<p>Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a familiar experience for the elite and novice athletes. Symptoms can range from muscle tenderness to severe deliberating pain. It is generally believed that eccentric contractions produce higher tension on muscle fibres and connective tissues than concentric and isometric contractions. This higher mechanical stress induces initial injury, and subsequent damage is linked to inflammatory process and to changes in the excitation-contraction coupling within the muscles. Classically myofibrillar ultrastrctural changes in DOMS muscles are mainly related with myofibrillar Z-disc. Z-disc streaming and broadening have long been deemed as the hallmarks of DOMS muscles. Recent studies on rabbit models have shown a rapid loss of the intermediate filament protein desmin after eccentric contractions and this was believed to be the initial event which triggers a subsequent muscle fibre necrosis. Even though numerous studies have been conducted on both human muscles and animal models following eccentric exercise, the mechanisms responsible for the perception of DOMS have not been clearly identified.</p><p>To re-evaluate the exercise-induced muscle soreness with respect to the muscle fibre structural changes, in the present study three different modes of eccentric exercise were used as a model to introduce DOMS in healthy young subjects. Biopsies from the soleus muscle and vastus lateralis muscle were taken from control subjects and those who had taken part in the exercise, at different time intervals after exercise. The biopsies were analyzed with general histology, enzymehistochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy.</p><p>All the three exercise protocols induced DOMS, which reached its peak value at 24-48 hour post exercise. Examination of the biopsies taken after the three exercise modes showed no loss of desmin or fibre necrosis of any biopsy. However, in biopsies taken 1 hour post exercise, some influx of fibrinogen into muscle fibres was observed. Despite that, the sarcolemma integrity revealed by stainings with dystrophin and laminin was seemingly not destroyed. Further analysis of the biopsies taken after the downstairs running with high-resolution immunohistochemistry revealed the following alterations: 1) F-actin and desmin were in much greater amounts and distributed differently from normal muscle; 2) alpha-actinin, nebulin and titin were initially lacking in focal areas and were subsequently reappearing. These changes were mainly observed in the 2-3 days and 7-8 days post exercise biopsies. The staining patterns were proposed to represent different stages of sarcomere formation. These findings therefore support the suggestion that myofibrils in muscles subjected to eccentric contractions adapt to unaccustomed activity by the addition of new sarcomeres. Electronmicroscopy showed ultrastructural changes also mainly in biopsies taken 2-3 days and 7-8 days post exercise. These changes were classified into four types on bases of their different staining patterns. For each of the four types of changes, there was a corresponding type of changes revealed by the immunohistochemical method. It was concluded that alterations revealed by electronmicroscopy were suggestive of myofibrillar remodeling rather than the conventionally suggested injury.</p><p>The present study will change the dogma that myofibrillar disruption/damage is a hallmark of DOMS. The findings of this study is of clinical importance as the myofibrils contrary to becoming weakened, are reinforced by cytoskeletal elements during the addition of new sarcomeres. The latter gives for the first time a mechanistic explanation for the lack of further damage upon additional exercise (second bout effect). Furthermore, the current methods of analysis of biopsies from eccentric exercised subjects can be used as an in situ model to analyze the molecular changes taking place in the muscle fibres affected by DOMS.</p>

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a familiar experience for the elite and novice athletes. Symptoms can range from muscle tenderness to severe deliberating pain. It is generally believed that eccentric contractions produce higher tension on muscle fibres and connective tissues than concentric and isometric contractions. This higher mechanical stress induces initial injury, and subsequent damage is linked to inflammatory process and to changes in the excitation-contraction coupling within the muscles. Classically myofibrillar ultrastrctural changes in DOMS muscles are mainly related with myofibrillar Z-disc. Z-disc streaming and broadening have long been deemed as the hallmarks of DOMS muscles. Recent studies on rabbit models have shown a rapid loss of the intermediate filament protein desmin after eccentric contractions and this was believed to be the initial event which triggers a subsequent muscle fibre necrosis. Even though numerous studies have been conducted on both human muscles and animal models following eccentric exercise, the mechanisms responsible for the perception of DOMS have not been clearly identified. To re-evaluate the exercise-induced muscle soreness with respect to the muscle fibre structural changes, in the present study three different modes of eccentric exercise were used as a model to introduce DOMS in healthy young subjects. Biopsies from the soleus muscle and vastus lateralis muscle were taken from control subjects and those who had taken part in the exercise, at different time intervals after exercise. The biopsies were analyzed with general histology, enzymehistochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy. All the three exercise protocols induced DOMS, which reached its peak value at 24-48 hour post exercise. Examination of the biopsies taken after the three exercise modes showed no loss of desmin or fibre necrosis of any biopsy. However, in biopsies taken 1 hour post exercise, some influx of fibrinogen into muscle fibres was observed. Despite that, the sarcolemma integrity revealed by stainings with dystrophin and laminin was seemingly not destroyed. Further analysis of the biopsies taken after the downstairs running with high-resolution immunohistochemistry revealed the following alterations: 1) F-actin and desmin were in much greater amounts and distributed differently from normal muscle; 2) alpha-actinin, nebulin and titin were initially lacking in focal areas and were subsequently reappearing. These changes were mainly observed in the 2-3 days and 7-8 days post exercise biopsies. The staining patterns were proposed to represent different stages of sarcomere formation. These findings therefore support the suggestion that myofibrils in muscles subjected to eccentric contractions adapt to unaccustomed activity by the addition of new sarcomeres. Electronmicroscopy showed ultrastructural changes also mainly in biopsies taken 2-3 days and 7-8 days post exercise. These changes were classified into four types on bases of their different staining patterns. For each of the four types of changes, there was a corresponding type of changes revealed by the immunohistochemical method. It was concluded that alterations revealed by electronmicroscopy were suggestive of myofibrillar remodeling rather than the conventionally suggested injury. The present study will change the dogma that myofibrillar disruption/damage is a hallmark of DOMS. The findings of this study is of clinical importance as the myofibrils contrary to becoming weakened, are reinforced by cytoskeletal elements during the addition of new sarcomeres. The latter gives for the first time a mechanistic explanation for the lack of further damage upon additional exercise (second bout effect). Furthermore, the current methods of analysis of biopsies from eccentric exercised subjects can be used as an in situ model to analyze the molecular changes taking place in the muscle fibres affected by DOMS.

<p>In cooperation with Hälsoteamet Halmstad a pilot study was made to see if whole body vibration exercise has any effect on muscle strength, movement and experience of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. Today whole body vibration exercise is a revolutionary exercise method that needs more studies to show the positive and negative effects. </p><p>Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease where more cartilage is destroyed than replaced. The most common symptoms are pain, stiffness, restricted movement, muscularly atrophy, tenderness and instability. The cartilage needs pressure to rebuild, it is therefore important that the patient exercise. Studies have shown that whole body vibration exercise with low amplitude and frequency has effects like alleviation of pain, increased movement and muscle strength. </p><p>The aim of this study was to see if strength training on an Xrsize vibration plate has an effect on muscle strength, movement and experience pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. The subject group has included six women and one man between the ages of 56 to 70 years, with knee osteoarthritis verified by x-ray. Following methods was made before and after intervention to measure muscle strength, movement and experience pain: KOOS, interview, VAS, Elektrogoniometer, MuscleLab, chair stands, six minute walk test and one leg jump. The vibration programme included three dynamic exercises, performed at the frequency of 25 Hz.</p><p>The test results show that three people have increased their muscle strength and movement and also decreased the experience of pain from the osteoarthritis. According to the subject group, four people experienced positive effects and three experienced negative or no effect. </p><p>The subject group was too small to make a general conclusion of the effects on knee osteoarthritis from whole body vibration exercise. The positive and negative effects from this study indicate a need for a larger study including a control group.</p>

<p>In cooperation with Hälsoteamet Halmstad a pilot study was made to see if whole body vibration exercise has any effect on muscle strength, movement and experience of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. Today whole body vibration exercise is a revolutionary exercise method that needs more studies to show the positive and negative effects. </p><p>Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease where more cartilage is destroyed than replaced. The most common symptoms are pain, stiffness, restricted movement, muscularly atrophy, tenderness and instability. The cartilage needs pressure to rebuild, it is therefore important that the patient exercise. Studies have shown that whole body vibration exercise with low amplitude and frequency has effects like alleviation of pain, increased movement and muscle strength. </p><p>The aim of this study was to see if strength training on an Xrsize vibration plate has an effect on muscle strength, movement and experience pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. The subject group has included six women and one man between the ages of 56 to 70 years, with knee osteoarthritis verified by x-ray. Following methods was made before and after intervention to measure muscle strength, movement and experience pain: KOOS, interview, VAS, Elektrogoniometer, MuscleLab, chair stands, six minute walk test and one leg jump. The vibration programme included three dynamic exercises, performed at the frequency of 25 Hz.</p><p>The test results show that three people have increased their muscle strength and movement and also decreased the experience of pain from the osteoarthritis. According to the subject group, four people experienced positive effects and three experienced negative or no effect. </p><p>The subject group was too small to make a general conclusion of the effects on knee osteoarthritis from whole body vibration exercise. The positive and negative effects from this study indicate a need for a larger study including a control group.</p>

In cooperation with Hälsoteamet Halmstad a pilot study was made to see if whole body vibration exercise has any effect on muscle strength, movement and experience of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. Today whole body vibration exercise is a revolutionary exercise method that needs more studies to show the positive and negative effects. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease where more cartilage is destroyed than replaced. The most common symptoms are pain, stiffness, restricted movement, muscularly atrophy, tenderness and instability. The cartilage needs pressure to rebuild, it is therefore important that the patient exercise. Studies have shown that whole body vibration exercise with low amplitude and frequency has effects like alleviation of pain, increased movement and muscle strength. The aim of this study was to see if strength training on an Xrsize vibration plate has an effect on muscle strength, movement and experience pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. The subject group has included six women and one man between the ages of 56 to 70 years, with knee osteoarthritis verified by x-ray. Following methods was made before and after intervention to measure muscle strength, movement and experience pain: KOOS, interview, VAS, Elektrogoniometer, MuscleLab, chair stands, six minute walk test and one leg jump. The vibration programme included three dynamic exercises, performed at the frequency of 25 Hz. The test results show that three people have increased their muscle strength and movement and also decreased the experience of pain from the osteoarthritis. According to the subject group, four people experienced positive effects and three experienced negative or no effect. The subject group was too small to make a general conclusion of the effects on knee osteoarthritis from whole body vibration exercise. The positive and negative effects from this study indicate a need for a larger study including a control group.

In cooperation with Hälsoteamet Halmstad a pilot study was made to see if whole body vibration exercise has any effect on muscle strength, movement and experience of pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. Today whole body vibration exercise is a revolutionary exercise method that needs more studies to show the positive and negative effects. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease where more cartilage is destroyed than replaced. The most common symptoms are pain, stiffness, restricted movement, muscularly atrophy, tenderness and instability. The cartilage needs pressure to rebuild, it is therefore important that the patient exercise. Studies have shown that whole body vibration exercise with low amplitude and frequency has effects like alleviation of pain, increased movement and muscle strength. The aim of this study was to see if strength training on an Xrsize vibration plate has an effect on muscle strength, movement and experience pain in people with knee osteoarthritis. The subject group has included six women and one man between the ages of 56 to 70 years, with knee osteoarthritis verified by x-ray. Following methods was made before and after intervention to measure muscle strength, movement and experience pain: KOOS, interview, VAS, Elektrogoniometer, MuscleLab, chair stands, six minute walk test and one leg jump. The vibration programme included three dynamic exercises, performed at the frequency of 25 Hz. The test results show that three people have increased their muscle strength and movement and also decreased the experience of pain from the osteoarthritis. According to the subject group, four people experienced positive effects and three experienced negative or no effect. The subject group was too small to make a general conclusion of the effects on knee osteoarthritis from whole body vibration exercise. The positive and negative effects from this study indicate a need for a larger study including a control group.

Airway epithelial damage is commonly found in asthma patients. Epithelial damage was investigated with special reference to contacts between epithelial cells. Eosinophils, common in allergic asthma, secrete cationic proteins, particularly major basic protein (MBP). The effect of poly-L-arginine, an analogue of MBP, on airway epithelial cells was investigated. Poly-L-arginine induced membrane damage, resulting in increased permeability, loss of cell-cell contracts (tight junctions and desmosomes) and generalized cell damage. Adhesion molecules on airway epithelial cells may be important in recruiting leukocytes. Interferon (IFN)-γ increased intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in airway epithelial cell lines. A combination of interleukin-4 and IFN-γ opened the tight junctions. Epithelial damage in asthma was studied at the ultrastructural level in bronchial biopsies from patients with atopic or non-atopic asthma, and healthy controls. Epithelial damage was extensive in both asthma groups. In basal and columnar cells, relative desmosome length was reduced by 30-40%. In columnar cells, half-desmosomes were noticed. Changes tended to be more extensive in atopic asthma, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Reduced desmosomal contact may be important in the epithelial shedding observed in asthma. The contact area between columnar cells and basal lamina is relatively small in the human airway. Attachment of columnar cells to the basal lamina occurs indirectly, via desmosomal attachment to basal cells. Direct attachment of columnar cells to the basal lamina is weakened in asthmatics. Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease often associated with asthma. An ultrastructural study showed that epithelial damage of columnar cells is more pronounced in allergic patients. The length of columnar cell desmosomes was significantly reduced in asthmatics vs. non-asthmatics, and in allergics vs. non-allergics. Cell contacts in airway epithelium in asthmatics are weakened, which may be an intrinsic feature or due to the presence of eosinophils producing toxic proteins.

This bachelor thesis is a literature study of the possibility to analyze and modify speech signals and will act as a pilotstudy for future theses in speaker verification.The thesis deals with the voice anatomy and physiology, synthesizer history and the various methods available when thevoice is used as a biometric method.A search and evaluation of existing programs have been conducted to determine the relevance of the attacks on theparameters used for speaker verification / Denna högskoleavhandling är en litteraturstudie om möjligheterna att analysera och modifiera talsignaler och skallfungera som en förstudie till kommande examensarbeten inom talarverifiering.Avhandlingen tar upp röstens anatomi och fysiologi, talsyntesens historia samt de olika metoder som finns när röstenanvänds som en biometrisk metod.En sökning och utvärdering av tillgängliga program har utförts för att bestämma programmets relevans för attacker motde parametrar som används vid talarverifiering.

Denna uppsats beskriver design, hur en designprocess kan gå till inom skodesign, från vision till resultat. Visionen var att formge en mer estetiskt tilltalande damsko för kvinnor med Hallux valgus (sned stortå) och hammartå (krökta tår), som skall förebygga deformationer och passa till såväl jobbet som festen. I uppsatsen redogörs tidigare forskning inom ämnet skor och tådeformiteter, problematiken av storlekar samt en egen research i en intervju med sjukgymnast och en intervjuundersökning om skor och skoanvändning. Designprocessens utveckling resulterande i en sko hjälpandes mot tådeformiteter. Processens steg var: valet av åtgärder från funktionsanalys, utsortering av skisser och ideer, fokus, riktningar med hjälp av ITK -Identity tool kit och resultatet, en alternativ utarbetat, bekväm finsko, passande från jobbet till festen.

<p><p><p>Denna uppsats beskriver design, hur en designprocess kan gå till inom skodesign, från vision till resultat. Visionen var att formge en mer estetiskt tilltalande damsko för kvinnor med Hallux valgus (sned stortå) och hammartå (krökta tår), som skall förebygga deformationer och passa till såväl jobbet som festen. I uppsatsen redogörs tidigare forskning inom ämnet skor och tådeformiteter, problematiken av storlekar samt en egen research i en intervju med sjukgymnast och en intervjuundersökning om skor och skoanvändning. Designprocessens utveckling resulterande i en sko hjälpandes mot tådeformiteter. Processens steg var: valet av åtgärder från funktionsanalys, utsortering av skisser och ideer, fokus, riktningar med hjälp av ITK -Identity tool kit och resultatet, en alternativ utarbetat, bekväm finsko, passande från jobbet till festen. </p></p></p>