A potential industrial process is profitable only if it is successfully implemented by the continuously developing chemical industry. Throughout last decades heterogeneous catalysis has opened doors to the creation of various know-how products which previously were considered unfeasible. Moreover, the use of heterogeneous catalysts allows improving existing processes to shift towards more ecological and cost efficient practices. In particular, polymer or fuel compounds could be eco-friendly produced from wood extractives, as an alternative to the conventional oil resources. This goal becomes even more attractive in light of the upcoming peak-oil. In the Nordic pulping industry turpentine is widely available as a tonnage by-product. Despite its interesting properties and promising application possibilities this fraction is commonly burned in the recovery boilers for energy. Although the chemical composition of turpentine depends strongly on the specific pulping process, α-pinene is the predominant compound and as such most studied. The general message of this thesis is the successful implementation of the heterogeneous catalysts in one-pot value-added upgrading of crude turpentine and specific terpenes, particularly α-pinene. Concepts allowing the production of fragrances, resins, plastics and pharmaceutical compounds are presented in the current study. Both commercial (Amberlyst 70) and self-prepared (Me/Al-SBA-15 or TiO2) catalysts were studied in several reactions including: acetoxylation, isomerization, dehydroisomerisation and oxidation. Both commercially purified α-pinene and crude thermo-mechanical turpentine were used as raw materials in the catalytic one-pot synthesis of value-added compounds. The experiments were performed in both batch and continuous reactor systems depending on the studied reaction. Successful results were obtained in case of several reactions. As an example, upon acetoxylation of α-pinene valuable fragrances – α-terpinyl and bornyl acetates – were produced with yields of 35 and 40 wt-%, respectively. Furthermore, in the dehydroisomerisation reaction of α-pinene, a yield of around 80 wt-% of an important fragrance, solvent and plastics precursor, ρ-cymene, was obtained. In the last case, thermo-mechanical turpentine was also successfully utilized. Still, some α-pinene oxidation tests leading to α-pinene oxide and verbenone fragrances were also carried out. Upon this study, further oxidation of ρ-cymene lead to the formation of ρ-methyl-acetophenone, a product essential for perfumery, pharmaceutical and pesticide industry as well as a potent polymer precursor. In addition, isomerization reactions were performed. Additionally, the catalytic materials were thoroughly characterized and analyzed.

The main objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of different physical and chemical parameters on the performance of biofilters, treating hydrophobic organic compounds. pinene was used as a model substance. Alpha-pinene is commonly found in wood, and therefore found at wood storage facilities and wood processing industries [1]. In this experiment two biofilter which were in equal size, were used. Both of them were filled with perlite for treating the alpha pinene contaminated air. One of the columns contained perlite partially coated with silicone oil to make the surface of perlite more hydrophobic. The filters were run at 5, 2.5 and 1.5 l min-1 air flow rate. The results showed that the silicone oil amended filter performed better at 2.5 l/min with a maximum removal rate of 20 g / (m3 h) in comparison with 15 g/ (m3 h) for the filter without oil. The efficiency was approximately the same for both filters at 1.5 and 5 l/min (40 compare to 35 g/m3 bed h). The flow rate was then set to 2.5 l/min once more. The results showed that the removal rate had increased to approximately 35 g/ (m3 h) and that the efficiency of both filters was approximately the same. The difference in results between the initial run and the later at 2.5 l/min is probably depending on that the microorganisms had become adapted to the α-pinene and that the microorganism communities developed differently in the two filters. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om en ökning av biofilterytans hydrofobicitet kan förbättra effektiviteten med avseende på nedbrytning av en hydrofob förening såsom -pinen. En hydrofob yta skulle kunna medföra en ökning i adsorption av hydrofoba föroreningar vilket i sin tur skulle kunna öka tillgängligheten hos föroreningarna för mikroorganismerna. Försöken utfördes med hjälp av två biofilter fyllda med perlit. Ett filter fylldes med obehandlad perlit medan det andra filtret fylldes med perlit som blandats med silikonlja. Båda filtren ympades med mikroorganismer som växt på träflis. Dessa mikroorganismer är anpassade för att bryta ner -pinen då denna förening friges i stora mängder från trä. Resultaten visar att filtret innehållande perlit täckt med silikonolja var mer effektivt med avseende på nedbrytning avpinen under den första tiden av studien (de första 30 dagarna). Skillnaden i effektivitet mellan filtren minskade dock betydligt med tiden så att skillnaden inte var signifikant under resten av studien. Prover från vätskefasen från de båda filtren undersöktes i mikroskop. Dessa studier visade att olika mikroorganismer dominerade i de båda filtren. Filtret innehållande oljetäckt perlit dominerades av stavformiga bakterier medan filtret innehållande obehandlad perlit dominerades av kocker. Båda filtren innehöll en blandkultur av kocker och stavar. Dessutom växte svamp i båda filtren. Dessa resultat visar att en förändring av ytans hydrofobicitet inte bara kan leda till en ökad adsorption av förorening utan den kan också leda till att andra mikroorganismer får en dominerande roll i filtret. Den maximala nedbrytningshastigheten låg mellan 35 och 40 g pinen/(m3h) under hela studien förutom de 30 första dagarna oberoende av luftflödeshastighet (1,5 , 2,5 respektive 5 l/min). Den maximala nedbrytningshastigheten under inledningen av försöket var 15 g/(m3 h) för filtret innehållande obehandlad perlit och 20 g/(m3h) för filtret innehållande oljetäckt perlit. Luftflödet var 2,5 l/min under den inledande perioden. Ökningen i nedbrytningshastighet med tiden indikerar att mikroorganismerna anpassade sig till miljön. Den relativt konstanta nedbrytningshastigheten under resten av studien indikerar att det var de biokemiska reaktionerna som var hastighetsbegränsande och att masstransporten inte hade någon dominerande roll med avseende på att begränsa hastigheten.

<p>The main objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of different physical and chemical parameters on the performance of biofilters, treating hydrophobic organic compounds. pinene was used as a model substance. Alpha-pinene is commonly found in wood, and therefore found at wood storage facilities and wood processing industries [1].</p><p>In this experiment two biofilter which were in equal size, were used. Both of them were filled with perlite for treating the alpha pinene contaminated air. One of the columns contained perlite partially coated with silicone oil to make the surface of perlite more hydrophobic. The filters were run at 5, 2.5 and 1.5 l min-1 air flow rate. The results showed that the silicone oil amended filter performed better at 2.5 l/min with a maximum removal rate of 20 g / (m3 h) in comparison with 15 g/ (m3 h) for the filter without oil. The efficiency was approximately the same for both filters at 1.5 and 5 l/min (40 compare to 35 g/m3 bed h). The flow rate was then set to 2.5 l/min once more. The results showed that the removal rate had increased to approximately 35 g/ (m3 h) and that the efficiency of both filters was approximately the same. The difference in results between the initial run and the later at 2.5 l/min is probably depending on that the microorganisms had become adapted to the α-pinene and that the microorganism communities developed differently in the two filters.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om en ökning av biofilterytans hydrofobicitet kan förbättra effektiviteten med avseende på nedbrytning av en hydrofob förening såsom -pinen. En hydrofob yta skulle kunna medföra en ökning i adsorption av hydrofoba föroreningar vilket i sin tur skulle kunna öka tillgängligheten hos föroreningarna för mikroorganismerna. Försöken utfördes med hjälp av två biofilter fyllda med perlit. Ett filter fylldes med obehandlad perlit medan det andra filtret fylldes med perlit som blandats med silikonlja. Båda filtren ympades med mikroorganismer som växt på träflis. Dessa mikroorganismer är anpassade för att bryta ner -pinen då denna förening friges i stora mängder från trä. Resultaten visar att filtret innehållande perlit täckt med silikonolja var mer effektivt med avseende på nedbrytning avpinen under den första tiden av studien (de första 30 dagarna). Skillnaden i effektivitet mellan filtren minskade dock betydligt med tiden så att skillnaden inte var signifikant under resten av studien. Prover från vätskefasen från de båda filtren undersöktes i mikroskop. Dessa studier visade att olika mikroorganismer dominerade i de båda filtren. Filtret innehållande oljetäckt perlit dominerades av stavformiga bakterier medan filtret innehållande obehandlad perlit dominerades av kocker. Båda filtren innehöll en blandkultur av kocker och stavar. Dessutom växte svamp i båda filtren. Dessa resultat visar att en förändring av ytans hydrofobicitet inte bara kan leda till en ökad adsorption av förorening utan den kan också leda till att andra mikroorganismer får en dominerande roll i filtret. Den maximala nedbrytningshastigheten låg mellan 35 och 40 g pinen/(m3h) under hela studien förutom de 30 första dagarna oberoende av luftflödeshastighet (1,5 , 2,5 respektive 5 l/min). Den maximala nedbrytningshastigheten under inledningen av försöket var 15 g/(m3 h) för filtret innehållande obehandlad perlit och 20 g/(m3h) för filtret innehållande oljetäckt perlit. Luftflödet var 2,5 l/min under den inledande perioden. Ökningen i nedbrytningshastighet med tiden indikerar att mikroorganismerna anpassade sig till miljön. Den relativt konstanta nedbrytningshastigheten under resten av studien indikerar att det var de biokemiska reaktionerna som var hastighetsbegränsande och att masstransporten inte hade någon dominerande roll med avseende på att begränsa hastigheten.</p>

This thesis describes methods to obtain value–addedcompounds from TMP-turpentine obtained from the spruce, Piceaabies. The methodology focuses on biotransformations using twoapproaches: an oxygenation approach (i.e. oxygenation ofterpene hydrocarbons by cell cultures) and an esterificationapproach (i.e. lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinylacetate with terpene alcohols, and a further fractionation ofthe TMP-turpentine). The main constituents of the turpentine, a-pinene, b-pineneand limonene, were subjected to a P. abies suspension culture.Allylic oxidation formed the major products for α-pineneand β-pinene, which were further oxidised to theirrespective aldehyde or ketone. One of the minor products froma-pinene, cis-verbenol, was not only transformed into verbenonebut also isomerised to trans-verbenol. Limonene gavelimonene-(1,2)-epoxide as the major product. Fractionation of monoterpenes is accomplished throughphysical separation methods, chromatography and distillation,and lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinyl acetate withterpene alcohols. The esters of myrtenol and trans-pinocarveolwere separated from the more slowly reacting alcohols such asborneol and carveol by use of a combination of the Mucor mieheilipase and Candida antarctica lipase A as catalysts.Furthermore, the non-reacting tertiary terpene alcohols wereseparated from the reacting alcohols in a single step byCandida antarctica lipase A. Lipase-catalysed (Candida antarctica lipase B andPseudomonas cepacia lipase) transesterification of vinylacetate with sterically hindered secondary alcoholsunexpectedly yielded hemiacetals or hemiacetal esters. Thereaction conditions required to obtain these side products havebeen studied. <b>Keywords:</b>Picea abies, Pinaceae, Essential oilscomposition; Terpene alcohol; Hemiacetal; Hemiacetal ester,TMP-turpentine; Monoterpene; α-Pinene; β-Pinene;Limonene; Verbenol; Pinocarveol; Borneol; Myrtenol; Suspensioncell culture; Biotransformation; Lipase-catalysed; Oxidation;Allylic oxidation; Transesterification; Autoxidation;Separation.

The synthesis of cyclic allenes with eight or less skeletal C-atoms, known as highly strained organic compounds, has for the past decades attracted increasing interest. The first part of study describes an investigation aimed at the incorporation of an allene unit into a natural compound, being &amp / #945 / -pinene, by using &amp / #946 / -elimination method. The two double-bond isomers 310 and 299b were synthesized as key compounds. Treatment of 310 with t-BuOK resulted in the formation of ketone 308 and diene 313. For the formation of 308, the cyclic allene 300 was proposed as an intermediate. Treatment of 299b, with t-BuOK gave arise to the diene 313 and the dimerization product 322. On the basis of density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations on the allene 300 and the alkyne 320, the formation of the latter as the intermediate was excluded. In the second part of study, the stability of endo-carbene 304 was investigated. Previous studies indicated, during the formation of intermediate 264, no exo-carbene 330 structure could be optimized in its free carbene form. At this point, we were curious about the stability of endo-cyclopropylidene 304 not discussed before in literature. First, addition of bromofluorocarbene to anti-7-ethylbenzonorbornadiene (352) was aimed to isolate the endo-adduct 302b. However, no carbene addition reaction was observed caused by pyramidalization on double bond respect to the methoxy derivative, 363b. Therefore, the bromine was introduced to C-7 carbon atom. Treatment of 302a with MeLi in the presence of furan, gave furan adduct 306a confirmed the formation of allene 305a as a reactive intermediate. Theoretical calculations showed endo-carbene 304a was optimized in the free carbene form . However, it readily isomerizes to allene 305a afforded furan adduct 306a.

<p>This thesis describes methods to obtain value–addedcompounds from TMP-turpentine obtained from the spruce, Piceaabies. The methodology focuses on biotransformations using twoapproaches: an oxygenation approach (i.e. oxygenation ofterpene hydrocarbons by cell cultures) and an esterificationapproach (i.e. lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinylacetate with terpene alcohols, and a further fractionation ofthe TMP-turpentine).</p><p>The main constituents of the turpentine, a-pinene, b-pineneand limonene, were subjected to a P. abies suspension culture.Allylic oxidation formed the major products for α-pineneand β-pinene, which were further oxidised to theirrespective aldehyde or ketone. One of the minor products froma-pinene, cis-verbenol, was not only transformed into verbenonebut also isomerised to trans-verbenol. Limonene gavelimonene-(1,2)-epoxide as the major product.</p><p>Fractionation of monoterpenes is accomplished throughphysical separation methods, chromatography and distillation,and lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinyl acetate withterpene alcohols. The esters of myrtenol and trans-pinocarveolwere separated from the more slowly reacting alcohols such asborneol and carveol by use of a combination of the Mucor mieheilipase and Candida antarctica lipase A as catalysts.Furthermore, the non-reacting tertiary terpene alcohols wereseparated from the reacting alcohols in a single step byCandida antarctica lipase A.</p><p>Lipase-catalysed (Candida antarctica lipase B andPseudomonas cepacia lipase) transesterification of vinylacetate with sterically hindered secondary alcoholsunexpectedly yielded hemiacetals or hemiacetal esters. Thereaction conditions required to obtain these side products havebeen studied.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Picea abies, Pinaceae, Essential oilscomposition; Terpene alcohol; Hemiacetal; Hemiacetal ester,TMP-turpentine; Monoterpene; α-Pinene; β-Pinene;Limonene; Verbenol; Pinocarveol; Borneol; Myrtenol; Suspensioncell culture; Biotransformation; Lipase-catalysed; Oxidation;Allylic oxidation; Transesterification; Autoxidation;Separation.</p>

The first part of study describes an investigation aimed at the incorporation of an allene unit into a natural compound, being alpha-pinene, by using Doering-Moore-Skatteboel method. DFT computations show that both allene product and insertion product can be isolated if the reaction of methyllithium with 3,3-dibromo-2,7,7-trimethyl-tricyclo[4.1.1.02,4]octane is carried out at either low or high temperatures. One insertion product resulting from the intramolecular C-H insertion at the bridge and three allene dimers were isolated when this reaction was carried out at room temperature. In the second part of study, exo- and endo-cyclopropylidene incorporated into benzonorbornadiene were investigated by using theoretical and experimental methods. Theoretical calculations show that the endo-carbene would be stable and undergo some kind of insertion and addition reactions. On the contrary, the exo-carbene is not stable and isomerizes to the corresponding allene structure during the optimization process. For this purpose, the reaction of dibromocarbene and dichlorocarbene with 7-methoxybenzonorbornadiene was achieved to afford gem-dibromocyclopropane and gem-dichlorocyclopropane adducts, respectively. However, they suffer stereoelectronically-controlled ring opening under the reaction conditions to give the ring-expanded allylic dihalides, respectively. On the other hand, gem-bromofluorocyclopropane, obtained by the treatment of 7-methoxybenzonorbornadiene with bromofluorocarbene, provided one of the four possible [2+4] allene adducts upon treatment with MeLi in furan. The exact structure of the adduct has been elucidated on the basis of NMR spectral data. This result confirms the formation of the bicyclic allene as an reactive intermediate. No products were isolated derived from the endo-carbene.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The monoterpenes &#945;- and &#946;-pinene are constituents commonly found in several essential oils obtained from plants in Brazilian northeast such as âmalva-santaâ and âeucaliptoâ, which are used in folk medicine to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Myorelaxant actions are due to the presence of these constituents in their essential oils. The present work aimed to further study the pharmacological effects of these compounds on smooth muscle gastrointestinal contractility as well as on liquid gastric emptying in rats. Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used, sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Strips were carefully obtained from gastric fundus, duodenum and ileum, and were maintained in Tyrodeâs solution. Isometric contractions were recorded through force transducers coupled to a computerized data acquisition system. Solutions containing &#945;- or &#946;-pinene were prepared with Tween 80 (final concentration &#8804; 0,2% v/v). Solely used, &#945;- or &#946;-pinene decreased duodenal basal tonus with IC50 value corresponding to 655.1 ÂM and 810.2 ÂM, respectively. Submaximal contractions induced by K+ (60 mM, K60) or acetylcholine (ACh, 3 ÂM) were inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.001, ANOVA), with IC50 values of 790.0 [580.2-1007.4] e 760.0 [650.6-870.8] ÂM, respectively to &#945;-pinene and 770.1 [500.3-1180.5] e 620.7 [520.9-750.2] ÂM, respectively to &#946;-pinene. In tissues pre-treated with &#945;- (1 mM) or &#946;-pinene (1 mM) in medium without Ca2+ with EGTA (0.2 mM), ACh (3 ÂM)-induced phasic contractions were inhibited from 18.4  3.3% to 7.7  1.5% and 5.0  1.2% of K60, respectively. In tissues maintained under Ca2+-free conditions (in medium containing EGTA 0.2 mM) and in presence of K+ (60 mM) or ACh (3 ÂM), tonic contractions induced by Ca2+ addition were reduced from 50.2  3.3% and 53.9  5.2%, respectively to values corresponding to 10.6  2.6 % and 24.4  4.1 % to experiments with &#945;-pinene and 6.6  1.1 % and 10.9  3.5 % to experiments with &#946;-pinene, respectively. In tissues pre-treated with &#945;- (1 mM) or &#946;-pinene (1 mM), ACh (60 ÂM)-induced tonic contractions, in verapamil (3 ÂM)-containing medium, were inhibited from 29.0  4.1 % to 10.6  2.7 % and 12.5  2.2 % of the K60, respectively. The caffeine (20 mM)-induced contractile response in normal Tyrodeâs solution was potentiated from 47.8  3.2 % to 72.1  9.0 and 88.8  10.6 % of the control response in virtue of &#945;- (1 mM) or &#946;-pinene (1 mM) presence, respectively. In EGTA-containing Ca2+-free medium, the contractile response to caffeine was reduced to 9.5  3.5%. Under these conditions, and in presence of &#945;- (1 mM) or &#946;-pinene (1 mM), this response was not significantly altered, with values corresponding to 7.2  2.2 e 4.7  1.3 %, respectively. In verapamil- and EGTA-containing Ca2+-free medium, after depletion of the intracellular Ca2+ stores by CCh (100 ÂM), the contractions induced by Ca2+ addition were potentiated by the presence of &#945;- (1 mM) or &#946;-pinene (1 mM) from 30.7  2.1 % to 80.6  4.7 and 51.3  7.6 %, respectively (p < 0.05, Bonferroniâs test). In gastrointestinal dye fractional retention studies, &#945;- or &#946;-pinene increased the rat liquid gastric emptying. On the other hand, they did not alter the ACh-induced contractions on gastric fundus strips. Our study firstly shows that, both &#945;- and &#946;-pinene have prokinetic properties in rats. In isolated tissues, they did not affect cholinergic contractions on gastric fundus strips, but are myorelaxant compounds on rat duodenal preparations, probably by an interference with cellular mechanisms mediated by IP3 release. Moreover, &#945;- and &#946;-pinene activate capacitative Ca2+ entry to intracellular milieu after Ca2+ stores depletion / &#945;- e &#946;-pineno sÃo monoterpenos constituintes do Ãleo essencial de plantas encontradas no Nordeste do Brasil como a malva-santa e o eucalipto que, na medicina popular, sÃo usadas no tratamento de distÃrbios intestinais e respiratÃrios. As aÃÃes miorrelaxantes desses Ãleos essenciais sÃo atribuÃdas à presenÃa de &#945;- e de &#946;-pineno. Nosso objetivo foi estudar mais detalhadamente os efeitos desses constituintes sobre a contratilidade do mÃsculo liso gastrintestinal e sobre o esvaziamento gÃstrico de lÃquido em ratos. No presente estudo, foram usados ratos Wistar machos (200-250g) sacrificados por deslocamento cervical. Tiras de duodeno, Ãleo e fundo de estÃmago foram cortados e mantidos em Tyrode. As contraÃÃes isomÃtricas foram registradas atravÃs de transdutores de forÃa conectados a sistema computadorizado. SoluÃÃes contendo &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno foram preparadas em Tween 80 (concentraÃÃo final &#8804; 0,2% v/v). Usados isoladamente, &#945;- e &#946;-pineno diminuÃram o tÃnus basal em duodeno com CI50 de 655,1 e 810,2 ÂM, respectivamente. ContraÃÃes submaximais induzidas por K+ (60 mM, K60) ou acetilcolina (ACh, 3 ÂM) foram inibidas, de maneira concentraÃÃo-dependente (p < 0,001, ANOVA), com valores de CI50 correspondentes a 790,0 [580,2-1007,4] e 760,0 [650,6-870,8] ÂM, respectivamente, para o &#945;-pineno e 770,1 [500,3-1180,5] e 620,7 [520,9-750,2] ÂM para o &#946;-pineno, respectivamente. Em preparaÃÃes prÃ-tratadas com 1 mM de &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno, a contraÃÃo fÃsica induzida por ACh (3 ÂM) em meio sem Ca2+ contendo EGTA (0,2 mM) foi reduzida de 18,4  3,3 % para 7,7  1,5 % e 5,0  1,2 % da contraÃÃo K60, respectivamente. A contraÃÃo tÃnica induzida por adiÃÃo de Ca2+ (2 mM) em preparaÃÃes mantidas na presenÃa de K+ (60 mM) ou ACh (3 ÂM), em meio sem Ca2+ contendo EGTA (0,2 mM), foi reduzida de 50,2  3,3 % e de 53,9  5,2 % para 10,6  2,6 % e 24,4  4,1 % pelo &#945;-pineno e 6,6  1,1 % e 10,9  3,5 % pelo &#946;-pineno, respectivamente. Em preparaÃÃes prÃ-tratadas com 1 mM de &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno, a contraÃÃo tÃnica induzida por ACh (60 ÂM) em Tyrode normal contendo verapamil (3 ÂM) foi reduzida de 29,0  4,1 % para 10,6  2,7 % e 12,5  2,2 % da K60, respectivamente. A resposta contrÃtil induzida pela cafeÃna (20 mM) em Tyrode normal foi potencializada de 47,8  3,2 % para 72,1  9,0 e 88,8  10,6 % da resposta controle pelo prÃ-tratamento da preparaÃÃo com &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno, respectivamente. Em meio sem Ca2+ com EGTA, a resposta contrÃtil da cafeÃna (20 mM) foi reduzida para 9,5  3,5 %. Sob essa condiÃÃo e, na presenÃa de &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno, a resposta nÃo foi alterada significativamente, correspondendo a 7,2  2,2 e 4,7  1,3 %, respectivamente. ApÃs esgotamento dos estoques intracelulares com CCh (100 mM), a contraÃÃo induzida por adiÃÃo de Ca2+ (2 mM), em meio sem Ca2+ com EGTA (0,2 mM) e verapamil (3 ÂM), foi potencializada pela adiÃÃo prÃvia de &#945;- ou &#946;-pineno de 30,7  2,1 % para 80,6  4,7 e 51,3  7,6 %, respectivamente (p < 0,05, teste de Bonferroni). Em estudos de retenÃÃo fracional de corante no trato gastrintestinal, o &#945;- e o &#946;-pineno aumentaram o esvaziamento gÃstrico, porÃm, a contratilidade induzida por ACh (3 ÂM) em tiras de fundo de estÃmago in vitro nÃo foi alterada pela presenÃa prÃvia de &#945;- e &#946;-pineno. O presente trabalho demonstra, pela primeira vez, que os monoterpenos &#945;- e &#946;-pineno apresentam efeito procinÃtico em ratos. Em tecidos isolados, nÃo afetam a contraÃÃo colinÃrgica em tiras de estÃmago, mas apresentam atividade miorrelaxante em tecido duodenal, por provÃvel interferÃncia com os mecanismos celulares mediados pela formaÃÃo de IP3. AlÃm disso, como demonstrado em Ãleo de rato, esses monoterpenos provavelmente ativam as vias de entrada de Ca2+ para a cÃlula em situaÃÃes de depleÃÃo dos estoques intracelulares