Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Food additives are substances that control animal metabolism, increasing the efficiency of feed utilization and providing greater animal production. Monensin is certainly the most studied and used, but in recent years its use has undergone several constraints, mainly by the European Union and the United States, so it is crucial to study new alternatives which present satisfactory results additives on animal performance. Thus, an experiment was conducted evaluating, by the in vitro gas technique, the use of a product based on organic acids compared to monensin. Four treatments were used: CTL (no additives), MON (monensin) and CTX 250 and 500 (250 and 500ppm organic additive)with four replications in a completely randomized design with repeated measures in time. Were evaluated the parameters of gas production, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), methane (CH4), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and pH. MON treatment increased (P <0.05) propionate production and decreased (P <0.05) gas production, CH4, acetate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, the ratio of acetate/propionate and SCFA total production relative to CTL, not changing the NH3-N concentration. Treatments with organic acids 250 and CTX 500, CTX 500 only showed a decrease in the concentrations of NH3-N, the other parameters showed no significant changes (P >0.05) with the addition of organic acids in relation to CTL. In this sense the monensin presents characteristics of modulation rumen environment. / Os aditivos alimentares são substâncias que controlam o metabolismo animal, aumentando a eficiência de utilização de alimentos e proporcionando maior produção animal. A monensina sódica é certamente a mais estudada e empregada, porém nos últimos anos sua utilização tem sofrido diversas restrições, principalmente pela União Européia e Estados Unidos, portanto, é fundamental o estudo de novas alternativas de aditivos que apresentem resultados satisfatórios no desempenho animal. Assim, foi conduzido um experimento avaliando, pela técnica de digestibilidade in vitro gás, o uso de produto à base de ácidos orgânicos em comparação à monensina sódica. Foram testados quatro tratamentos: CTL (sem aditivo), MON (monensina) e CTX 250 e 500 (aditivo orgânico 250 e 500ppm), com três repetições em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de produção de gás, produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), metano (CH4), nitrogênio amoniacal (NNH3) e pH. O tratamento MON aumentou (P<0,05) a produção de propionato e diminuiu (P<0,05) a produção de gás, CH4, acetato, butirato, valerato, isobutirato, isovalerato, a relação de acetato/propionato e a produção total AGCC em relação ao CTL, não alterando a concentração de N-NH3. Dos tratamentos com ácidos orgânicos CTX 250 e 500, somente o CTX 500 mostrou diminuição nas concentrações de N-NH3, os demais parâmetros avaliados não mostraram alterações significativas (P>0,05) com adição dos ácidos orgânicos em relação ao CTL. Neste sentido a monensina sódica apresenta características de modulação do ambiente ruminal.

O Aterro Metropolitano de Gramacho, considerado o maior da América Latina, teve encerradas as suas atividades de disposição de resíduos em meados de 2012. A disposição de resíduos no local foi realizada diretamente sobre o solo de fundação desde o início de sua operação (1978). Considerando-se que os contaminantes presentes no lixiviado podem migrar por difusão através da argila organo-salina do aterro e atingir o entorno, foi feita uma investigação da contaminação do solo no perímetro do aterro. Essa investigação foi realizada no líquido intersticial do solo e foi pautada em dois tipos de contaminantes: nitrogênio amoniacal e compostos orgânicos, medidos pelo parâmetro carbono orgânico total (COT). Além disso, foram também realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com a espécie Vibrio fischeri para avaliar a toxicidade no solo. Ensaios de sorção e difusão foram executados a fim de melhor compreender o comportamento dos contaminantes investigados. Os resultados apontaram baixos valores de nitrogênio amoniacal e de COT no solo. Os valores de nitrogênio amoniacal são considerados baixos, pois mesmo em amostras de solo da barreira lateral, que é situada próxima à antiga vala de drenagem de lixiviado, estes são menores que 1% do encontrado no lixiviado, indicando a adsorção do solo. Os ensaios de toxicidade aguda apontaram o efeito Hormesis nas amostras de líquido intersticial, indicando a possibilidade de presença de toxicidade crônica. / The Gramacho Metropolitan Landfill, considered the largest in Latin America, had closed their waste disposal activities in mid 2012. The waste disposal was performed directly on the foundation soil since the beginning of its operation (1978). Considering that the contaminants present in the leachate can migrate by diffusion through the organo-saline clay of the landfill and reaches surroundings, an soil contamination investigation was made at the perimeter of the landfill. This research was conducted in the interstitial liquid of the soil and was based on two types of contaminants: ammoniacal nitrogen and organic recalcitrant compounds, parameter measured by total organic carbon (TOC). Moreover, acute toxicity assays was also performed with the species Vibrio fischeri to assess toxicity in the soil. Sorption and diffusion assays were performed to better understand the behavior of contaminants investigated. The results showed low levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and TOC in the soil. Ammoniacal nitrogen values are surprisingly low, because even in soil samples from the side barrier, which is situated adjacent to the drainage ditch leachate, these are less than 1% that found in leachate, indicating the soil adsorption. The acute toxicity assays showed the effect Hormesis in interstitial liquid samples, indicating the possibility of the presence of chronic toxicity.

Main task of the Master Thesis is to study and propose appropriate sensors that can monitor standard operations of small waste treatment plant. This small plants may replace one big central waste water treatment plant, minimizing interference with the human factor and thus reducing the cost of its operation. Master Thesis deals with the sensors for level measurement, air flow, identifying the operator and others. The most important parameter is the quality of drainage water, which can be derived from the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen. This work discusses the possibility of continuous measurements of ammoniacal nitrogen in water and try to select the optimum solution. At the end of the work is carried out experimental measurements are selected ammonia probe to verify the practical features.

Les procédés anaérobies de traitement de déchets apparaissent clairement pouvoir répondre à l'enjeu socio-économique actuel que représente la valorisation énergétique de la fraction organique contenue dans les déchets ménagers. En effet, les processus de dégradation anaérobies font intervenir en cascade, différentes réactions et populations de micro-organismes permettant de transformer la matière organique en biogaz riche en méthane. Une bonne connaissance des effets des paramètres opérationnels sur l'orientation des métabolismes s'avère ainsi nécessaire à l'émergence de solutions permettant d'optimiser ces procédés. Ceci est notamment le cas pour la dernière étape, appelée méthanogenèse. Dans ce contexte, l'approche isotopique reposant sur la mesure de la composition isotopique (13C/12C) du méthane et du dioxyde de carbone, devrait pouvoir répondre à cet objectif en permettant l'identification des métabolismes à l'origine de la production du méthane. La transposabilité à l'étude de la digestion anaérobie des déchets de cette approche isotopique déjà utilisée dans les écosystèmes naturels, a tout d'abord été vérifiée expérimentalement. Les effets de certains paramètres opérationnels connus pour avoir un impact fort sur le processus de digestion anaérobie, tels que la température et la concentration en azote ammoniacal, ont ensuite été étudiés. Il a été mis en évidence qu'en condition thermophile, la méthanogenèse acétoclaste observée en condition mésophile, était remplacée par une oxydation syntrophique de l'acétate lors de la digestion anaérobie des déchets ménagers. Des expériences sur acétate ont montré que cet effet sur les voies métaboliques n'était toutefois pas systématique et pourrait ne pas être dû à un effet direct d'une augmentation de la température, mais plutôt à l'accroissement de la concentration en ammoniaque qui en résulte. D'autres expériences ont clairement établi qu'une augmentation de la concentration en azote ammoniacal conduisait également à la mise en place de l'oxydation syntrophique de l'acétate. Le couplage de l'approche isotopique avec des analyses microbiologiques a révélé que cette réaction d'oxydation syntrophique de l'acétate, à haute concentration en azote ammoniacal, pouvait s'établir telle que déjà décrite, par la mise en place d'une relation symbiotique bactéries/archées hydrogénotrophes strictes, mais également de manière différente en impliquant des membres de la famille Methanosarcinaceae qui pourraient réaliser seuls les deux étapes de la réaction (oxydation et méthanogenèse hydrogénotrophe). L'application de l'approche isotopique a également permis de mettre en évidence, lors d'une expérience visant à simuler la recirculation de différents effluents au sein d'une installation de stockage de déchets bioactive, l'influence de la nature de l'effluent sur l'orientation des métabolismes méthanogènes. Enfin, l'influence de la proportion de déchets verts, lors de la co-digestion biodéchets / déchets verts, sur la concentration en ions ammonium libérés ainsi que sur l'orientation du métabolisme en résultant, a été étudiée. Les potentialités d'une utilisation de l'approche isotopique sur site ont également été investiguées au travers d'une campagne de mesures sur une installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux. / Anaerobic waste treatment processes are clearly part of the answer to a current important socio-economic issue in waste management: energy production from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste is a complex process involving numerous reactions and microorganism communities. At the end of the degradation process, some biogas with a particularly high methane content is produced. A detailed knowledge on how operational parameters affect metabolism orientations is required to optimize these treatment processes. This is in particular the case for the last degradation reaction called methanogenesis. In this context, an isotopic approach based on isotopic composition measurements (13C/12C) for methane and carbon dioxide can provide some clues with regard to this objective. Indeed, this methodology enables the determination of the methanogenic pathways by which methane is produced.Transferability of the isotopic approach used for natural ecosystems to the field of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste was first experimentally verified. In a second time, the effects of some operational parameters known to strongly impact the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature and ammonia concentration, were studied. During anaerobic digestion of reconstituted municipal solid waste in thermophilic conditions, it was shown that aceticlastic methanogenesis (occurring in mesophilic conditions) was replaced by a syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction. Additional experiments using acetate as sole substrate were performed and showed that this effect on the metabolic pathways was not systematic. Consequently, it cannot be due to a direct effect of the temperature increase. It could rather be explained by the induced and indirect increase in ammonia concentration. Additional experiments clearly demonstrated that an increase in ammonia concentration led to the establishment of a syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction. The isotopic approach was combined with microbiological analyses and showed that the syntrophic acetate oxidation reaction occurring at high ammonia concentration during acetate incubations could have been performed through a syntrophic relationship between bacteria and strict hydrogenotrophic archaea, as previously described in the literature. Interestingly, the syntrophic acetate oxidation could also have occurred using a different pathway relying on members of the Methanosarcinaceae family putatively able to perform the two steps of the reaction (oxidation and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis). In addition, the implementation of the isotopic approach during an experiment designed to simulate a landfill bioreactor evidenced the influence of the effluent's nature on the methanogenesis metabolism orientation. The influence of green waste proportion during the co-digestion of biowaste / green waste mixtures on resulting ammonia concentrations and methanogenesis pathways was also studied through dedicated experiments. Finally, the potential of the isotopic approach for landfill-scale application was investigated through a measurement campaign on a landfill site.

This master thesis aims to study the possibilities of eliminating, or separation of ammonium shares from technological water of plants, where is introduced a secondary method of flue gas denitrification (SCR, SNCR). The need for elimination of ammonium shares arose after introduction of emission cap, which have been tightened since January 2015. The denitrification technologies were installed on devices that did not comply with the new limits. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the description of combustion processes, as a fluid, and high temperature combustion of solid fuels, mechanisms of emissions and their reduction options. At the conclusion of the theoretical part is discussed the contents of the ammoniacal nitrogen in waters used in electricity and heating facilities to transport, or from which are separated by solid products of some processes such as desulphurization. There are also discussed some options for removal of ammonium salts from technological waters. Experimental part deals with finding appropriate method of determination of ammoniacal nitrogen, and the possibilities of its elimination by conversion to insoluble compound. Last but not least, the work deals with the evaluation of the sustainability of the proposed solutions. And as well as the real possibilities of their application in practice.