The theoretical part of this diploma work is focused on the polymeric nanoparticles, their properties and advantages connected with them. There are introduced also particular types of organic and inorganic nanoparticles and methods of their preparation. The great attention was directed on biodegradable polymers in particular to poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, which was used in experimental part as carrier for base of terbinafine branched to tripentaerythritol. PLGA is the most suitable copolymer for practice because of good explored its physical, chemical and biological properties, methods of preparation and factors affecting degradation. The aim of this work was to find suitable emulsifier with suitable concentration for preparation of nanoparticles containing the base of terbinafine, suitable solvent for terpolymer and optimal concentration of emulsion to reach the highest yield of terbinafine without any exceptional loss. How it was mentioned, as carrier was used terpolymer of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid with tripentaerythritol. As technique of preparation of nanoparticles was used emulsification by evaporating of organic solvent (solvent evaporation method). During the experimental work we found out some of conclusions, it goes to reduce of polydispersity with increasing concentration of...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Karolína Valíková Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Diploma thesis title: Formulation and study of the antimicrobial agent A literary overview of selected characteristics of silver nanoparticles is presented in the diploma thesis. Size measurement methods are described, while considerable attention is paid to photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), which was used in the experimental part of this diploma thesis. Various methods of silver nanoparticle synthesis are outlined. Later part of the text is focused on the application of silver nanoparticles in areas concerning human health - mainly for the purposes of medicine, disinfection and as components of cosmetic products. Possible toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on human organism are also discussed. The focus of the thesis is in the experimental part. Stability of microparticles in suspensions used for product formulation was studied, as well as the PCS instrument's capability to distinguish the size distribution of particles in aqueous medium in highly polydisperse systems and in highly diluted systems. It was proven that microparticles have a spontaneous ability to form flocks, nonionic surfactants in 0.1%...

Charles Univerzity in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Veronika Müllnerová Consultant: Doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Title of thesis: Impact of molecular weight and the grade of branching of aliphatic oligoesters on their hydrolytic degradation Theoretical part of the thesis deals with behavior, properties and applications of biodegradable polyesters, mainly copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid (PLGA). This part concerns degradation, erosion and release mechanism. Furthermore, it describes properties that influence the drug release kinetics from systems based on PLGA. The final section of theoretical part is focused on the in situ forming implants, whose carrier of active substance is biodegradable polyester. The experimental part analyzes the influence of different pH of the medium within physiologically common boundaries and also the influence of ionic force on the degree of swelling and polymer erosion. These degradation parameters have been studied on three potential polyester carriers of active substances - PLGA, M3 (terpolymer of lactic and glycolic acid with mannit) and T3 (terpolymer of lactic and glycolic acid with tripentaerythritol). Polymer bodies were kept in temperature of 37řC inside phosphate-citrate buffers with...

Summary of the thesis This works aims at reporting a novel strategy that combines controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactones initiated by a cyclic tin(IV) dialkoxide and intramolecular cyclization by photo-cross-linking of pendant unsaturations next to the propagating sites. No linear species is ever involved in the polymerization, which allows higher molecular weight macrocycles to be prepared with high efficiency. Moreover, the synthetic route is very flexible to the point where macrocyclic polyesters with more complex although well-defined architectures, such as tadpole-shaped and sun-shaped copolyesters, can be tailored. Synthesis of well-defined star- and eight-shaped polyesters and twin tadpole-shaped amphiphilic copolymers has also been explored by using a spirocyclic tin(IV) alkoxide as initiator.

Orientador: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talamoni_JoaoRoberto_M.pdf: 3179199 bytes, checksum: 8fe9d391161838e5f0a3bd3360ef2652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Anualmente, são produzidas cerca de 110 milhões de toneladas de plásticos no mundo, e pelo menos a metade desta quantidade é rapidamente descartada sem qualquer cuidado, permanecendo em aterros e na natureza por décadas, gerando um custo ambiental muito alto. Na tentativa de minimizar este problema, muitos cientistas passaram a investir em pesquisas na tentativa de descobrir materiais que substituam estes plásticos e que ao mesmo tempo sejam ambientalmente amigáveis, ou seja, quando em contato com o solo e em ambientes propícios, estes novos materiais se degradem rapidamente. Muitas linhas de pesquisas trabalham com polímeros de origem natural, outras com síntese microbiológica, porém, uma das linhas de pesquisas mais forte neste sentido é a síntese e modificação de poliésteres alifáticos, que sabidamente possuem boas propriedades de biodegradação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar, caracterizar e modificar um poliéster alifático com boas propriedades de biodegradação. Partiu-se de monômeros conhecidos, como o ácido adípico e o monoetileno glicol, e ainda usou-se outros materiais para tentar melhorar as propriedades dos polímeros sintetizados, como o glicerol e o diisocianato de hexametileno, este último usado para se obter poliésteres-uretanos de massa molar maior, menor cristalinidade e de mais fácil biodegradação. Todas as amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas via medições de suas massas molares por Cromatografia por Permeação em Gel e Viscosidade Intrínseca, e ainda mediuse a efetividade das reações através da Espectroscopia por Infravermelho. Também determinou-se as temperaturas de cristalização e de fusão através da Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória e a perda de massa através de Análise Termogravimétrica. Ainda, acompanhou-se o processo de biodegradação através de fotos e microscopia ótica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que a síntese de poliésteres alifáticos requer muitos cuidados para que se obtenha materiais com boas propriedades de aplicação, e que as modificações via isocianato, obtendo-se poliésteres-uretanos, é um caminho bastante interessante para a melhoria destas propriedades, e ainda, pode-se concluir que a síntese destes materiais é bastante promissora para se obter materiais / Abstract: Annually, about 110 millions of tons of plastics are produced around the world, and at least haIf of this amount is wasted speciaIly in landfills, remaining there for decades, causing high1y environmental costs. In order to solve this problem, many scientists are performing researches trying to create new materiaIs with adequate properties to replace these plastics and at the same time, materiaIs that are environmentally mends, and can be degraded when in contact with soil and under adequate conditions. Many researchers are working with natural polymers, others with polymers synthesized through microbiologicaI conditions, and others are working with the synthesis and modification of aIiphatic polyesters, which are known since decades that they are good biodegradable materiaIs. The objective of this work is the synthesis, characterization and modification of aIiphatic polyesters with good biodegradable properties. It was used known monomers for the synthesis, like adipic acid and ethylene glycol, and others materiaIs to improve properties, like glycerol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, this last one was used to obtain a polyester-urethane, with high molecular weight and lower degree of crystallization, improving its ability to degrade. All samples synthesized were characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography and Intrinsic Viscosity to measure their molecular weight, and the effectiveness of the reactions were followed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Melting and Glass Transition temperatures and Crystallization behavior were measured through Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Using Thermogravimetry measurements, the loss of mass of all samples with temperature was measured. The biodegradation process was followed by periodical photos and with Optical Microscopy. The final results showed that the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters need to be carefully carried out to achieve materials with good properties, and the extension of these aliphatic polyesters with isocyanates is a viable way to increase properties of these materials, but it is possible to conc1ude that the synthesis of such materials is a very promising field to have biodegradable materials / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Macromolecular engineering is one of the most powerful tools to control the molecular parameters, including architecture of polymers, and to improve their performances or to impart them new properties. This contribution aims at reporting on a novel strategy for the macromolecular engineering of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) which is based on the use of functional ε-caprolactone, the α-chloro-ε-caprolactone (αClεCL). Indeed, αClεCL is a precursor of polymers and copolymers with εCL that bear pendant activated chlorides well suited to grafting from reaction. These (co)polyesters have been used as macroinitiators for the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate leading to the corresponding graft copolymer. They have also been involved in an Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) reaction with a series of olefins bearing different functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and epoxy group) in order to functionalize the polyester backbone without deleterious degradation. ATRA of PEO chains with an unsaturation end groups has also been carried out in order to prepare PCL-g-PEO of different compositions to be used as stabilizers of polyester nanoparticles. Combination of ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and the copper-catalyzed Huisgens [3+2] cycloaddition is a novel strategy for going a step further in the macromolecular engineering of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). This click reaction is very well-suited to the chemical modification of aliphatic polyesters because, its implementation under very mild conditions prevents chain degradation from occurring. Indeed, alkynes were cycloadded onto azide containing PCL at low temperature (35°C) in an organic solvent (DMF or THF). Originally, α-chloro-ε-caprolactone and ε-caprolactone were randomly copolymerized in toluene at room temperature followed by reaction of the activated chlorides with sodium azide. In order to make a wide range of functional aliphatic polyesters available, poly(α-azide-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone) copolyesters were reacted with a series of alkynes substituted by a functional group, e.g., hydroxyl, acrylate and quaternary ammonium salts, This strategy turned out to be efficient to synthesize for instance hydrophilic, photo-cross-linkable and hydrosoluble PCL. Moreover, a variety of graft copolymers were prepared by both the grafting from and the grafting onto techniques. Indeed, an ATRP initiator was attached onto PCL followed by polymerization of vinyl monomers, whereas alkyne endcapped PEO was cycloadded onto azide-containing PCL with formation of amphiphilic PCL-g-PEO copolymers. Last but not least, the click chemistry was very instrumental in imparting an antimicrobial activity to PCL or for the preparation of new functionalized caprolactones.

In the theoretical part of this thesis are described the synthesis, properties and mechanism of biodegradation of aliphatic polymers - polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and their copolymer PLGA. There are also discussed the possibilities of modifying the properties, such as block copolymer PEG-PLGA synthesis. Summary informations concerning the production and use of biodegradable polymers are also shortly described. The aim of the experimental part was to observe the effect of PLGA polymer matrix size and ionic strength of the aqueous medium on the polymer swelling and erosion. Samples with weight 150 mg and 1000 mg were placed into 37 řC citrate buffer with pH 6. Each of the used mediums had various concentration c [0; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5; 1]. Measurement was carried out in period of 28 days. Values of degree of swelling and of erosion were measured. The pulsion behavior of swelling in both sample sizes was confirmed. However, the sample size has a strong impact on the rate and extent of swelling. It was demonstrated that larger samples disintegrate faster which is explained by a higher rate of autocatalysis within the polymer matrix. The results demonstrated also the effect of ionic strength on erosion when isotonic solution suppressed erosion rate.

Farmaceutická fakulta, Katedra farmaceutické technologie, Hradec Králové, 2014 Vypracovala: Markéta Valentová Školitel: Doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. ABSTRACT STUDY OF POLYESTER DRUG CARRIERS DEGRADATION USING THE DSC METHOD The aim of this work was focused on the study of relations among various parameters of degradation process, such as time-dependent range of glass transition temperature, swelling, erosion, and molar weight decrease. Two model polyesters of two type architectures of polyester molecules were used and monitored during two-week period. In the theoretical part of this diploma thesis are in details described biopolymers with stimulus responsive activity and exploitation of these materials in various biomedical applications in the topic of tissue engineering. The experimental part of this work is directed into the study of molecule degradation parameters, eventually into simulated biodegradation in the in vitro conditions of two different in the type polyesters with the contrast polyester molecule constitution. It was demonstrated that parameter Mn decreases towards the limit values. Between the values of molar weight and glass transition temperature is not Flory-Fox relation in the advanced phase of degradation process. The erosion of the material begins after the lag-time in the dependency...

Medicínské aplikace tvoří z biodegradabilních alifatických polyesterů na bázi polylaktonů, polylaktidů a jejich kopolymerů velmi atraktivní skupinu materiálů. Metody přípravy těchto polymerů jsou založeny na polymeraci za otevření kruhu laktonů a laktidů. Mnoho organokovových sloučenin se vyznačují jako účinné a vysoce selektivní katalyzátory těchto polymerací, avšak je známo, že deriváty těžkých kovů jsou škodlivé pro lidský organismus. Z tohoto důvodu je v dnešní době rostoucí zájem o vývoj účinných „green“ polymeračních systémů pro syntézu biodegradabilních alifatických polyesterů. Předložená disertační práce se věnuje přípravě alifatických polyesterů založených na polykaprolaktonu, polylaktidu, polyglykolidu a zejména jejich kopolymeru pomocí organického katalyzátoru náležícího do skupiny N-heterocyklických karbenů (NHC) bez přítomnosti centrálního atomu těžkého kovu. Literární rešerše je zaměřená na pokroky v polymeraci za otevření kruhu (ROP) cyklických esterů (laktonů a laktidů) pomocí organických "metal-free" katalyzátorů. Nicméně, nebyly nalezeny žádné studie, kde se pro přípravu polyglykolidu nebo jeho kopolymerů využívá polymerace za otevření kruhu pomocí karbenových katalyzátorů. Experimentální část práce popisuje přípravu a vlastnosti 1,3-di-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidenu (NHC-tBu) karbenu připraveného z jeho stabilní chloridové soli. Další část je zaměřena na přípravu polyesterů z cyklických monomerů, jmenovitě L-laktidu, D, L-laktidu, glykolidu a -kaprolaktonu pomocí NHC-tBu jako katalyzátoru. Byla zkoumána nová metoda přípravy termosenzitivního amfifilního triblokového kopolymeru na bázi biodegradabilního hydrofobního polylaktidu, polyglykolidu a biokompatibilního hydrofilního polyethylenglykolu (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) pomocí připraveného NHC-tBu. Dále byly studovány podmínky polymerace (například: přečištění monomeru, teploty polymerace, různé typy rozpouštědel, poměry rozpouštědla ku monomeru a nebo různé poměry iniciátoru ku katalyzátoru). Na závěr byl připravený PLGA–PEG–PLGA kopolymer srovnán s kopolymerem připraveným pomocí Sn(II)2-ethylhexanoátu. NHC-tBu se v přítomnosti PEG projevil jako účinný katalyzátor polymerace za otevření kruhu laktonu a laktidů. Připravené kopolymery dosahovaly vysoké konverze monomeru (70 – 85%) s polydisperzitou (Mw/Mn okolo 1,2). Byl připraven PLGA–PEG–PLGA kopolymer se dvěma fázovými přechody (sol-gel a gel suspenze) a gelační teplotou v rozmezí 35 – 43 °C. Změny polymeračních podmínek neměly ve většině případů zásadní vliv na chemické vlastnosti kopolymeru, jako jsou molekulová hmotnost nebo polydisperzita, ale měly významný vliv na visko-elastické vlastnosti.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El principal objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral se centra en la obtención de poliésteres alifáticos con propiedades mejoradas para su empleo en procesos industriales aplicando técnicas de fabricación específicas de polímeros como son el proceso de inyección o la fabricación aditiva. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se proponen diferentes estrategias como la incorporación de aditivos plastificantes de origen natural, la incorporación de cargas naturales, la obtención de mezclas con otros polímeros, así como la incorporación de aditivos orientados al sector médico. En una primera fase, se han estudiado los poliésteres alifáticos de la familia de los polihidroxialcanoatos - PHA. Las modificaciones realizadas a los polihidroxialcanoatos van desde la incorporación de residuos de cáscara de almendra para la obtención de composites, el desarrollo de mezclas binarias con poli(¿-caprolactona) para la mejora de las propiedades dúctiles y el análisis del efecto de diferentes plastificantes derivados de terpenoides, concretamente ésteres de geraniol. En esta primera fase se propone el uso del moldeo mediante inyección para la determinación precisa de las propiedades que alcanzan las formulaciones tras las modificaciones realizadas. Posteriormente se propone el uso de los polihidroxialcanoatos para su empleo en el sector médico debido a sus propiedades biocompatibles y bioabsorbibles. En un primer momento se opta por analizar el efecto de los parámetros a emplear en fabricación aditiva empleando PHA, siendo polímeros con una ventana de procesado bastante estrecha, y con una alta sensibilidad al grado de cristalinidad que alcanzan en función de las condiciones de enfriamiento. La incorporación de aditivos osteoconductores como la hidroxiapatita tiene un especial interés para la mejora del proceso de regeneración ósea; es por ello que se considera como aditivo para PHA en el sector médico. En un primer trabajo, se propone el uso del proceso de moldeo por inyección para determinar las propiedades que se obtienen con la incorporación de las nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita. Posteriormente, esas mismas formulaciones se emplean en impresión 3D para ofrecer una aplicación más directa al sector médico mediante la obtención de scaffolds que pueden ser empleados en procesos de regeneración ósea. Finalmente, esta tesis aborda el empleo de ácido poliláctico - PLA, empleando las técnicas de conformado mediante inyección y fabricación aditiva. El PLA es un poliéster alifático con propiedades y coste interesante, pero presenta una elevada fragilidad; es por ello que el uso de plastificantes naturales derivados de ésteres del ácido itacónico ofrece una especial relevancia para el desarrollo de formulaciones con alta ductilidad. Adicionalmente, el PLA es un material con alto interés en fabricación aditiva. El empleo de diferentes patrones y la cantidad de relleno tiene un efecto marcado sobre el comportamiento mecánico de los componentes fabricados mediante impresión 3D, que también está vinculado con el tiempo necesario para completar la impresión. Una de las aplicaciones interesantes de la fabricación aditiva con PLA, es la fabricación de dispositivos médicos con la capacidad de ser reabsorbidos por el cuerpo humano de forma progresiva. En este sentido se propone el diseño y validación de una prótesis de fijación ósea para fémur. / [CA] El principal objectiu de la present tesi doctoral se centra en l'obtenció de polièsters alifàtics amb propietats millorades per al seu ús en processos industrials aplicant tècniques de fabricació específiques de polímers com són el procés d'injecció o la fabricació additiva. Per a aconseguir aquest objectiu es proposen diferents estratègies com la incorporació d'additius plastificants d'origen natural, la incorporació de càrregues naturals, l'obtenció de mescles amb altres polímers, així com la incorporació d'additius orientats al sector mèdic. En una primera fase, s'han estudiat els polièsters alifàtics de la família dels polihidroxialcanoats - PHA. Les modificacions realitzades als polihidroxialcanoats van des de la incorporació de residus de corfa d'ametla per a l'obtenció de compòsits, el desenvolupament de mescles binàries amb poli(¿-caprolactona) per a la millora de les propietats dúctils i l'anàlisi de l'efecte de diferents plastificants derivats de terpenoids, concretament èsters de geraniol. En aquesta primera fase es proposa l'ús del moldeig mitjançant injecció per a la determinació precisa de les propietats que aconsegueixen les formulacions després de les modificacions realitzades. Posteriorment es proposa l'ús d'aquests polihidroxialcanoats per al seu ús en el sector mèdic donat que tenen propietats biocompatibles i bioabsorbibles. En un primer moment s'opta per analitzar l'efecte dels paràmetres a emprar en fabricació additiva en els utilitzant PHA, donat que es tracta de polímers amb una finestra de processament bastant estreta, i amb una alta sensibilitat pel grau de cristal·linitat que aconsegueixen en funció de les condicions de refredament. La incorporació d'additius osteoconductors com la hidroxiapatita té un especial interés per a la millora del procés de regeneració òssia; és per això que es considera com a additiu per a PHA per al sector mèdic. En un primer treball, es proposa l'ús del procés de moldeig per injecció per a determinar les propietats que s'aconsegueixen amb la incorporació de les nanopartícules d'hidroxipatita. Posteriorment, aqueixes mateixes formulacions s'utilitzen en impressió 3D per oferir una aplicació més directa al sector mèdic mitjançant l'obtenció d'scaffolds que poden ser emprats en processos de regeneració òssia. Finalment, aquesta tesi aborda l'ús de l'àcid poliláctic - PLA emprant les tècniques de conformat mitjançant injecció i fabricació additiva. El PLA és un polièster alifàtic amb propietats i cost interessants, però presenta una elevada fragilitat; és per això que l'ús de plastificants naturals derivats d'èsters de l'àcid itacònic té una especial rellevància per al desenvolupament de formulacions amb alta ductilitat. Addicionalment, el PLA és un material amb alt interés en fabricació additiva. L'ús de diferents patrons i la quantitat de farciment té un efecte marcat sobre el comportament mecànic dels components fabricats mitjançant impressió 3D, que també està vinculat amb el temps necessari per a completar la impressió. Una de les aplicacions interessants de la fabricació additiva amb PLA, és la fabricació de dispositius mèdics amb la capacitat de ser reabsorbits pel cos humà de manera progressiva. En aquest sentit es proposa el disseny i validació d'una pròtesi de fixació òssia per a fèmur. / [EN] The main objective of this thesis is to obtain aliphatic polyesters with improved properties for their application in industrial processes by applying conventional polymer processing techniques such as injection moulding and additive manufacturing. In order to reach the aforementioned objective several strategies are proposed such as the incorporation of natural origin plasticizing additives, the incorporation of natural fillers, the development of polymer blends and the incorporation of additives for the medical sector. The first stage of this research consists in the study of aliphatic polyesters from polyhydroxyalkanoates - PHA. The modifications made to those polymers have been the introduction of almond shell wastes to produce composites, the development of binary blends with poly(¿-caprolactone) to improve ductile properties and the addition of different plasticizers derived from terpenoids, more specifically geraniol esters. In this first stage, injection-moulding is proposed to obtain all the properties and features of the formulations after the aforementioned modifications. Afterwards, the use of these polyhydroxyalkanoates in the medical sector due to they are biocompatible and resorbable, is proposed. First, the effect of the parameters to be used in additive manufacturing of PHA is analysed. These polymers possess a very narrow processing window and a great sensitiveness to the degree of crystallinity depending on the cooling conditions. The incorporation of osteoconductive additives such as hydroxyapatite is of great interest for the improvement of the bone regeneration process, so it is considered as an additive of PHA for medical applications. It is for this reason that in the first work, injection moulding is used for determining the effect of nanohydroxyapatite have on the polymer matrix. Then, the developed formulations are used in 3D printing to assess the feasibility of this technology for the medical sector by obtaining scaffolds structures that can be used in bone regeneration processes. Finally, poly(lactic acid) - PLA is processed by injection-moulding and additive manufacturing to assess the feasibility of these techniques. PLA is a cost-effective aliphatic polyester with balanced properties; nevertheless, it shows high intrinsic brittleness. Therefore, the use of natural plasticizers derived from esters of itaconic acid are of especial interest for the development of formulations with improved toughness. Additionally, PLA is a material with a great interest in additive manufacturing. The use of different patterns and infills used in 3D printing play a key role on mechanical behavior of the 3D-printed components, which is also related to the overall 3D-printing time. One of the interesting applications of additive manufacturing with PLA, is the production of medical devices with the ability to be progressively reabsorbed by the human body. In this sense, the design and validation of a femur fixing prosthesis is proposed. / I would like to thank the Ministry of Universities for their financial support through the FPU grant FPU19/01759 regarding my PhD studies. I am very grateful to Universitat Politècnica de València for their financial support through the FPI PhD grant PAID–2019– SP20190011. I thank the Ministry of Science and Innovation for their financial support to the research group in the projects RTI2018–097249–B–C21, MAT2017–84909–C2–2–R and PID2020–116496RB–C22. I acknowledge Generalitat Valenciana for their grants AICO/2021/025 and CIGE/2021/094 as a support to the research group. / Ivorra Martínez, J. (2023). Procesado y caracterización de formulaciones industriales de poliésteres alifáticos mediante tecnologías de inyección y fabricación aditiva [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192667 / Compendio