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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Synthèses et étude de nouveaux copolymères pour la visualisation de dispositifs médicaux en imagerie par résonance magnétique / Synthesis and studies of new copolymers for visualisation of medical device in MRI

Blanquer, Sébastien 16 February 2011 (has links)
L'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) est à l'heure actuelle la technique de visualisation préférentiellement choisie par les chirurgiens. Cependant, cette technique ne permet pas de visualiser des prothèses à base de polymères, qu'elles soient dégradables ou non. Afin de mieux évaluer la fixation, l'intégration tissulaire et le devenir de l'implantation de ces prothèses polymères, il serait souhaitable qu'elles soient visibles par IRM. Ce travail présente donc la conception et la synthèse de copolymères biocompatibles visibles par IRM destinés à être introduit dans la composition de prothèses pour applications temporaires ou permanentes. En utilisant la modification chimique en position alpha de fonction ester décrite précédemment par notre laboratoire, nous avons greffé de façon covalente et par une liaison stable un chélate du gadolinium (le DTPA) sur la chaîne de la PCL (dégradable) et du PAM (non dégradable). Le gadolinium a ensuite été complexé par le DTPA greffé préalablement. Ces nouveaux copolymères ont été caractérisés par RMN et CES, et le taux de gadolinium évalué par ICP-MS. Des images d'IRM ont été réalisées in vitro et in vivo sur des appareils contenant des aimants de 7 Teslas (recherche) et 1,5 Teslas (clinique). Ces images montrent qu'un treillis en polypropylène enduit de copolymère greffé par un complexe DTPA-gadolinium est visible par IRM, ce qui laisse entrevoir un large champ d'applications pour ce type de composé. / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is currently the visualization technique that surgeons preferentially choose. However this technique does not allow the visualization of polymer-based prosthesis, whether they are degradable or not. In order to best assess adhesion, tissue integration and the future of implantation of these polymer prosthesis, it would be advisable to make them visible in IRM. This work presents the conception and the synthesis of biocompatible copolymers visible in IRM meant to be implanted under the form of prosthesis for temporary or permanent applications. Using the chemical modification in alpha position of ester function, previously described by our laboratory, we grafted a gadolinium chelate, in a covalent way and forming a stable bond on PCL (degradable) and PMA (non degradable) backbone. Gadolinium was then complexed by DTPA previously grafted. Those new copolymers were characterized with NMR and SEC, and the rate of gadolinium was assessed by ICP-MS. MRI images were taken in vitro and in vivo on devices containing 7-Teslas (research) and 1,5 Teslas (clinical) magnets. These images show a poly(propylene) mesh coated with grafted copolymer containing complex gadolinium which is visible in MRI. It will consequently improve the prospects of applications for this kind of MRI-visible compound.
2

Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) copolyesters

Chen, Chi-He 30 August 2010 (has links)
Three series copolyesters [poly(butylene succinate-co-propylene succinate) (PBPSu), poly(butylene succinate-co-2-methyl-1,3-propylene succinate) (PBMPSu) and poly(ethylene succinate-co-butylene succinate) (PEBSu)] and their homopolyesters [poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu), poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu), poly(propylene succinate) (PPSu) and poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene succinate) (PMPSu)] were synthesized by a two-step reaction (esterification and polycondensation) with titanium tetraisopropoxide as the catalyst. Molecular weights of all synthesized polyesters were determined by intrinsic viscosity and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The values of intrinsic viscosity (0.97 ~ 1.62 dL/g) and relative molecular weight (2.4x10000 ~ 11.9x10000 g/mol) indicate that these polyesters can be made into films without complications. Compositions and sequence distributions of copolyesters were determined by analyzing the spectra of 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The randomness values of these copolyesters are closed to 1.0 that represents random sequence distribution of the comonomers. Thermal properties and stabilities were characterized using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), respectively. All copolyesters exhibited a single glass transition temperature (Tg). For PBPSu copolyesters, incorporating propylene succinate units to PBSu not only narrows the window between Tg and melting temperature (Tm), but also retards the cold crystallization ability, thereby lowering the crystallinity to a considerable extent. This phenomenon also occurred in PBMPSu and PEBSu copolyesters when the 2-methyl-1,3-propylene succinate (MPS) and butylene succinate (BS) units were incorporated into PBSu and PESu, respectively. Tstart is the temperature of first detectable deviation from the derivative curve of weight loss. Tstarts of all synthesized polyesters around 240 £jC, higher than the temperature of polycondensation reaction (220 £jC), demonstrates that there is no necessity of using a thermal stabilizer during the synthesis of these polyesters. Additionally, the thermal stability does not vary significantly with compositions in the same series polyester. Wide-angle X-ray diffractograms (WAXDs) at room temperature were obtained from polyesters crystallized isothermally at a temperature around 5-20 £jC below their melting temperatures. WAXD patterns of two series polyesters elucidated that the incorporation of PS or MPS units into PBSu markedly inhibits the crystallization behavior of PBSu. The phenomenon also occurred in PEBSu copolyesters when BS units were incorporated into PESu. Results of WAXD and DSC measurements showed that PMPSu is a amorphous polyester. The retarding effect on crystallization by methyl substituents on the polymer chain is efficient.
3

Synthèse et modification d'un polyester biodégradable pour application agro-textile : le poly(butylène succinate) / Synthesis and modifications of a biodegradable polyester for agro-textiles : poly(butylene succinate)

Vandesteen, Marie 27 March 2015 (has links)
Au cours des dernières décennies, l’utilisation de polymères biodégradables a connu un regain d’intérêt pour des applications agricoles. Dans cette étude, nous nous concentrons sur le développement de textiles biodégradables destinés à la protection anti-insecte des cultures. Actuellement, ces textiles doivent être collectés par des entreprises après la saison agricole et entraîne un coût non négligeable pour l’utilisateur. Une alternative serait d’avoir des agro-textiles qui pourraient être collectés par l’utilisateur et minéralisés après quelques mois. Les polymères biodégradables pourraient répondre à ces objectifs. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le poly(butylene succinate) un polymère biodégradable et biosourcé. Le PBS a été synthétisé sur un pilote de polycondensation. Néanmoins, le PBS issu de cette synthèse présente de faibles propriétés rhéologiques. La structure du PBS a donc été modifiée par l’incorporation de branchements ou d’allongeurs de chaines. Les propriétés mécaniques ont également été optimisées via la synthèse de systèmes PBS/PLA transréagits et de PBS nanocomposites. Ces PBS modifiés ont été testés au filage. Finalement un fil de PBS avec 0,5% de silice sphérique a été produit à plus grande échelle et un textile a été fabriqué. Le vieillissement de ces fils PBS a été étudié et la conservation des propriétés mécaniques durant l’utilisation du fil en extérieur a été validée. Enfin, une dernière approche plus exploratoire a été testée. Elle consiste en la modification du PBS par des interactions supramoléculaires réversibles en température. / In the last decade, biodegradable polymers have gained significant interest for agricultural applications. Here we focus on the development of biodegradable textiles for insect-proof nets. Currently these textiles must be collected by specialized companies after the growing season and generate disposal cost. An ideal agrotextile would be collected by the user at the end of the growing season, and undergo full mineralization within few months. These requirements can be achieved by using biodegradable polymers. In this study, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), a biobased and biodegradable polymer was studied. PBS was synthesized by polycondensation on a pilot plant reactor. Because of low rheological properties of the synthesized polyester, the chemical structure of PBS was modified by several approaches like chain extension or branching. The mechanical properties were tuned with the synthesis of PBS/PLA transreacted systems and PBS nanocomposites. These modified PBS were tested upon fiber spinning. Finally a PBS yarn with 0,5% spherical silica was produced at higher scale and a textile was done. Ageing of the PBS yarns was also studied and the conservation of the mechanical properties during use of the textile was validated. Lastly a more exploratory approach was tested. It is synthesis of modified PBS by supramolecular interactions, which are reversible upon temperature.

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