The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Anatolian Teacher High Schools (ATHSs) in terms of serving their intended purpose. The research design of the study comprised a nation-wide survey and document analysis. The sample for the survey consisted of 1026 students, 612 teachers, 877 parents and 259 graduates selected through stratified random sampling over 33 ATHSs across 32 provinces in Turkey, and 302 prospective teachers, selected through cluster sampling, in Gazi University Faculty of Education. Two distinct instruments were used for data collection / survey questionnaires containing multiple choice and open-ended questions / and attitude scales containing five-point Likert type questions. To analyze quantitative data, descriptive statistics, t-test and two-way ANOVA were conducted. The open-ended questions were analyzed via content analysis. Results indicated that students, graduates, teachers, parents and administrators described ATHSs as the ideal schools for students who want to enter university and/or become teachers. Students and their parents prefer ATHSs in order to guarantee a university program for a career with the guarantee of finding a job. During the four years in ATHSs students are offered quality education and their attitudes toward the teaching profession have developed positively. More than half of the graduates entered a university program, a great majority of which entered teacher-training programs. ATHS graduates studying in teacher training programs are different from their classmates graduated from other high schools with respect to preferring teaching as a profession, the priority they gave to the teacher training programs in the university entrance exam, university entrance exam scores, academic achievement in teacher training programs and commitment to teaching as a lifelong career however they are not different with respect to attitudes toward the teaching profession. The majority of the graduates who were not able to enter a university program are unemployed. Since ATHS graduates are not considered as semi-professionals, there is no specific employment area available for them. Results also indicated that ATHSs serve their intended purpose, however not to extend they are expected to. Therefore, some reform movements are needed to increase the effectiveness of these schools.

The work presented in this dissertation explores the nature of agro-pastoral strategies developed by Neolithic farmers as a way to understand how early food production was inter-twined with environmental and socio-economic opportunities and constraints. Towards this end, a multi-isotope approach is used to address questions of scale and intensity of crop cultivation and animal management at the archaeological sites of Kouphovouno, southern Greece, Makriyalos, northern Greece, and Çatalhöyük, south-central Turkey. Measurements of stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium isotope values of carbonized plant remains, human and animal bone collagen and animal tooth enamel are used to examine the similarities and differences in the types of treatments that individual species of plants and animals received during the agricultural cycle at the distinct locations. The results show that farmers at the three sites developed variable methods for exploiting the arable and pastoral landscape and catering to their economic and culinary needs. The discussion considers the implications of these findings to our understanding of the complexity and adaptability of early farming systems.

Cette thèse porte sur la déformation et les migrations de fluides associées à la Faille Nord Anatolienne en Mer de Marmara (Turquie).Nous étudions tout d'abord l'évolution de la géométrie et du taux de glissement du système de faille, par deux approches indépendantes: - modélisation thermique de l'histoire d'un bassin, - définition d'un marqueur temporel de type Dépôt de Transport en Masse, daté par interprétation stratigraphique. Nous montrons que: -(1) le système de failles actuel, défini comme une faille principale accommodant la majorité de la déformation inter-plaque, n'a pas significativement évolué depuis 330.000 ± 100.000 ans dans la partie Ouest de la mer; -(2) le système de faille s'est progressivement réorganisé depuis 2.5-1.5 Ma.Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions les processus d'initiation des Transports en Masse. Nous montrons que: -(1) même si les Transports en Masse sont contrôlés par des processus tectoniques (principalement les séismes et l'extension crustale), leur fréquence et leur taille sont conditionnées par les oscillations glacio-eustatiques; -(2) des Dépôts en Masse ont une périodicité corrélée aux transitions marins/lacustres. Cette cyclicité peut être expliquée par la diffusion d'eau saumâtre, dans les argiles marines entraînant leur gonflement et déstabilisant les sédiments. Dans une troisième partie, nous étudions la diversité des contextes des sites d'émissions de fluides en fonds de mer. Nous montrons que l'occurrence des sites d'émission de fluides est en partie liée au flux ascendant de gaz le long de couches perméables des bassins vers leurs bords, et le long des fractures du socle vers les bords des bassins et les anticlinaux. / This study addresses the issue on the deformation and the fluid migration, associated to the North Anatolian Fault within the Sea of Marmara (Turkey).First, we aim to constrain the evolution of the fault network and the slip rate through time, by two independent approaches: - historical thermal modeling of a basin of the Sea of Marmara; - definition of a Mass Transport Deposit as a fault lateral slip marker, and dated by stratigraphic interpretation. We show that: - (1) the present day fault system, formed by a main fault which accommodated the main part of the inter-plate deformation does not significantly evolved since 330.000 ± 100.000 years - (2) a progressive reorganization of the fault network occurred since the last 2.5-1.5 Ma.Secondly, we discuss the triggers of Mass Transport Processes. We show that: - (1) despite submarine mass movements are related to tectonic activity (mainly earthquakes and crustal stretching), their frequency and their size are also modulated by glacio-eustatic changes; -(2) remarkable Mass Transport Deposits display some cyclicity in stratigraphic sequences which are apparently correlated to transitions between salty marine and lacustrine environments. This cyclicity is perhaps explained by marine clay activity (swelling) under low brackish-fresh water conditions, which can trigger sediment destabilization.Third, we investigate the diversity of active fluid seepages contexts. We propose that the widespread occurrence of fluid expulsion sites can be explained by up-dip gas migration by buoyancy along permeable strata toward their edges, and along fractures within the basement toward both the edges of the basins and topographic highs.

Ce travail de thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première porte sur l'acquisition d'un nouvel enregistrement paléosismologique en Mer de Marmara. Différentes méthodes ont été utilisées afin d'identifier et de caractériser les perturbations sédimentaires associées aux tremblements de terre dans les carottes étudiées. Nous avons cherché à acquérir une compréhension spatio-temporelle des distributions des séismes en mer pour aboutir à une meilleure compréhension du comportement de la Faille Nord Anatolienne sur le long terme. Nous avons par ailleurs cherché à corréler les données de sismicité historique avec de nouvelles données paléosismologiques. Les événements sédimentaires associés aux séismes ont été caractérisés en combinant l'imagerie aux rayons X, des mesures de susceptibilité magnétique, de granulométrie et de composition géochimique. Les données des compositions élémentaires nous ont permis de tracer au travers des différents bassins les changements environnementaux et anthropiques ayant lieu dans la région. L’obtention d’une chronologie robuste dans les carottes a également été recherchée en combinant des datations carbone 14 et des données de 210Pb et 137Cs afin de relier les sismoturbidites à la sismicité historique. Les variations d'aimantation au travers des carottes ont été mesurées dans le but initial de contraindre par une méthode indépendante l'âge des sédiments échantillonnés. Les variations des propriétés magnétiques ont mis en évidence une chute d'aimantation importante que nous avons reliée à des dépôts sapropéliques.La deuxième partie porte sur l’étude géomorphologique du décalage de la rivière Kizilirmak le long du segment central de la Faille Nord Anatolienne. À cet endroit, trois terrasses préservées le long de deux bassins en pull-apart incisés par la rivière Kizilirmak ont été cartographiées. Les résultats principaux de cette étude ont été de contraindre par la méthode des isotopes cosmogéniques 10Be, 26Al et 36Cl l'âge de ces terrasses. Les datations montrent que la terrasse la plus basse est âgée de 6 ka, que la deuxième terrasses est âgée de 50 ka et que la troisième a un âge de 80 ka. Cette dernière montre une contribution importante d'âges jeunes liée à l'érosion du bassin versant situé au-dessus d'elle. Les résultats montrent une origine climatique des terrasses et ont permis d'estimer une vitesse d'incision de la rivière de l'ordre de 3 mm/an depuis le début de l'Holocène. / This PhD work is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on obtaining a new paleoseismological record of earthquakes in the Marmara Sea (West of Turkey) using different analysis to pinpoint and characterize earthquake-related sedimentary disturbance in the studied cores. We seek to provide a spatio-temporal understanding of earthquakes in the Marmara Sea allowing greater insight into long-term fault behaviour and seismic interaction by integrating historical and new paleosismological data (recurrence rate in the Sea of Marmara). We characterized earthquake-related sedimentary events by combining X-ray imagery, magnetic susceptibility, granulometry and XRF (chemical analyses) measurements. Geochemistry data also allowed us to trace between basin anthropogenic and environmental changes occurring in the Marmara Sea. We also aim at establishing a reliable and robust chronology of the cores combining radiocarbon dating (bulk sedimentation, foraminifers, shelves), 210Pb and 137Cs data to connect seismoturbidites to historical seismicity. Magnetic variations were also recorded in the cores to obtain a time constrain for the cores. The down-core changes in magnetic properties suggest taking into account possible delays in the acquisition of magnetization and have been correlated to lower sapropelic layers in the Marmara Sea.The second part deals with geomorphology and tectonic in the central part of the North Anatolian Fault situated in Turkey. There, three terraces preserved in two pull-apart and incised by the longest river in Turkey (the Kizilirmak River) are mapped. The main results of this work are several constraints on the ages of the terraces using 10Be, 26Al and 36Cl cosmogenic dating methods. The obtained in situ cosmogenic 36Cl exposure ages calculated are 6 ka for the lowest terrace, 50ka for the middle terrace, and 80ka for the highest terrace in the areas preserved from erosion. The highest terrace shows a contribution of younger ages due to erosion of the nearby limestone catchment. The obtained results imply a climatic origin of the terraces, and a mean incision rate of about 3 mm/yr since the early Holocene along the Kizilirmak River.

La Méditerranée se situe dans une zone de convergence lente entre les plaques Eurasienne et Africaine (~5 mm/an), où des restes d'anciens bassins Téthysiens sont progressivement consommés par le retrait rapide de zones de subductions (~20-30 mm/an sur la zone de subduction Hellénique). En Méditerranée Orientale, une transition collision-subduction se produit dans l'Ouest de la Grèce (collision de la Plateforme Apulienne au nord et subduction Hellénique au sud), pratiquement à l’extrémité du Golfe de Corinthe et dans une région de propagation potentielle de la faille Nord Anatolienne. Afin d'étudier la cinématique actuelle de l'Ouest de la Grèce, nous adoptons une approche multi-échelle de la déformation:(1) Une modélisation grande échelle du champ de vitesses crustale horizontales mesuré par géodésie est effectuée afin de contraindre la cinématique au voisinage de l'Ouest de la Grèce, à la fois à terre et en mer. Un résultat majeur est qu'une zone d'extension distribuée N-S s'étendant de la Bulgarie à l'Est du Golfe de Corinthe a pour conséquence de désactiver la terminaison Ouest de la faille Nord Anatolienne dans le nord de la Mer Egée. Cette extension d’échelle régionale pourrait être causée par le retrait du slab Hellénique. (2) Une étude tectonique active permet d'établir une cartographie précise des failles actives de la région, leur chronologie relative et une estimation de leur vitesse de déplacement. Le demi-graben actif du Golfe Amvrakikos et la faille active N155° de Katouna-Stamna, qui constituent les frontières Nord et Est d'un bloc Iles Ioniennes-Akarnanie (IAB), sont caractérisés par des vitesses géologiques d'au moins ~ 4 mm/an et des vitesses mesurées par GPS de l'ordre de ~10 mm/an. Ce bloc IAB est limité à l'Ouest par la faille transformante de Céphalonie et semble se comporter de manière rigide.(3) Une fois les frontières du bloc IAB connues, nous montrons que le champ de vitesse GPS mesuré dans la région peut être entièrement expliqué par des effets transitoires de blocage élastique associés aux failles bordières de ce bloc. Le couplage sur l'interface de subduction n'a pas d'expression en surface, ce qui suggère qu'il doit être faible. Enfin, nous justifions l'existence d'un point triple de type Rift-Faille-Faille à la terminaison Ouest du Golfe du Corinthe. / The Mediterranean is a diffuse plate boundary zone between the slowly converging Eurasian and African plates (~ 5mm/yr), where remnants of old Tethyan basins are progressively consumed by fast trench retreat (~20-30 mm/yr at the Hellenic subduction zone). In Eastern Mediterranean, a collision-subduction transition occurs in Western Greece (collision of the Apulian Platform to the north and Hellenic subduction zone to the south), close to the westward Corinth Rift termination and in a region that may be potentially affected by the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. We used a multi-scale deformation approach to investigate Western Greece active kinematics:(1) We run a large scale model of horizontal crustal velocities measured by GPS to constrain the kinematic boundary conditions of Western Greece, both onshore and offshore. A major result is the occurrence of distributed N-S extension spreading from Bulgaria to the Eastern Corinth rift, resulting in de-activation of the western termination of the North Anatolian Fault in North Aegean Sea. This large scale extension could be associated to the retreat of the Hellenic slab.(2) An active tectonics study has been performed to provide an accurate mapping of active faults in the region, to constrain their relative chronology and to estimate their geological slip-rate. The Amvrakikos Gulf active half-graben and the N155° active Katouna-Stamna Fault, which form the northern and eastern boundaries of a Ionian Island-Akarnania block (IAB), have geological slip rates of at least ~ 4mm/yr and GPS slip-rates of ~ 10 mm/yr. The IAB is bounded to the west by the Kefalonia transform fault and appears to behave rigidly.(3) Once the IAB boundaries are defined, we show that the velocity field measured by GPS in the region can be totally accounted by transient elastic loading along the IAB bordering faults. Subduction interface coupling has no surface expression, suggesting low coupling. Finally, we justify the occurrence of a Rift-Fault-Fault triple junction at the western termination of the Corinth Rift.

Long term data generated at four rural stations are compared to determine similarities and differences in aerosol compositions and factors contributing to observed differences at different regions in Turkey. The stations used in this study are located at Mediterranean coast (20 km to the west of Antalya city), Black Sea coast (20 km to the east of Amasra town), Central Anatolia (&Ccedil / ubuk, Ankara) and Northeastern part of the Anatolian Plateau (at Mt. Uludag). Data used in comparisons were generated in previous studies. However, some re-analysis of data were also performed / (1) to improve the similarities of the parameters compared and (2) to be able to apply recently-developed methodologies to data sets. Data from Mediterranean and Black Sea stations were identical in terms of parameters measured and were suitable for extensive comparison. However, fewer parameters were measured at &Ccedil / ubuk and Uludag stations, which limited the comparisons involving these two stations. Comparison included levels of major ions and elements, short-term and seasonal variations in concentrations, background (baseline) concentrations of elements, flow climatology of regions, correlations between elements, potential source areas affecting regions, and source types affecting chemical composition of particles. Comparison of levels of measured parameters in four regions showed that there are some differences in concentrations that arise from differences in the local characteristics of the sampling points. For example very high concentrations of elements such as Na and Cl in the Mediterranean region is attributed to closer proximity of the Antalya station to coast and not a general feature of the Mediterranean aerosol. There are also significant regional differences in the concentrations of measured elements and ions as well. Concentrations of anthropogenic elements are very similar at two coastal stations (Antalya and Amasra), but they are approximately a factor of two smaller at the two stations that are located on the Anatolian Plateau. This difference between coastal and high altitude plateau stations, which is common to all anthropogenic species, is attributed to different source regions and transport mechanisms influencing coastal regions and Anatolian Plateau. Some statistically significant differences were also observed in the temporal variations of elements and ions measured in different stations. The elements with crustal origin showed similar seasonal pattern at all stations, with higher concentrations in summer and lower concentrations in winter. This difference between summer and winter is attributed to suppression of re-suspension of crustal aerosol from wet or ice-covered surface soil in winter. Concentrations of anthropogenic elements, on the other hand, did not show a statistically significant seasonal trend at Amasra, &Ccedil / ubuk and Uludag stations, but they have higher concentrations during summer months at the Antalya station. This difference between Mediterranean aerosol and aerosol at the Central and Northern Turkey is due to influence of more local sources on &Ccedil / ubuk, Amasra and Uludag stations and domination of more distant source in determining aerosol composition at the Mediterranean region. A similar conclusion of strong influence of local sources on chemical composition of particles at the Central Anatolia was also suggested by the comparison of baseline concentrations in each station. General features in flow climatology (residence times of upper atmospheric air masses) in each region are found to be similar with more frequent flow from W, WNW, NW and NNW wind sectors. Since these are the sectors that include high emitting countries in Eastern and Western Europe and Russia, transport from these sectors are expected to bring pollution from both distant European countries and more local Balkan countries and western parts of Turkey. Flow climatology in stations showed small, but statistically significant, differences between summer and winter seasons. These variations suggested that the station at the Central Anatolia and Black Sea (&Ccedil / ubuk Amasra and Uludag stations) are affected from sources located at the Western Europe in winter season and from sources located at the Eastern Europe in summer. Mediterranean aerosol, on the other hand, are affected from sources at the Western Europe and do not show any seasonal differences. This variation in flow climatology between summer and winter seasons (and lack of variation at the Mediterranean station) is supported by the seasonal variation (and lack of variation at the Mediterranean station) in SO42-/NO3- ratio measured at the stations. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) values are calculated for selected elements and ions in each station. Statistical significance of calculated PSCF values is tested using bootstrapping technique. Results showed that specific grids at Russia and at Balkan countries are common source regions affecting concentrations of anthropogenic elements at all four regions in Turkey. However, each station is also affected from specific source regions as well. Aerosol composition at the Anatolian Plateau are affected from sources closer to the sampling points whereas Mediterranean and Black Sea aerosol are affected from source regions that farther away from the receptors. It should be noted that the same conclusion is also reached in comparison of seasonal patterns and baseline concentrations at these stations. Types of sources affecting aerosol composition at Black Sea, Mediterranean and Central Anatolia are also compared. Source types affecting atmospheric composition in these regions were calculated using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results showed that aerosol at the Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean atmosphere consists of 8, 6 and 7 components, respectively. Two of these components, namely a crustal component and a long-range transport component are common in all three stations. The chemical compositions of these common components are shown to the same within 95% statistical significance interval. Three factors, namely a fertilizer factor, which is highly enriched in NH4+ ion, a sea salt component and an arsenic factor are common in the Mediterranean and Black Sea aerosol but not observed at the Central Anatolia. Other factors found in the regions are specific for that region.

The dissertation analyses the reliefs and paintings on thirty-one different tombs in Western Anatolia erected between 600 and 450 BC, in order to illuminate the ways in which non-Greek elites were identified on their memorials. The tombs from three areas are treated: Phrygia, Hellespontine Phrygia and Lydia, where the primary language groups were Phrygian, Mysian and Lydian. There is little literary evidence for these regions, and what there is tends to focus on political developments. Descriptions of people and society are few, and tend to represent them from an outside perspective, grouping them according to cultural characteristics which differentiate them from Greeks. It is clear, however, that the regions were important, prosperous places, controlled by illustrious grandees and land marked with a relatively high proportion of monumental tombs. Of these monumental tombs, there is a relatively high number decorated with striking and articulate images. There is much to be gained from examining the images on these tombs, as ‘indigenous’ sources for how elite Western Anatolians described themselves. Previous approaches to the tombs and their images have tended to look at them individually or in smaller groups, and to concentrate on the transmission and reception of Persian and Greek culture in the Achaemenid provinces. This dissertation contributes a broader comparative study of the decorated tombs, focussing on the kinds of statuses the images represent and the cultural forms these took. By comparing the various methods of self-representation, it clarifies patterns of identities in Western Anatolia and their relationship to historical circumstances. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. An introduction outlines the scope and sample, the historical background, previous studies of the monuments, the definition of ‘identity’ and the methods of analysis adopted here. Three case study chapters present the regions and the decorated monuments within them. A concluding chapter synthesises three aspects: social identities (roles and spheres of life represented); geographic and chronological patterns; and cultural affiliations and orientations. The dissertation concludes that a tension between Persian identities and local traditions is evident in some of the tomb images, which relates to the political upheavals in Western Anatolia and the Aegean at the time of the Persian Wars.