<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji ispitan je hemijski sastav i biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti<br />ekstrakata deset&nbsp; samoniklih&nbsp; taksona roda&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; sect.&nbsp;<em> Codonoprasum:&nbsp; A. carinatum</em>&nbsp;subsp. <em>pulchellum,&nbsp; A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp. <em>carinatum,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var. <em>gracile,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var.&nbsp;<em>fuscum,&nbsp; A. flavum</em> subsp. <em>flavum,&nbsp; A. melanantherum,&nbsp; A. paniculatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp;<em> marginatum,&nbsp;A. pallens</em>&nbsp; subsp. <em>tenuiflorum,&nbsp; A. oleraceum&nbsp; </em>i&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>, sakupljenih na&nbsp; 27 lokaliteta&nbsp;u Srbiji. Cilj rada bio je da se dobiju podaci o sadržaju biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih jedinjenja u&nbsp;ovim, do sada veoma malo ispitanim vrstama roda&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>, i utvrdi njihova potencijalna&nbsp;lekovita vrednost.</p><p>Analiza hemijskog sastava obuhvatila je: analizu volatilnih komponenti svežih&nbsp;<br />lukovica primenom headspace GC-MS tehnike, kvalitativnu analizu metanolnih &nbsp;<br />ekstrakata primenom tečnohromatografskih metoda (LC-DAD-MS i LC-MS-MS), &nbsp;<br />kvantitativnu analizu odabranih fenolnih jedinjenja LC-MS-MS tehnikom,&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp;sadržaja ukupnih&nbsp; monomernih&nbsp; antocijana&nbsp; i određivanje aktivnosti aliinaze. Ispitivanja&nbsp;biolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti ekstrakata obuhvatila su: određivanje antioksidantne,&nbsp;antiinflamatorne, antimikrobne, antimutagene i genotoksične aktivnosti, kao i ispitivanje&nbsp;uticaja na rast zdravih i tumorskih ćelija i sposobnosti indukcije ćelijske smrti.&nbsp;</p><p>Sumiranjem dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da ispitivani predstavnici roda&nbsp;<br /><em>Allium&nbsp;</em> sect.&nbsp; <em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> predstavljaju bogate izvore biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih jedinjenja sa&nbsp;&scaron;irokim spektrom biolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti. Sa hemotaksonomskog aspekta značajno je da se&nbsp;dimetil-disulfid&nbsp; izdvaja kao&nbsp; najdominantnija&nbsp; i često jedina&nbsp; isparljiva komponenta, da&nbsp;ekstrakti većine vrsta&nbsp; sadrže veliku količinu flavonoida (prvenstveno derivata&nbsp;kvercetina), da se vrste&nbsp;<em> A. pallens&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp; <em>A. oleraceum</em>&nbsp; izdvajaju od ostalih po tome &scaron;to ne&nbsp;sadrže rutin&nbsp; a sadrže&nbsp; hiperozid,&nbsp; da je vrsta&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>&nbsp; siroma&scaron;na fenolnim&nbsp;jedinjenjima i da su sve vrste, osim vrste&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp; flavum</em>, bogate antocijanima. Aktivnost&nbsp;aliinaze je visoka u svim ispitivanim vrstama. Većina ispitivanih ekstrakata, izuzev&nbsp;ekstrakata vrsta&nbsp; <em>A. carinatum&nbsp;</em>i <em>A. melanantherum</em>, pokazala je izraženu antioksidantnu&nbsp;aktivnost, dok su ekstrakti vrsta <em>A. flavum</em>, <em>A. rhodopeum</em>, <em>A. oleraceum </em>i <em>A. paniculatum&nbsp;</em>snažni antiinflamatorni agensi. Ekstrakti ispitivanih predstavnika sect.&nbsp;<em> Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em>nisu pokazali antimikrobnu i antimutagenu aktivnost. Takođe, ovi ekstrakti nisu ispoljili&nbsp;genotoksični efekat na ćelije zdravog tkiva (izuzev slabog genotoksičnog efekta ekstrakta&nbsp;nadzemnih delova&nbsp;<em> A. flavum</em>), &scaron;to ukazuje na bezbednost upotrebe vrsta sect.&nbsp;<em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> kao hrane ili u obliku lekova. Ekstrakti celih biljaka&nbsp;<em>A. paniculatum</em> i <em>A.&nbsp;rhodopeum</em>, kao i ekstrakt nadzemnih delova &nbsp;<em>A. melanantherum</em>&nbsp; pokazali su snažnu&nbsp;antiproliferativnu aktivnost sa povoljnim ne-tumor/tumor koeficijentima i indukovali&nbsp;apoptozu u tumorskim ćelijama, iz čega se može zaključiti da imaju visok potencijal&nbsp;primene u antitumorskoj terapiji.&nbsp;</p> / <p>In the present doctoral thesis the chemical composition and biological activities&nbsp; of&nbsp;<br />10 wild growing taxa of genus&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; sect. <em>Codonoprasum</em>&nbsp; (<em>A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp;<br /><em>pulchellum,&nbsp; A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp; <em>carinatum,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var.&nbsp; <em>gracile,&nbsp; A. fuscum</em>&nbsp; var.&nbsp;<br /><em>fuscum,&nbsp; A. flavum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp; <em>flavum,&nbsp; A. melanantherum,&nbsp; A. oleraceum,&nbsp; A. paniculatum</em><br />subsp. <em>marginatum, A. pallens</em> subsp. <em>tenuiflorum</em> and <em>A. rhodopeum</em>) were investigated.&nbsp;The samples were&nbsp; collected from 27 locations in Serbia. The aim of the study was to&nbsp;obtain data on the content of biologically active compounds in extracts of &nbsp;these&nbsp;unexplored species of the genus Allium and to determine their potential medicinal value.</p><p>Phytochemical caracterisation included: headspace GC-MS analysis of fresh bulb&nbsp;<br />volatiles, LC-DAD-MS and LC-MS-MS qualitative analysis of methanol extracts, LC-MS-MS quantitative analysis of 44 selected phenolic compounds in methanol extracts,&nbsp;determination of total monomeric anthocyanins content and alliinase activity. In order to&nbsp;assess the biological potential of methanol extracts, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,&nbsp;antimicrobial, antimutagenic, genotoxic and antiproliferative activities of &nbsp;the extracts&nbsp;were studied.</p><p>Summing up all the results obtained, it can be concluded that species of genus&nbsp;<em>Allium&nbsp;</em> sect.&nbsp; <em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> are rich sources of biologically active compounds with a&nbsp;broad spectrum of biological activities. Dimethyl disulfide is the most dominant and&nbsp;often the only volatile component of most species, which is significant from&nbsp;chemotaxonomic point of view. The methanol extracts of investigated species contain&nbsp;high levels of flavonoids (primarily quercetin derivatives). Specificity of&nbsp; <em>A. pallens</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp;<em>A. &nbsp;oleraceum</em>&nbsp; extracts is that they do not contain rutin, but contain hyperoside, while&nbsp;small quantity of phenolic compounds&nbsp; is characteristic for&nbsp; <em>A. rhodopeum</em>&nbsp; extract. All&nbsp;investigated species, except of <em>A. flavum</em>, are rich in anthocyanins. Alliinase activity was&nbsp;high in&nbsp; all examined species. Most of the extracts, except&nbsp; <em>A. carinatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp;melanantherum</em>&nbsp; extracts, express considerable antioxidant activity, &nbsp;while extracts of&nbsp;<em> A.&nbsp;flavum</em>,&nbsp; <em>A. rhodopeum</em>,&nbsp; <em>A. paniculatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>A. oleraceum&nbsp;</em> are potent anti-inflammatory&nbsp;agents. The investigated&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; extracts did not show antimicrobial and antimutagenic&nbsp;activity. Also, the extracts did not express genotoxic effect on healthy tissue cells&nbsp;(except the weak genotoxic effects of aerial parts extract of&nbsp; <em>A. flavum</em>), indicating that&nbsp;the use&nbsp; of these species as a food or as a drug is safe. Whole plant extracts of&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp;paniculatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>, as well as aerial parts extract of&nbsp;<em> A. melanantherum</em>&nbsp;showed strong antiproliferative activity (with a favorable &nbsp;non-tumor/tumor ratios) and&nbsp;induced apoptosis in tumor cells, suggesting that these plants have a high potential for&nbsp;application in antitumor therapy.</p>

Inaugural-Dissertation--Universität Zürich, 1982. / Vita. "Erscheint als Band 77 der Serie 'Dissertationes botanicae' im Verlag von J. Cramer, Vaduz"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. [2]-[10] (2nd group)).

The taxa of the Allium obtusum complex were examined morphologically, chromosomally, and with the use of the scanning electron microscope, Additional field studies included ultraviolet photography, caging experiments, and collection of insect visitors. Based on the cumulative information gathered during this investigation, of the 7 taxa previously proposed in this complex, 4 are considered to be valid: A. cratericola, A. obtusum, A. tribracteatum, and A. yosemitense, A new variety of A. obtusum, var, robustum is described. The base chromosome number among all members of the complex is seven, All species are diploid (2n=14), except for one population of A. cratericola which was found to be tetraploid (2n=28). Scanning electron microscope studies demonstrated the usefulness of outer bulb coat reticulation as a taxonomic character in differentiating between the species of the complex. Preliminary data collected during field investigations suggest that the strong absorption of ultraviolet radiation by all members of the complex relative to their reflecting soils may act as a visual cue to insects whose visual spectrum includes UV, Furthermore, in mature flowers the sexual parts of the inflorescence were found to be reflective under UV, perhaps acting as a guide to foraging insects. Caging experiments revealed that all members of the complex are capable of seed set in the absence of insect visitors. It was found, however, that the relative number of seeds produced was significantly higher among control populations. From the cumulative evidence obtained from these various approaches, supported by morphological resemblances, it can be concluded that the Allium obtusum complex represents a distinct and homogeneous assemblage of interrelated species and varieties.

This investigation was undertaken to determine if there were morphologic characters that would allow rapid field identification of Allium tribracteatum Torrey and A. obtusum Lemmon, or if, in the absence of such characters, it would be possible to separate the two species on the basis of plant associations that might be unique to each. Allium tribracteatum is restricted or nearly restricted to volcanic soils of the Mehrten Formation in Tuolumne County, California and is a species of concern to the United States Forest Service because of this restricted distribution. Allium obtusum, on the other hand, is found both on the Mehrten Formation and on other soil types in the Sierra Nevada and has a much wider geographic distribution. I found that the only reliable way to differentiate the two species morphologically was by the cell pattern on the bulb coats, a difficult characteristic to ascertain in the field. However a number of species of vascular plants were found that were associated only with one or the other of the species in question and were reliable indicators of the Allium species identity. Environmental impacts facing Allium tribracteatum include winter recreation activities, illegal off highway vehicles, power line maintenance, seasonal wood cutting, some livestock grazing, and activities associated with the Bald Mountain Helitack fire base. Currently, these activities have minimal impacts on the Allium tribracteatum populations.

No description available.

La presente tesis titulada ANÁLISIS DE LA RENTABILIDAD DE LA CEBOLLA ROJA EN EL DISTRITO DE ILABAYA, tiene como propósito determinar la rentabilidad y las variables que inciden en ella; las variables analizadas son la tecnología, rendimientos, costos de producción y precios de la cebolla roja ecotipo de Ilabaya en la situación actual. Se tomó para ello una muestra de 80 agricultores, en ella se determinó un rendimiento promedio de 30 105 Kg por ha (similar al rendimiento nacional). Se calculó también los costos unitarios, los que alcanzan (al momento del estudio) los S/. 0,35 Kg, menor al registrado en las campañas anteriores. La rentabilidad promedio indica una relación beneficio/costo de 0,80 para todos los pequeños productores de cebolla roja ecotipo de Ilabaya y en términos de utilidad se registra un índice de 9,63%. La investigación proponía establecer la relación existente entre la rentabilidad (medida a partir de la evaluación del retorno de la inversión) y sus probables factores explicativos como son el precio, costos de producción y nivel tecnológico. Para ello se determinó formular un análisis regresional entre dichas variables, definiendo en torno a esto un modelo con un R2=0,992 (esto es las variaciones de la rentabilidad son explicadas hasta en un 99,2% de los casos por estos factores explicativos), siendo asumidos como significativos y relevantes a nivel individual como los rendimientos, precio y costos de producción (los cuales determinan un nivel de confiabilidad en su influencia mayor al 99%).

Submitted by Barroso Patrícia (barroso.p2010@gmail.com) on 2013-04-03T17:33:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane_pronto.pdf: 2947668 bytes, checksum: 61cf2b54c1347de455ae4c5039ed7ba9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-03T17:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane_pronto.pdf: 2947668 bytes, checksum: 61cf2b54c1347de455ae4c5039ed7ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia / A asma é uma das doenças crônicas mais prevalentes em todo mundo, que se caracteriza por uma inflamação pulmonar crônica. É estimulada por alérgenos ambientais e, até o momento, não existem drogas que induzam a remissão definitiva dessa patologia. Os corticosteroides e broncodilatadores são as drogas mais utilizadas, pois agem no controle dos sintomas, embora produzam múltiplos efeitos colaterais. Algumas plantas, como a espécie Allium cepa L., são popularmente usadas para o tratamento da asma. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial terapêutico (anti-inflamatório e broncodilatador) do extrato metanólico da Allium cepa L. (AcE) e seu flavonoide quercetina (Qt), in vitro e in vivo. Nos ensaios in vitro, foram avaliados os efeitos da AcE e Qt sobre a produção de citocinas IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 em cultura de esplenócitos, sobre a produção de óxido nítrico em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais e sobre a capacidade de relaxamento do músculo liso da traqueia isolada independente de epitélio de camundongos. Nos experimentos in vivo, camundongos AJ foram sensibilizados (100μg por animal - s.c.) e desafiados (10μg por animal - i.n) com extrato de ácaro de Blomia tropicalis (BtE). Os animais sensibilizados foram tratados ou não com AcE (100 ou 1000mg/Kg) ou Qt (30mg/Kg) para análise dos seguintes parâmetros: número de células totais no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL); atividade de peroxidase eosinofílica (EPO) no pulmão; nível sérico total de IgE; níveis de IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 no BAL; e alterações histopatológicas no pulmão. In vitro, houve uma redução significativa em relação ao controle positivo, da produção de óxido nítrico e na produção de citocinas inflamatórias tratadas com diferentes concentrações de AcE ou Qt. Adicionalmente, pôde-se observar um relaxamento da traqueia tratada com AcE ou Qt. In vivo, houve uma redução no número total de células no BAL em animais sensibilizados que receberam tratamento com AcE (100 ou 1000mg/Kg), bem como com Qt (30mg/Kg), quando comparados aos animais alérgicos não tratados. A EPO, no pulmão, também sofreu supressão no tratamento com AcE (100 ou 1000mg/Kg). O tratamento com AcE (1000mg/Kg) ou Qt (30mg/Kg) conseguiu reduzir IL-4 e IL-5 no BAL. No entanto, não houve redução significativa dos níveis séricos de IgE e dos níveis de IL-13. O tratamento com AcE (100 ou 1000mg/Kg) reduziu a densidade de células no pulmão e a produção de muco. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa sugerem que a Allium cepa L. e a quercetina possuem potencial como importantes drogas antiasmáticas, com propriedades imunomodulatória e broncodilatadora, podendo ser futuras candidatas a drogas para compor o arsenal terapêutico dessa patologia. / Universidade Federal da bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde

The epidermis from a range of species from the genus Allium was peeled from the base, middle, and tip of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaf material. Epidermal peels were water mounted after being peeled using forceps, and photographed using Nomarski microscopy. The epidermis is composed of rows of cells which run parallel to one another, and to the long axis of the leaf. Guard cells are present on both surfaces of the leaf in most species, but some species lack guard cells on either the abaxial or adaxial surface. Guard cells are sunken to varying degrees in all species surveyed. Subsidiary cells are lacking in all species surveyed. End walls of nonstomatal cells are either even or oblique. Micropapilae, striations, or trichomes are present in some species, but most species lack epidermal structures. Epidermal cells range in size from two to three times greater in length than width to greater than fifteen times longer than wide. The majority of parallel walls are either straight or diamond-shaped while others are wrinkled, wavy, or broadened. Allium is separated into three groups according to the structure of the parallel walls. Group one includes those species with typically straight parallel walls; group two those species with diamond-shaped parallel walls; and group three is comprised of those species with wavy parallel walls.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / The management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) has become a challenging task in tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) production, due to the withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides. Currently, crude extracts of different plant species are being researched as alternative to chemical nematicides, with promising results. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude extracts of wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea) on the growth of tomato under greenhouse conditions, and the suppression of M. incognita race 2 population densities. Treatments consisted of four levels of crude extracts viz. 0, 2, 4 and 8 g per pot, were arranged in a randomised complete block design with 10 replicates. Seedlings were inoculated with 1000 juveniles of M. incognita race 2 at transplanting and treated with crude extracts two days later. At 56 days, the crude extract of T. violacea increased plant height, stem diameter, number of cluster, flowers, fruits and leaves by 43-73%, 108-200%, 57-81%, 55-110%, 170-223% and 51-66%, respectively. It also increased the root mass and shoot mass by 95% and 96%, respectively. Crude extracts of T. violacea did not have any effect on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Crude extracts of T. violacea consistently reduced population densities of M. incognita race 2 by 50, 64 and 73% in roots at 2, 4 and 8 g crude extracts, respectively and by 21, 30 and 58% in soil at similar levels, respectively. In conclusion, crude extracts of T. violacea have the potential to improve growth of tomato plants and suppress population densities of M. incognita race 2 and could be used as botanical nematicide in tomato production.

Cold hardy Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) was used as a novel model system to examine the role of the apoplast in intracellular freezing avoidance. Since intracellular freezing avoidance is critical to both sensitive and resistant plants, non-acclimated and cold acclimated onion tissue was compared. The large 250 (length) x 50 (width) x 90 µm (thickness) intact single cell epidermal layer system allowed direct observation of the freezing process during freezing and thawing on a single cell basis in live intact tissues in non-acclimated (23/18°C) and acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4°C) plants. Under acclimation treatment, freezing resistance increased from an LT50 of -12°C at zero time to -27°C after two weeks exposure. Ice nucleation was always initiated in the apoplastic space in both non-acclimated and acclimated cells and then penetrated into the intracellular space. We provide direct evidence that lethal intracellular freezing damage was avoided in cold acclimated and CaCl2 treated cells through visible blockage of ice propagation from the apoplastic space to the intracellular region. Subsequent investigation of the apoplastic space revealed cold acclimation increased: a) the insoluble crude cell wall and pectin (galacturonic acid) content, b) total cell wall protein quantity, c) pectin methylesterase activity in the apoplastic space particularly in epidermal cells compared to non-epidermal cells, and d) the levels of un-methylated pectin. The increasing freezing resistance of Japanese bunching onion more depends on the efficiency of PME not only the increase in the amount of apoplast compositions. Collectively, these changes likely led to the observed significant reduction in cell wall permeability. In this way, freezing stress resistance may potentially be increased through avoidance of intracellular freezing by altering key factors related to apoplast permeability and blocking ice propagation across the cell wall.