had a moderate correlation with the potassium and with the folic acid. The folic acid still presented a correlation moderated with the oocyte number, identified after the collection. The correlation among the nutrients and the oocyte number classified as immature (Vg and M1) it was mainly negative except for the sodium, manganese and of the proteins, however these correlations just presented acceptable values. The mature oocyte (M2) had a moderate correlation with the calcium and folic acid. As the results found in this research are not conclusive, is suggested some study to confirm the relationship between human reproduction and alimentary habits. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os hábitos alimentares, o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e algumas variáveis do tratamento de mulheres submetidas à fertilização in vitro pela técnica de ICSI e ressaltar a presença de ações de promoção de hábitos alimentares na agenda 21 de Goiânia. Reforça-se a idéia presente na agenda 21 de que a promoção da saúde e a vigilância nutricional é de extrema importância para a qualidade de vida da população de Goiânia. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma clínica especializada em reprodução humana assistida localizada em Goiânia no período de Setembro de 2006 a Abril de 2007. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar através de um recordatório de 24 horas onde se pode observar a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes, bem como a presença dos ácidos graxos, ácido glutâmico e cafeína. O IMC pode ser calculado através da aferição das medidas antropométricas (altura e peso). O programa DietPRO foi utilizado para converter quantidades caseiras em medidas em níveis de ingestão. As variáveis do tratamento foram obtidas diretamente do prontuário das pacientes no final do tratamento. Para a análise estatística dos dados foi utilizado o programa MATLAB versão 6.0, sendo o método estatístico empregado para correlacionar as variáveis nutricionais com as do tratamento o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson com nível de significância de 5%. As correlações foram classificadas como positivas ou negativas leve, aceitável, moderada, substancial e quase perfeita. Os resultados mostraram que o IMC, proteínas, cafeína, cobre, vitamina E, zinco e carboidratos tem uma correlação moderada com os níveis de gonadotrofinas utilizados na indução da ovulação. O IMC, cobre, vitamina E e zinco apresentaram correlação moderada com os dias de indução da ovulação. O número de folículos, observados na última análise ecográfica, apresentou uma correlação moderada com o potássio e com o ácido fólico. O ácido fólico ainda apresentou uma correlação moderada com o número de oócitos identificados após a coleta. A correlação entre os nutrientes e o número de oócitos classificados como imaturos (Vg e M1) foi predominantemente negativa com exceção do sódio, manganês e das proteínas, no entanto estas correlações apresentaram apenas valores aceitáveis. Os oócitos maduros (M2) apresentaram uma correlação moderada com o cálcio e com o ácido fólico. Este trabalho abre caminho para novas pesquisas na área da reprodução humana assistida que aprofundam a importância dos hábitos alimentares de pacientes que irão se submeter ao tratamento de fertilização in vitro.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCILENE DE ALENCAR SILVA.pdf: 625676 bytes, checksum: c640b60e0986517d1fb79ad08edb7f41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-10 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Program of Modification of the Alimentary Behavior, besides of identifying and understanding the alimentary behavior of obese seniors. At the first phase of the current researches, sixty seven subjects, and eight subjects were selected for the sample who were sixty years old or older, literate and with Index of Body Mass (BM) more or equals to 30,0 and less or equals to 39,9, therefore according to the standards of obesity I and obesity II. The program was made up by seven intervention sessions and three evaluation stages, the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Several instruments were used, such as automonitoring records, interviews, Historical of the Obesity and instrument for the subjects evaluate the proposed program. The results showed that to lose weight requires several professionals participation, such as a nutritionist and a physical education teacher, besides a psychologist. The subject in a general way maintained the same alimentary behaviors before and after the intervention, no changes were noticed. We got to the hypothesis that it is essential that the senior and obese subject presents immediate needs and that is something that bothers him/her nowadays for his/her adhesion to the program. We've got to the conclusion that the proposed program showed itself ineffective for significant weight losses to at statistical level. However, the study seemed valid in the understanding of the obese senior's alimentary behavior. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a efic?cia de um Programa de Modifica??o do Comportamento Alimentar, al?m de identificar e compreender o comportamento alimentar de idosos obesos. Participaram da presente pesquisa, na fase A sessenta e sete sujeitos, sendo que foram selecionados oito sujeitos para a amostra que apresentavam sessenta anos ou mais, alfabetizados e com ?ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) maior ou igual a 30,0 e menor ou igual a 39,9, portanto dentro das faixa de obesidade I e obesidade II. O programa constituiu-se de sete sess?es de interven??o e tr?s etapas de avalia??o, o pr?-teste, p?s-teste e seguimento. Foram utilizados v?rios instrumentos, tais como fichas de automonitoramento, entrevistas. Hist?rico da Obesidade e um instrumento para os sujeitos avaliarem o programa proposto. Os resultados mostraram que para perder peso toma-se necess?rio a participa??o de v?rios profissionais, como nutricionista e professor de educa??o f?sica. al?m do psic?logo. Os sujeitos de maneira geral mantiveram os mesmos comportamentos alimentares antes e ap?s a interven??o, n?o ocorrendo mudan?as. Levantou-se a hip?tese de que seja essencial que o sujeito idoso e obeso apresente necessidades imediatas e que seja um problema que o incomode atualmente para sua ades?o ao programa. Conclui-se que o programa proposto mostrou-se ineficaz para perdas de peso significativas ? n?vel estat?stico. No entanto, o estudo mostrou-se v?lido na compreens?o do comportamento alimentar do idoso obeso.

A questão nutricional ocupa hoje um lugar de destaque no contexto mundial. Deficiências alimentares trazem muitos prejuízos provocando desequilíbrios nutricionais. Os adolescentes são considerados um grupo exposto ao risco nutricional, devido aos seus hábitos alimentares. Estudos apontam que atividades envolvendo alimentação dentro das escolas são muito importantes, pois podem possibilitar aos adolescentes o desenvolvimento de uma relação mais responsável com a própria saúde. Este trabalho tem como objetivos identificar e analisar comparativamente o consumo alimentar de alunos de 5a à 8a séries nas escolas de ensino fundamental das redes municipal, estadual e particular no município de Ribeirão Preto (SP), verificando o que é oferecido como opções pela merenda e pela cantina escolar e discutindo o espaço da escola como alternativa para a educação alimentar de estudantes. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário sobre seu consumo alimentar na escola, foram pesados e medidos. O programa de software Epi Info 2002 foi usado para a organização dos dados. Os questionários foram respondidos por 401 alunos, de 5a à 8a séries, de ambos os sexos. Alunos de diferentes escolas apresentaram um padrão de consumo alimentar muito semelhante. De maneira geral, os estudantes não trazem lanche de casa para a escola. Nas escolas municipais e estaduais a maior parte dos alunos come a merenda oferecida pela escola apenas ocasionalmente. Em média, 70% dos respondentes freqüentam as cantinas pelo menos uma vez por semana, e os alimentos mais consumidos nas cantinas das escolas municipais, estaduais e particulares são balas, refrigerantes, salgados e sucos. A disciplina Ciências foi a mais apontada pelos alunos como aquela na qual os conteúdos sobre alimentação são trabalhados. A classificação do estado nutricional dos estudantes, feita pelos percentis de acordo com o IMC para idade e sexo permitiu verificar que 12,6% dos escolares apresentam sobrepeso e 8,5% apresentam obesidade. Diante do que foi observado no estudo, considera-se que, dentro do contexto de vida dos adolescentes, no qual estão presentes diferentes variáveis como sedentarismo, grande apelo ao consumo, forte influência da mídia, a escola pode exercer um papel fundamental na promoção da educação nutricional, que deve ser abordada pelas diferentes disciplinas e trabalhada em atividades diversificadas, com objetivo de desenvolver atitudes e hábitos saudáveis. A cantina escolar pode constituir-se, também, num espaço de educação nutricional, possibilitando associar teoria e prática. / Currently, questions about nutrition have a prominent place in the worldwide context. Nutritional deficiencies are in the origin of many damages that provoke imbalances. Adolescents are a group exposed to nutritional risks due to their alimentary habits. Studies have pointed out that the activities involving alimentation at the schools, are very important because they can make possible for teenagers the development of a more responsible relation with their own health. The aim of this work is to identify and to analyze comparatively the alimentary consumption of students from 5th to 8th grades of municipal, state, and private fundamental schools in Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo. Besides, the study has the purpose of verifying what kind of foods is offered as options by the school meals and the school canteen and discussing the school space as an alternative for the student alimentary education. 401 students, male and female, from 5th to 8th grades, answered questions concerning to their alimentary consumption and were evaluated according to their weigh and their height. For the data organization it was used the Epi Info 2002 software program. Students from different schools showed a very similar pattern of alimentary consumption. In general, the students don’t bring their school lunch from home to school. In the municipal and state schools the students eat school meals only occasionally. On the average, 70% of the students go the school canteen at least once a week and the more consumed foods are candies, juices, sugary sodas and salt snacks. Science was the discipline more pointed by the students as the one in which the contents about alimentation are more worked. The classification of the student nutritional state, done by the percentiles according to IMC for age and sex, allowed to verify that 12.6% of the students showed overheight and 8.5% showed obesity. According to what has been observed in the studies, we consider that, in the context of adolescents life, in which different variables are present, like sedentariness, the great influence of the media, the great appeal of consumes, the school can play a basic role in promoting nutritional education. This subject must be approached by the diverse disciplines and worked through diversified activities in order to develop healthy habits and attitudes. The school canteen may also constitute itself a space for nutritional education, making possible to put theory and practice together.

This thesis deals with children's concepts of food, especially with a focus on meat consumption and avoidance of consumption. It is an ethnographic study based on observations and interviews with children of the 4th grade of elementary school. The results are divided into four aspects of eating. The social aspect (1) deals with the sharing of food and with the social identity, the health aspect (2) examines children's concepts of the food's healthiness, the moral aspect (3) maps children's ethical considerations of meat consumption including legitimation and the cognitive aspect (4) discusses the cognitive issues of eating. KEYWORDS Alimentery taboo, vegetarianism, consumption and avoidance of meat, ethics, legitimation

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaSantos.pdf: 1709888 bytes, checksum: f00718e9da7ad35393520c9a2ecd5961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-06 / The work has for purpose to analyze the process of implantation of the Program of Acquisition of Foods of Familiar Agriculture – PAA, in the modality Direct Purchase, the city of Ponta Grossa - PR, being emphasized the paper and the perceptions of the local social actors. The present program is one of the actions developed for the federal government through the Program Hunger Zero – PHZ, which objective to stimulate and to fortify familiar agriculture through the purchase of the production of the familiar and seated agriculturists of the agrarian reform, to assist the local development and to supply the food demand offered for social institutions and programs. It was used methodology of qualitative exploratory research, beyond bibliographical survey and research of field. The central hypothesis of that the PAA can become the more dynamic local territory for activating the economy, diversifying the production and to brighten up the situation of alimentary unreliability. From the conceptualization of territory and the quarrel of the public politics directed to the territorial development and the improvement of familiar agriculture, one searched to value the production and the endogenous development. It was evidenced genese of the PHZ and its functioning in the spheres federal, state and municipal, together with the origin and evolution of the concept of alimentary security related the support of the agricultural productive system. It is finished concluding that even so the process of implantation of the program in the studied city if has shown disarticulated and contradictory, observed that it fortifies familiar agriculture opening new line of commercialization, diversifying the production, increasing the income of the participant families and promoting the improvement of the alimentary and nutricional security of the people in situation of social risk. It is standed out that in function of the small number of involved agriculturists in Ponta Grossa, the territorial impact is relatively restricted. / O trabalho tem por finalidade analisar o processo de implantação do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos da Agricultura Familiar – PAA, na modalidade Compra Direta, no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, enfatizando o papel e as percepções dos atores sociais locais. O presente programa é uma das ações desenvolvidas pelo governo federal através do Programa Fome Zero – PFZ, o qual objetiva incentivar e fortalecer a agricultura familiar através da compra da produção dos agricultores familiares e assentados da reforma agrária, auxiliar o desenvolvimento local e suprir a demanda de alimentos ofertados por instituições e programas sociais. Utilizou-se a metodologia de pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, além de levantamento bibliográfico e pesquisa de campo. A hipótese central de que o PAA pode tornar o território local mais dinâmico por ativar a economia, diversificar a produção e amenizar a situação de insegurança alimentar. A partir da conceituação de território e da discussão das políticas públicas voltadas ao desenvolvimento territorial e a melhoria da agricultura familiar, buscou se valorizar a produção e o desenvolvimento endógeno. Relatou-se a gênese do PFZ e seu funcionamento nas esferas federal, estadual e municipal, juntamente com a origem e evolução do conceito de segurança alimentar relacionada a sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo agrícola. Finaliza-se concluindo que embora o processo de implantação do programa no município estudado tenha se mostrado desarticulado e contraditório, observou-se que fortalece a agricultura familiar abrindo nova linha de comercialização, diversificando a produção, aumentando a renda das famílias participantes e promovendo a melhoria da segurança alimentar e nutricional das pessoas em situação de risco social. Ressalta-se que em função do pequeno número de agricultores envolvidos em Ponta Grossa, o impacto territorial é relativamente restrito.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O aumento da expectativa de vida e da populaÃÃo de idosos em todos os paÃses e especialmente nos paÃses em desenvolvimento, tem motivado o interesse dos profissionais ligados à saÃde pelas pessoas de idade mais avanÃada. O grupo que mais cresce na populaÃÃo brasileira à a faixa etÃria acima de 60 anos, representa uma importante forÃa polÃtica, social e econÃmica, e com isso tem chamado a atenÃÃo de profissionais de diversas Ãreas e tambÃm do governo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo delinear o padrÃo nutricional e alimentar de integrantes de grupos da melhor idade. Foram convidados os participantes de 05 grupos da Melhor Idade ( 03 grupos da cidade de Fortaleza, 01 da cidade de Itapipoca e 01 da cidade de Jijoca de Jericoacora ) de ambos os sexos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Realizou-se um inquÃrito sÃcioeconÃmico, um inquÃrito para avaliaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de saÃde, estudo antropomÃtrico atravÃs do Ãndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e RelaÃÃo Cintura/Quadril, anamnese alimentar, para anÃlise qualitativa da dieta do grupo de alimentos da PirÃmide Alimentar. Foram coletadas a pressÃo arterial e a glicemia capilar em jejum apenas do clube de melhor idade da cidade de Jijoca de Jericoacoara. Para participar da segunda fase, foram submetidos ao teste mini-mental para se delinar a capacidade cognitiva para o auto-registro do inquÃrito alimentar recordatÃrio de 24 horas. Foi realizado um inquÃrito para avaliaÃÃo da saÃde nutricional. No total foram 144 idosos pesquisados de ambos os sexos, 65 obtiveram escores para participar de 2 fase, apenas 34 concluÃram a 2 fase. A maior faixa etÃria à de 60 a 79 anos, a maioria do sexo feminino, 72,9% sÃo dedicados a um sà clube, maioria tem o nÃvel fundamental incompleto, 81,9% aposentados, 78,5% desenvolvem atividades remuneradas, renda salarial de aproximadamente 1 a 3 salÃrios mÃnimos; 78,3% residem em casa prÃpria; 59,7% fazem atividade fÃsica, freqÃÃncia de 2 a 3 vezes por semana; 40,3% sÃo sedentÃrios, 18% sÃo portadores de HipertensÃo, 11,5% portadores de constipaÃÃo e 10,6% portadores de osteoporose; 12,5% de fumantes e 13,2% de consumidores de bebidas alcoÃlicas. A atividade fÃsica feita sem acompanhamento profissional (65,1%), falta de orientaÃÃo com relaÃÃo a nutriÃÃo e saÃde (64,6%); 69,4% tomam medicamentos, 31% destes medicamentos sÃo de anti-hipertensivos; 67,4% sofreram cirurgias; 32,8% dos idosos sà vÃo ao mÃdico quando estÃo doentes, 55,6% utilizam a rede de saÃde pÃblica. Foram identificados alta da glicemia capilar e alto risco cardÃaco; bom nÃvel cognitivo, demonstrando integridade das funÃÃes cerebrais; comprovou-se que a religiosidade nÃo interfere na escolha dos alimentos; alimentos rejeitados por motivo de patologia tiveram o mesmo perfil dos alimentos rejeitados por orientaÃÃo profissional, alimentos que foram rejeitados por desagrado do paladar ( arroz, frango e frutas), tambÃm foram os mais consumidos na dieta. Na avaliaÃÃo do padrÃo alimentar, cafà e frutas sÃo alimentos mais consumidos no desjejum, as frutas sÃo as mais consumidas principalmente na colaÃÃo (lanche da manhÃ); arroz e feijÃo no horÃrio do almoÃo; à tarde: cafà e suco com ou sem complemento sÃo mais utilizados, o jantar à composto de alimentaÃÃo branda, lÃquidas ou pastosas, muitos idosos nÃo se alimentavam no horÃrio da ceia. Na avaliaÃÃo antropomÃtrica do IMC a maioria foi classificada com eutrofia. O teste da saÃde nutricional revelou que hà necessidade de mudar alguns hÃbitos, consultar um mÃdico ou nutricionista, procurar o apoio da famÃlia ou procurar ajuda junto a programas de assistÃncia para terceira idade. / The increase of the aged life expectancy and the population of in all the countries and especially in the developing countries, has motivated the interest of on professionals to the health for the people of more advanced age. The group that more grows in the Brazilian population is above of 60 years, represents an important force politics, social and economic, and with this it has called the attention of professionals of diverse areas and also of the government. This work has for objective to delineate the nutritional and alimentary standard of integrant of groups of the best age. The participants of 05 groups of the Best Age (03 groups of the city of Fortaleza, 01 of the city of Itapipoca and 01 of the city of Jijoca de Jericoacora) had been invited both sexs, with rule to chosen teams. Fist became full filled a partner-economic inquiry, an inquiry for evaluation of the health conditions, anthropometric study by the Index of Corporal Mass (ICM) and Relation Waist/Hip, anamnese to feed, for qualitative analysis of the diet of the group of foods of the Alimentary Pyramid. The arterial pressure and the hair glicemia in jejum only of the club of better age of the city of Jijoca de Jericoacoara had been collected. To participate of the second phase, they had been submitted to the mini-mental test to know the cognitive capacity for the auto-register of the recordatÃrio alimentary inquiry 24-hour. An inquiry for evaluation of the nutritional health was carried through. In the total aged searched of both the sex had been 144, 65 had gotten prop up to participate of 2 phase, only 34 had concluded 2 phase. The biggest band is of 60 the 79 years, the majority of the feminine sex, 72.9% is dedicated to one alone club, majority has incomplete the basic level, 81.9% pensioners, 78.5% develops remunerated activities, wage income of approximately 1-3 minimum wages; 78.3% in habit in proper house; 59.7% to make physical activity, frequency of 2 -3 time per week; 40.3% are sedentary, 18% are carrying of High arterial pressure, 11.5% carriers of constipation and 10.6% carriers of osteoporosis; 12.5% of smokers and 13.2% of alcoholic beverage consumers. The made physical activity without professional accompaniment (65.1%), lack of orientation with regard to nutrition and health (64.6%); 69.4% take medicines, 31% since medicines are of antihypertensives; 67.4% had suffered surgeries; 32.8% of the aged ones only go to the doctor when they are sick, 55.6% to use the public health service. They had been identified high of the glicemia and high cardiac risk; good cognitive level, demonstrating integrity of the brain functions; one proved that the religion does not intervene with the choice of foods; foods rejected for pathology reason had the same had profile of foods rejected for professional orientation, foods that had been rejected by unpleasantness of the palate (rice, chicken and fruits), also had been consumed in the diet. In the evaluation of the alimentary standard, coffee and fruits are consumed foods more in coffee-break, the fruits are consumed mainly in the light meal (snack of the morning); rice and beans in the schedule of the lunch; to the afternoon: coffee and juice with or without complement more are used, the supper are composed of feeding lights or liquid , many aged ones were not fed in the schedule of after the supper. The anthropometric evaluation of the ICM the majority was normal classified. The test of the nutritional health disclosed that it has to change some habits, to consult a doctor or nutritionist, to look the support of the family or to look aid next to programs of assistance for third age.

A questão nutricional ocupa hoje um lugar de destaque no contexto mundial. Deficiências alimentares trazem muitos prejuízos provocando desequilíbrios nutricionais. Os adolescentes são considerados um grupo exposto ao risco nutricional, devido aos seus hábitos alimentares. Estudos apontam que atividades envolvendo alimentação dentro das escolas são muito importantes, pois podem possibilitar aos adolescentes o desenvolvimento de uma relação mais responsável com a própria saúde. Este trabalho tem como objetivos identificar e analisar comparativamente o consumo alimentar de alunos de 5a à 8a séries nas escolas de ensino fundamental das redes municipal, estadual e particular no município de Ribeirão Preto (SP), verificando o que é oferecido como opções pela merenda e pela cantina escolar e discutindo o espaço da escola como alternativa para a educação alimentar de estudantes. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário sobre seu consumo alimentar na escola, foram pesados e medidos. O programa de software Epi Info 2002 foi usado para a organização dos dados. Os questionários foram respondidos por 401 alunos, de 5a à 8a séries, de ambos os sexos. Alunos de diferentes escolas apresentaram um padrão de consumo alimentar muito semelhante. De maneira geral, os estudantes não trazem lanche de casa para a escola. Nas escolas municipais e estaduais a maior parte dos alunos come a merenda oferecida pela escola apenas ocasionalmente. Em média, 70% dos respondentes freqüentam as cantinas pelo menos uma vez por semana, e os alimentos mais consumidos nas cantinas das escolas municipais, estaduais e particulares são balas, refrigerantes, salgados e sucos. A disciplina Ciências foi a mais apontada pelos alunos como aquela na qual os conteúdos sobre alimentação são trabalhados. A classificação do estado nutricional dos estudantes, feita pelos percentis de acordo com o IMC para idade e sexo permitiu verificar que 12,6% dos escolares apresentam sobrepeso e 8,5% apresentam obesidade. Diante do que foi observado no estudo, considera-se que, dentro do contexto de vida dos adolescentes, no qual estão presentes diferentes variáveis como sedentarismo, grande apelo ao consumo, forte influência da mídia, a escola pode exercer um papel fundamental na promoção da educação nutricional, que deve ser abordada pelas diferentes disciplinas e trabalhada em atividades diversificadas, com objetivo de desenvolver atitudes e hábitos saudáveis. A cantina escolar pode constituir-se, também, num espaço de educação nutricional, possibilitando associar teoria e prática. / Currently, questions about nutrition have a prominent place in the worldwide context. Nutritional deficiencies are in the origin of many damages that provoke imbalances. Adolescents are a group exposed to nutritional risks due to their alimentary habits. Studies have pointed out that the activities involving alimentation at the schools, are very important because they can make possible for teenagers the development of a more responsible relation with their own health. The aim of this work is to identify and to analyze comparatively the alimentary consumption of students from 5th to 8th grades of municipal, state, and private fundamental schools in Ribeirão Preto city, São Paulo. Besides, the study has the purpose of verifying what kind of foods is offered as options by the school meals and the school canteen and discussing the school space as an alternative for the student alimentary education. 401 students, male and female, from 5th to 8th grades, answered questions concerning to their alimentary consumption and were evaluated according to their weigh and their height. For the data organization it was used the Epi Info 2002 software program. Students from different schools showed a very similar pattern of alimentary consumption. In general, the students don’t bring their school lunch from home to school. In the municipal and state schools the students eat school meals only occasionally. On the average, 70% of the students go the school canteen at least once a week and the more consumed foods are candies, juices, sugary sodas and salt snacks. Science was the discipline more pointed by the students as the one in which the contents about alimentation are more worked. The classification of the student nutritional state, done by the percentiles according to IMC for age and sex, allowed to verify that 12.6% of the students showed overheight and 8.5% showed obesity. According to what has been observed in the studies, we consider that, in the context of adolescents life, in which different variables are present, like sedentariness, the great influence of the media, the great appeal of consumes, the school can play a basic role in promoting nutritional education. This subject must be approached by the diverse disciplines and worked through diversified activities in order to develop healthy habits and attitudes. The school canteen may also constitute itself a space for nutritional education, making possible to put theory and practice together.

Utilizando 16 éguas adultas da raça Mangalarga Marchador, com idade entre 3,5 a 18,4 anos, e peso médio de 394,80 ± 46,22 kg, determinaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CD) da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), hemicelulose (HCEL) e energia bruta (EB), e avaliou-se a viabilidade econômica de dietas contendo farelo de vagem de algaroba (FVA) em substituição ao milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo – rolão de milho (MDPS). Foram comparadas quatro metodologias para estimar os CDMS: colheita total de fezes (CT) e o uso dos indicadores internos: celulose indigestível (CELi), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e cinza insolúvel em ácido (CIA). As dietas foram isoprotéicas e isocalóricas, compostas de feno de Coast cross (Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast cross) e concentrado (60:40%), e a variação ocorreu nos níveis de substituição do MDPS pelo FVA, os quais foram: 0, 33, 66 e 100%. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições em cada tratamento. A avaliação das estimativas do CDMS pelos indicadores foi efetuada através de um modelo considerando o viés, ou seja, a diferença entre CDMS estimado pelo indicador e pela CT. Não ocorreu efeito de bloco para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. O consumo não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, obtendo-se valores médios de 1,8% PV (peso vivo), 7,02 kg MS/dia e 79,84 g MS/ kg PV 0,75. A substituição afetou quadraticamente a excreção de FDA e EB nas fezes (p < 0,05). Os CDMS, CDMO CDPB e CDHCEL não mostraram diferenças entre os tratamentos. As médias calculadas foram 49,19% (CDMS), 50,19% (CDMO), 56,89% (CDPB) e 35,46% (CDHCEL). Observou-se efeito linear decrescente para o CDFDN (p = 0,0105), e efeito quadrático para os CDFDA (p = 0,0468) e para o CDEB (p = 0,0147) em função dos níveis de substituição do MDPS pelo FVA. De acordo com as equações obtidas, o ponto máximo de digestibilidade para a FDA foi alcançado com 22,27% de substituição, enquanto para FDN e EB, com 0% de substituição do MDPS pelo FVA. Entre os indicadores avaliados o FDAi foi o de parâmetros mais acurados. Com respeito à precisão, não foram observadas diferenças entre os indicadores (p < 0,05). Sobre robustez, as estimativas da FDAi e da CELi foram afetadas pelo consumo de matéria seca e pelo próprio CDMS, ao passo que a CIA foi afetada apenas pelo CDMS (p < 0,05). As taxas de recuperação calculadas foram 98,49, 94,49 e 144,5% para a FDAi, CELi e CIA, respectivamente, e apenas a da FDAi não diferiu de 100% (p < 0,05). A classificação dos indicadores em função dos conceitos de avaliação utilizados (acurácia, precisão e robustez) foi FDAi > CIA > CELi. O custo das rações aumentou em 4,53, 10,64 e 11,60% para os níveis de 33, 66 e 100% de substituição, em relação ao tratamento isento de FVA. A viabilidade econômica da substituição do MDPS pelo FVA ocorre desde que o seu preço/kg não ultrapasse 85,95% do preço/kg do MDPS ou 70,09% do preço/kg do milho grão. / Sixteen mares of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, ageing from 3.5 to 18.4 years, weighting 394.80 + 46.22 kg were used. The apparent digestibility coefficients (CD) of dry matter (MS), organic matter (MO), crude protein (PB), acid detergent fiber (FDA), neutral detergent fiber (FDN), hemicellulose (HCEL) and gross energy (EB) were determined. The economic viability of the diets with mesquite pod meal (FVA) substituting corn and cob meal (MDPS) was evaluated. Four methods to estimate CDMS were compared: total feces collection (CT) and the use of internal markers: indigestible cellulose (CELi), indigestible acid detergent fiber (FDAi) and acid insoluble ash (CIA). The diets were isoproteic and isocaloric and were composed by Coast cross (Cynodon dactylon cv. Coast cross) hay and concentrate (60:40%). The variation occurred on the level of substitution of MDPS by FVA: 0, 33, 66 and 100%. A randomized complete blocks experimental design with 4 replications per treatment was adopted. The CDMS evaluation estimated by the markers was made by a model considering the bias, i.e., the difference between CDMS estimated by marker and by CT. Blocks did not affect significantly any studied variables. The intake was not affected by the treatments, averaging 1.8% PV (body weigh), 7.02 kg MS/day, 79.84 g MS/kg PV 0.75. The substitution had a second-degree effect on excretion of FDA and EB in feces (p < 0.05). The CDMS, CDMO, CDHCEL and CDPB did not differ between the treatments. The averages were 49.19% (CDMS), 50.19% (CDMO), 56.89% (CDPB), and 35.46% (CDHCEL). The decrease linear effect for CDFDN (p = 0.0105), and second-degree effect for CDFDA (p = 0.0468) and for CDEB (p = 0.0147), was observed in function of the substitution. According of the equations, the max point of digestibility to FDA was obtained with 22.27% of substitution, however to FDN e EB, was obtained with 0%. Between the evaluated markers, FDAi was more accurate. Considering precision, no differences were observed between markers (p < 0.05). On robustness, FDAi and CELi estimatives were affected by dry matter intake and by its own CDMS, whereas CIA’s estimative were affected only by CDMS (p < 0.05). Markers recoveries were 98.49, 94.49 and 144.5% for FDAi, CELi e CIA, respectively and, only the FDAi recovery did not differ from 100% (p < 0.05). The ranking of the markers by the evaluation of the concepts (accuracy, precision and robustness) was FDAi > CIA > CELi. The concentrate cost increased in 4.53, 10.64 and 11.60% for the substitution levels of 33, 66 and 100%, respectively, compared to the diets without FVA. The economic viability of substitution of MDPS by FVA occurs since its price/kg is not over 85.95% of the MDPS’s price/kg or 70.09% of the corn’s price/kg.

Mucositis refers to the widespread damage of mucosal surfaces throughout the length of the alimentary tract (AT) that can occur during cancer treatment. Its development is an important clinical problem that complicates and limits treatment options as well as adversely affecting the quality of life and treatment outcomes for patients. Recent studies directed at determining the pathobiology of mucositis have indicated increasing evidence for the role of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, for example tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin- 6 (IL-6), in its development. This thesis developed from an initial clinical investigation in which the expression of NF-κB and COX-2 in oral mucosa was investigated in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Increased levels of NF-κB were demonstrated in the buccal mucosa following chemotherapy. It is well established that mucositis occurs in different sites of the AT. The aims of this research, therefore, were to compare and contrast the changes that do occur at different sites of the AT following chemotherapy in an established animal model (Dark Agouti (DA) rat). Furthermore, the studies were conducted to determine whether changes in tissue and serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines occurred following chemotherapy and, with respect to tissue levels, identify whether there were differences in expression at different sites throughout the AT. The final aim was to examine whether the histological changes and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines were affected by the type of chemotherapy drug used. The effects of three chemotherapy drugs with different mechanisms of action (irinotecan, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) were investigated, all of which can cause mucositis in the clinical setting. The thesis is divided into a Literature Review (Chapter 1) followed by 4 research papers: Chapter 2 – “Nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the oral mucosa following cancer chemotherapy” Chapter 3 -“Characterisation of mucosal changes in the alimentary tract following administration of irinotecan: Implications for the pathobiology of mucositis” Chapter 4 – “Is the pathobiology of chemotherapy-induced alimentary tract mucositis influenced by the type of mucotoxic drug administered?”, Chapter 5 – “Serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines following administration of mucotoxic drugs”. Chapter 6 provides an overall summary and discussion of the results. Previous research has indicated that following administration of chemotherapeutic agents there may be subclinical changes occurring in the mucosa prior to obvious clinical manifestations. The results presented in this thesis also demonstrate this in both humans and animals following administration of chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue taken from the oral cavity, jejunum and colon from the DA rats following chemotherapy demonstrated that changes in NF-κB and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF, IL-1β and IL- 6, occurred at all sites over a 72 hour time period. This was evident before severe histological evidence of mucositis were observed such as epithelial atrophy in the oral mucosa, atrophy, blunting and fusion of the villi in the jejunum and crypt ablation in the jejunum and colon. Furthermore, each of the three drugs caused different patterns of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the tissues; in spite of this, however, histological features of damage were similar. With respect to serum levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, differences were observed between the serum and tissue levels. Generally, serum changes followed initial histological changes in the tissues, or occurred simultaneously with histological changes. The mechanisms behind this are unclear; however it may be that elevated cytokines in the tissues “overflow” into the serum as tissue damage increases. Furthermore, the use of serum cytokine level measurement to predict mucosal damage is limited because of the differences in timing and short time intervals between changes in the serum and tissues. This thesis has provided additional important information on mucositis pathobiology and highlights its complexity. In particular, it has provided new evidence supporting the notion that mucositis is not restricted to the oral cavity and that other sites of the AT are also affected. Furthermore, these results confirm previous data indicating that subclinical changes occur in the mucosa prior to the development of obvious histological damage or clinical manifestations of mucositis. Contrary to previous reports, these studies have indicated that, although the clinical and histological changes may be similar, the alterations in NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tissues are affected by the type of drug used. This has important implications in the management and prevention of mucositis in the clinical setting particularly when multi-drug or chemotherapy-radiotherapy regimens are used. A common pathway that leads to mucosal damage is yet to be determined. The fact that serum levels appear to reflect the “global” nature of the effects of chemotherapy, highlights the fact that ongoing research needs to be directed, not necessarily at specific side effects, but rather how side effects of chemotherapy are interrelated so that better patient management can be achieved and ultimately provide optimum treatment and better survival for patients with cancer. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1321557 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008