A interpretação do perfil de consumo alimentar de uma população é tarefa complexa, especialmente quando a sociedade brasileira vem passando por intensos processos, entre outros, a rápida industrialização, acelerada urbanização, a crescente participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho, o desenvolvimento da agroindústria e os planos de ajustes econômicos, o envelhecimento da população, a crescente importância da mídia, modificações dos hábitos e costumes.Também têm sido enfatizados os conhecidos danos para a saúde que podem decorrer do consumo insuficiente de nutrientes ou do consumo excessivo, que invariavelmente condiciona a obesidade. Tendo em vista as lacunas existentes, sobre o consumo alimentar da população, julgou-se pertinente implementar a presente pesquisa tendo entre seus objetivos a análise do conteúdo de energia e nutrientes, disponível nos domicílios das regiões metropolitanas de Recife e São Paulo e a variação dos mesmos de acordo com o recebimento familiar per capita; avaliação da participação relativa dos diferentes grupos de alimentos e, também, dos macronutrientes no valor energético total – VET. Como base de dados, foram utilizadas as informações obtidas pela Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF, realizada pelo IBGE, durante o período de 1 o de outubro de 1995 a 30 de setembro de 1996 (IBGE, 1998). Para a análise dos dados relativos ao conteúdo disponível de energia e nutrientes, adotou-se o software Virtual Nutri (Philippi et al, 1996).Os recursos do software Statistical Analysis System – SAS (1996),foram utilizados para a elaboração das demais análises. Para analisar como a disponibilidade de energia e os nutrientes selecionados variam com o recebimento familiar per capita nas duas regiões metropolitanas analisadas, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão múltipla. Elaborou-se a análise da participação dos macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteína e lipídeos) no valor total de energia disponível nos domicílios para as famílias de todos os estratos de recebimentos, adotando-se como parâmetros os valores preconizados pela National Academy of Sciences (2002). Verificou-se que para as duas regiões metropolitanas e totalidade dos estratos de recebimento, a participação da proteína animal supera o valor recomendado .Note-se que a participação da proteína que procedem de fontes animais supera 50%, quando se examina os resultados referentes à totalidade dos estratos de recebimentos.Quando se considera a participação dos macronutrientes, verifica-se que o maior valor (31%), referente aos lipídios no VET é verificado na região metropolitana de São Paulo (famílias com rendimento entre 15 e 20 s.m.). Valor também considerado elevado, foi observado em São Paulo para famílias pertencentes aos estratos de 3 a 5, 20 a 30 e acima de 30 salários mínimos.No tocante a participação dos carboidratos, vale enfatizar que os maiores percentuais (63% e 62%) foram verificados na região metropolitana de Recife. Quando se considerou os três estratos de recebimento (< 2 s.m.; entre 6 e 8 s.m.; e > 30 s.m.) verificou-se que as famílias da região metropolitana de Recife, pertencentes aos referidos estratos dispõe de maior conteúdo de energia no domicílio, que as famílias da região metropolitana de São Paulo. A disponibilidade de fibras se revelou muito inferior ao mínimo recomendado. Situação preocupante também foi observada quando se considerou a disponibilidade no domicílio, do ferro. Verificou-se também que possivelmente os hábitos regionais exerçam forte influência no consumo da população. Ilustra esse registro a contribuição do grupo das farinha no VET disponível para as famílias da região metropolitana de Recife (região nordeste do pais) que se revelou superior àquela verificada para São Paulo. A participação das frutas se revelou mais expressiva, para as famílias pertencentes aos estratos mais elevados de renda, das duas regiões consideradas nas análises. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa forneçam subsídios para as análises do comportamento do perfil alimentar dos brasileiros das áreas duas urbanas. Acredita-se, também, que os resultados contribuam para sistemas agroalimentares brasileiros e, entre outros procedimentos de intervenção, para a elaboração de programas educativos na área da saúde mais condizente com a melhoria do estado nutricional da população.As indústrias de alimentos e profissionais da área de marketing também poderão se beneficiar dos resultados à medida que esses revelam tendências e preferências dos consumidores. / It is a complex task interpreting the eating habits of a given population, especially when the Brazilian society is passing through great changes, as the fast industrialisation, quick urbanisation growth the increasing of the women’s participation at the job market, the agroindustrial development, the economic agreement plans, the population aging-process, the growth of the media importance, those factors result in habit and custom changings. It is also been emphasising the well-known health problems that occur because of the inadequate nutrients consumption or the excess nutrients consumption, which drives the individual to an obese condition. Because of the lack of information on the population eating consumption, I resolve to start the following research to analyze the energy and nutrient contents, available at the homes in Recife and São Paulo metropolitan regions and the range of the energy and nutrients according on how much each family earns, their per capita income, the evaluation of the relative participation of the different food groups, and also the macronutrients found in the Total Energetic Value – TEV. Based on collected data, it was used the information obtained by the pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares – POF (Familiar Budget Research) fulfiled by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) throughout the period of October 1 st , 1995 to September 30 th, 1996 (IBGE,1998). To analyze the data related to the available energy and nutrients contents, it was used the Virtual Nutri software (Philippi et al, 1996). The Statical Analysis Sytem – SAS resources (1996) were used to elaborate the other analyses. To analyze how the energy and nutrient available chosen ranges according the familiar per capita income in both metropolitan regions it was used a multiple regression model. It was elaborated the macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat) participation in the total valour of the available energy found at the homes to the families from every social class, the parametres taken were the foretold by the National Academy of Sciences (2002). It was verified that for both regions and all familiar range income the participation of animal protein surpasses the recommendable valour, in a 50% scale, when it is taken the whole familiar income range. When one considers the macronutrients participation, one verifies that the major valour (31%) is conserning to the fat in the TEV it is found that in São Paulo metropolitan region (families that have about 3000 to 4000 Reais monthly income – being 1 dollar equal to about 3,80 Reais nowadays) another high considered valour was observed in São Paulo within the families who have incomes from 600 Reais to 1000 Reais, the families who income ranges from 4000 Reais to 6000 Reais and the families that have an income higher than 6000 Reais. As far as carbohydrate is concerned it is good to emphasise that the major valours (63% and 62%) were found in Recife metropolitan region. When it was considered the three levels of income (less than 400 Reais; between 1200 Reais and 1600 Reais and more than 6000 Reais) it was verified that the families in Recife metropolitan area in the citied income levels have more energy content at home than theirs counterparts in São Paulo metropolitan areas. The available fibre turned out to be much fewer than the recommendable one. That worrying situation was also observed when one considered the iron available at home. It was observed that probably the regional habits have a strong influence as far as comsuption is concerned. The flour in the TEV available to the families shows us the regional habits, because it is higher in Recife metropolitan area than in São Paulo metropolitan area. It was noticed the fruits expressive participation among the families who have the major incomes in both regions. It is expected that the results in this research provide subsidies to the Brazilian eating behaviour in both metropolitan regions. It is believed that the results will help the Brazilian agro-food systems and amongst other intervention proceedings, to elaborate educative programmes on health field aiming the improving the nutritional state of the population. The food industries and the professionals on the marketing area will also be able to get the benefits from the results for they reveal the consumers tendencies and preferences.

Introducción: Desde el inicio de la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus, a nivel mundial se han adoptado diversas medidas para disminuir la propagación de este. Entre ellas, el aislamiento social obligatorio, el cual ha generado cambios en el estilo de vida de las personas, especialmente en los niños preescolares, quienes han visto interrumpidas, y sustituidas sus actividades académicas a modalidades online, limitando sus actividades recreacionales por actividades más sedentarias. Sumado a esto, el Perú ya venía experimentando un aumento en el consumo de productos ultraprocesados, con incremento en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños. Objetivo: Explorar cómo influye la evolución de la pandemia del COVID-19 en la elección de los productos ultraprocesados que realizan las madres para la alimentación del niño preescolar. Método: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Se realizó 26 entrevistas semiestructuradas utilizando una guía de preguntas. La muestra seleccionada fue por bola de nieve hasta alcanzar la saturación. Resultados: Las madres entrevistadas tuvieron entre 21 y 47 años de edad, la mayoría vivía en los distritos de Miraflores y Surco, contaban con estudios superiores completos y trabajo al momento de las entrevistas. Ellas expresaron que la experiencia de vivir la evolución de la pandemia ha generado cambios en la dinámica de sus familias como: alteraciones en los horarios, introducción del trabajo remoto, adaptación de sus hijos a la educación virtual y mayor sedentarismo. Se demostró que la mayoría tenía un adecuado conocimiento respecto a los productos ultraprocesados. Sin embargo, se evidenció una mayor elección de estos para los preescolares, siendo estos consumidos mayormente en las tardes. Conclusión: Los cambios generados por la evolución de la pandemia aumentaron la elección de productos ultraprocesados por parte de las madres de los niños preescolares. / Introduction: Since the beginning of the new coronavirus pandemic, measures have been taken worldwide to reduce its spreading. Among them, obligatory quarantine, which has generated changes in people’s lifestyles, especially that of preschool aged children, who have been forced to substitute their academic activities for online modalities and their recreational activities for more sedentary ones. In addition, Peru has been experiencing an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed products and in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. Objective: Explore how the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic influences the choice of ultra-processed products that mothers make for feeding their preschool children. Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Twenty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted using a question guide. The sample was selected by snowball until reaching saturation. Results: The interviewed mothers were between 21 and 47 years old, the majority lived in the districts of Miraflores and Surco, had completed higher education and they had work at the time of the interviews. They expressed that the experience of living the evolution of the pandemic has generated changes in the dynamics of their families such as: alterations in schedules, introduction of remote work, adaptation of their children to virtual education and greater sedentary lifestyle. Most were shown to have adequate knowledge of ultra-processed products. However, a greater choice of these was evidenced for preschoolers, being these consumed mostly in the afternoons. Conclusion: The changes generated by the evolution of the pandemic increased the choice of ultra-processed products by the mothers of preschool children. / Tesis

Marco teórico: El sobrepeso y la obesidad está asociado con el incremento del consumo de alimentos industrializados (AI). Últimamente se ha identificado el perímetro de cuello (PC) como un buen indicador de grasa corporal y sobre todo riesgo en la salud. Por lo que nuestro objetivo es evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de energía de AI y el PC en peruanos de 15 a 65 años. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la base datos del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) realizado en Perú. Las variables de interés fueron el consumo de energía de AI y el PC, para evaluar su asociación se realizó una regresión de Poisson cruda y ajustada por variables confusoras y se calculó la razón de prevalencia (RP). Los análisis se realizaron a un nivel de confianza del 95%. Resultados: La media del PC fue de 35,4 cm (DE: 3,6) y la mediana del consumo de los AI fue de 372,4 kcal (227,6-554,1). Los que se encuentran en el segundo y tercil superior de consumo de energía en AI tienen mayor probabilidad de PC aumentado (RP: 1,05; IC:1,00-1,10, p=0,042; RP: 1,06; IC:1,01-1,12, p=0,017, respectivamente) en relación a los que estaban en el primer tercil. Conclusión: A medida que aumenta el tercil del consumo de energía de AI aumenta el riesgo de PC aumentado en peruanos de 15 a 65 años. Es importante identificar estrategias que permitan implementar políticas públicas que mejoren la calidad de AI y disminuyan el riesgo de PC aumentado. / Background: Overweight and obesity is associated with increased consumption of industrialized foods (IF). Lately, the neck perimeter (NP) has been identified as a good body fat indicator and specially of health risk. Therefore, our objective is to evaluate the association between energy consumption of IF and NC in Peruvians aged 15 to 65. Methods: A secondary analysis of the database of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) conducted in Peru was performed. The variables of interest were power consumption of IF and NP, to evaluate its association, a crude and adjusted for confounding variables Poisson regression was performed and the prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. The analyses were performed at a 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean NC was 35,4 cm (SD: 3,6) and the median consumption of IF was 372,4 kcal (227,6-554,1). Those in the second and upper tertile of energy consumption of IF have a higher probability of increased NC (PR: 1,05; IC:1,00-1,10, p=0,042; PR: 1,06; IC:1,01-1,12, p=0,017, respectively) in relation to those who were in the first tertile. Conclusion: As the tertile of energy consumption of IF increases, the risk of increased NC increases in Peruvians aged 15 to 65. It is important to identify strategies to implement public policies that improve the quality of IF and reduce the risk of increased NC. / Tesis