A survey questionnaire, following recommendations made by Jenkins and Dillman (1997) and approved by the Institutional Review Board in College Station, was designed to describe demographics of charter anglers in Galveston, Texas and to assess their environmental awareness. The anglers were described by age, gender, place of residence, and species preference to reflect past studies and provide consistency of data. Economic impacts on the local economy were estimated using the number of anglers that spent at least one night in a Galveston hotel, charter fees, and a daily average for food/beverage expenditures made during their stay. Environmental awareness was established by asking whether anglers noticed the presence of marine debris, whether they were aware of the existence of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS), and whether marine sanctuaries were a valuable management tool. The questionnaire was administered to anglers that fished from the charter boat Freedom during its fifty-four charter trips in the months of June through August 2007. The response rate to the survey was 93.8% (N=213 respondents). The majority (81.7%) of those surveyed was male, 86.8% were between 20-60 years old, and 86% resided in Texas. The sub-population of charter anglers was defined as infrequent (68.5 %), without species preference (70.8 %), did not own their own boat (75%) and did not belong to a fishing, hunting, or conservation organization (79.8%). The economic impact was approximately $400 per person per day. This first step in assessing environmental awareness resulted in these findings: approximately 14% of the anglers noticed dead fish; 7% noticed dead birds; and 54.5% noticed man-made trash during their charter. Thirty-eight anglers (17.8%) responded that they were familiar with the FGBNMS; yet in general, nearly 81% indicated a perceived value in sanctuaries as a management tool. Future studies are needed to fully assess environmental awareness of anglers and their knowledge of other management programs. This is particularly important with the expansion of programs such as the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s artificial reef program.

The United Nations launched their 'Decade for Sustainable Development', which directly relates to Education for Sustainable Development, a new environmental management system for schools. The formal education process provides a key testing ground for the development of new Infori-nation and Communication Technology (ICT) tools designed to raise environmental awareness. Several types of purpose designed ICT tool are available, but there is a distinct lack of empirical research into their design and effectiveness. Strategic objectives performance takes the central role in the work reported here. A number of strategic objectives of the use of ICT tools were identified; learning, education, trust, motivation, commitment, inclusion, justice and openness. A number of prc-existing software platforms, each specifically designed to provide environmental education and to raise awareness specifically focussing on issues surrounding water were selected and forinally evaluated under controlled conditions with small groups of evaluators. The respondents involved in this investigation included the developers of the tools thernselves, school and postgraduate students (representing users) and experts from academia and industry. The developers of the tools were asked which strategic objectives they considered when they designed their respective tools and the degree to which their tools promoted the strategic objectives was tested in evaluation sessions involving the users. The results from the evaluation sessions involving the users and the experts revealed that strategic objectives such as learning, education, trust and openness were promoted by the tools to some degree, whilst objectives such as justice, motivation and inclusion were promoted to a lesser degree. Whilst it is possible that the tools evaluated simply do not promote the objectives listed, the evaluation methodology adopted in this investigation may go some way to explaining why only certain strategic objectives were found to be promoted. A discussion into the possible methods by which the presence of these strategic objectives could be determined is presented in the concluding chapters of the thesis.

Green marketing is, in a sense, an oxymoron in that it merges the seemingly contradictory concepts of marketing, which focuses on facilitating and encouraging consumption, and environmental concern, which focuses on environmental conservation. Green advertising represents an important marketing tool for communicating an organisation’s green image and is the driving force behind fostering environmental awareness and environmentally friendly behaviour. As with any type of advertising, an important determinant of the success of green advertising is consumers‟ attitudes towards green advertising and corresponding environmental concerns and behaviour. The last decade has shown a staggering number of marketers targeting the green segment of the population with green advertising, with increasing green advertisements manufacturers are informing their customers about the pro-environmental characteristics of their products and services. Green advertising is an essential tool in an organisation’s overall environmental marketing strategy; one which possibly leads to achieving superior performance and assists in creating a sustainable competitive edge. An in-depth understanding of the relevant consumer behavioural aspects of a target market is tantamount to formulating successful marketing strategies. This holds true with the formulating of green marketing advertising strategies, which aim at encouraging consumption in an environmentally sustainable manner. There is a dearth of published literature on the South African Generation Y‟s consumer behaviour in general and none that specifically focuses on the environmental concern, attitudes towards green advertising and environmental behaviour of the significantly sized black Generation Y cohort. The Generation Y cohort is defined as individuals born between 1986 and 2005. In terms of South Africa, Generation Y individuals accounted for 40 percent of the South African population, with black Generation Y individuals making up 84 percent of this generational cohort. In addition, the black Generation Y cohort of South Africa makes up approximately 33 percent of the whole population, resulting in a highly attractive market segment. Individuals attaining tertiary qualifications are of particular interest to marketers since they are likely to enjoy higher earnings and a higher social status, which together is likely to make them opinion leaders amongst their peers. The primary objective of this study was to investigate black Generation Y students‟ environmental concern, attitudes towards green advertising and environmental behaviour within the South African context. The target population of the study was defined as full-time black Generation Y students, aged between 18-24 years, enrolled at South African registered public higher education institutions (HEIs). The sampling frame comprised the 23 registered South African public HEIs. Using a judgement sampling method, this was narrowed down to four HEIs located in the Gauteng Province - two of which are country-based and two of which are city-based. For this study, a convenience sample of 400 full-time black Generation Y students who were enrolled at these four South African HEIs during 2012 was drawn. The relevant primary data was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Lecturers at each of the four HEIs were contacted and requested to distribute the questionnaire to their students either during class or after class. The self-administered questionnaire was hand delivered to these lecturers. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a five-point Likert scale the extent of their agreement/disagreement with items designed to measure their environmental concerns, their attitudes towards green advertising as well as their current environmental behaviour patterns. In addition, the students were asked to provide certain demographic data. The findings of this study indicate that South African black Generation Y students are environmentally concerned, have a positive attitude towards green advertising and report behaving in a pro-environmental manner. Previous research found gender to be a significant factor in displaying concerns for the environment. However, this study determined that gender played no significant role towards the black South African Generation Y cohort environmental concerns and attitudes. Similarly, the study found no significant difference between black Generation Y students who were based at city HEIs and black Generation Y students who were based at countryside HEIs. Insights gained from this study will help both marketing academics and practitioners understand current black Generation Y consumer attitudes towards environmental concerns, green advertising attitudes and the significance of their pro-environmental behaviour. / Thesis (MCom (Marketing management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

Att vara ute i naturen medför inte bara rekreation utan kan kanske även bidra till en ökad miljömedvetenhet. Dock visar forskning skilda resultat i frågan. En ökad miljömedvetenhet är är viktigt för att främja en hållbar utveckling, därför är det intressant att undersöka hur ungdomar ställer sig till miljöfrågor. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan olika friluftsaktiviteter och miljömedvetenhet hos ungdomar. I studien inkluderades enkäter (n=433) från högstadie- och gymnasieungdomar i en medelstor kommun i södra Sverige. Data samlades in och kodades om till siffror för att sedan analyseras med Spearman rank colleration och Mann - Whitney U - test. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan årskurser men att ungdomar har en låg miljömedvetenhet och att friluftsaktiviteter inte har något eller svagt samband med miljömedvetenhet.

Since the end of apartheid South Africa has been rebuilding the country with the aim to create a society based on equality. In the rebuilding and formation of a new constitution the aim to build a society based on the principles of sustainable development is evident. Education is an important part in the rebuilding. This thesis is a case study of Nxuba Senior Primary School in the traditionally black township Lingelihle in Eastern Cape. The objective is to analyse how the school management can engage in environmental issues and take the role of promoting values, attitudes and lifestyles for sustainable development to its learners. There are three research questions: What environmental related projects are being done at Nxuba Senior Primary School? How do the school management motivate the projects? How do these projects affect the learners’ environmental awareness and ability to act pro-environmentally? The thesis is based on a field study where school documents were analysed and in-depth interviews with the school management and a questionnaire among the learners were carried out. The theoretical framework that is presented discusses what factors influence sustainable behaviour and what conditions foster pro-environmental behaviour among children. Four environmental related projects are identified at the school; a recycling project, an environmental awareness club, a vegetable garden as well as an indigenous garden and greening of the school. Based on the questionnaire the learners’ attitudes towards environmental issues and their pro-environmental behaviour are examined. In the discussion the motives behind the projects concluded to be a combination of environmental and social motives. The projects are put in relation to Stern’s four factors influencing pro-environmental behaviour and Chawla and Cushing Flanders’ six conditions for fostering pro-environmental behaviour among children.

Miljömedvetenhet är ett aktuellt ämne och samhällets normer går i en miljömedveten riktning. Eftersom tidigare forskning visat att kvinnor är mer miljömedvetna än män samt att kvinnor har en högre vilja att passa in i samhällets normer, har endast kvinnor deltagit i denna undersökning. Syftet är att utifrån en enkätundersökning ta reda på om det finns ett samband mellan kvinnors attityder till miljömedvetenhet och ålder samt strävan efter social normativitet. I undersökningen deltog 96 kvinnor och resultatet visade att ju äldre kvinnor är desto mer miljömedvetna är de samt att ju högre grad av miljömedvetenhet en kvinna har desto högre strävan efter social normativitet har hon. Resultatet visade även att är en kvinna äldre så är hon mer miljömedveten och därmed också har en högre strävan efter social normativitet. Utifrån resultatet diskuteras hur man kan arbeta med att öka förståelse för hur samhället kan få medborgarna att agera mer miljömedvetet.

This research project illuminates the ideas and personal experiences of seven female, secondary school graduates who participated in experiential learning field trips while attending high school. Its purpose is to attempt to understand how overnight field trips of different durations have impacted former students and determine the meaning of their experience. This report identifies five significant categories arising from a modified grounded theory analysis of the students’ perspectives on their field trip experience: Organization, Educational Opportunities, Relationships, Environment and Experiences which lead to one significant conclusion: field trips are transformational to female high school students. The data also reflects the impact field trip participation has had on the environmental awareness, values and attitudes of participants. I conclude with recommendations that may prove useful for teachers planning overnight field trips, TCDSB staff responsible for field trip approval and for Royal Roads MEEC staff responsible for organizing similar experiences for their students.

Green marketing is, in a sense, an oxymoron in that it merges the seemingly contradictory concepts of marketing, which focuses on facilitating and encouraging consumption, and environmental concern, which focuses on environmental conservation. Green advertising represents an important marketing tool for communicating an organisation’s green image and is the driving force behind fostering environmental awareness and environmentally friendly behaviour. As with any type of advertising, an important determinant of the success of green advertising is consumers‟ attitudes towards green advertising and corresponding environmental concerns and behaviour. The last decade has shown a staggering number of marketers targeting the green segment of the population with green advertising, with increasing green advertisements manufacturers are informing their customers about the pro-environmental characteristics of their products and services. Green advertising is an essential tool in an organisation’s overall environmental marketing strategy; one which possibly leads to achieving superior performance and assists in creating a sustainable competitive edge. An in-depth understanding of the relevant consumer behavioural aspects of a target market is tantamount to formulating successful marketing strategies. This holds true with the formulating of green marketing advertising strategies, which aim at encouraging consumption in an environmentally sustainable manner. There is a dearth of published literature on the South African Generation Y‟s consumer behaviour in general and none that specifically focuses on the environmental concern, attitudes towards green advertising and environmental behaviour of the significantly sized black Generation Y cohort. The Generation Y cohort is defined as individuals born between 1986 and 2005. In terms of South Africa, Generation Y individuals accounted for 40 percent of the South African population, with black Generation Y individuals making up 84 percent of this generational cohort. In addition, the black Generation Y cohort of South Africa makes up approximately 33 percent of the whole population, resulting in a highly attractive market segment. Individuals attaining tertiary qualifications are of particular interest to marketers since they are likely to enjoy higher earnings and a higher social status, which together is likely to make them opinion leaders amongst their peers. The primary objective of this study was to investigate black Generation Y students‟ environmental concern, attitudes towards green advertising and environmental behaviour within the South African context. The target population of the study was defined as full-time black Generation Y students, aged between 18-24 years, enrolled at South African registered public higher education institutions (HEIs). The sampling frame comprised the 23 registered South African public HEIs. Using a judgement sampling method, this was narrowed down to four HEIs located in the Gauteng Province - two of which are country-based and two of which are city-based. For this study, a convenience sample of 400 full-time black Generation Y students who were enrolled at these four South African HEIs during 2012 was drawn. The relevant primary data was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Lecturers at each of the four HEIs were contacted and requested to distribute the questionnaire to their students either during class or after class. The self-administered questionnaire was hand delivered to these lecturers. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a five-point Likert scale the extent of their agreement/disagreement with items designed to measure their environmental concerns, their attitudes towards green advertising as well as their current environmental behaviour patterns. In addition, the students were asked to provide certain demographic data. The findings of this study indicate that South African black Generation Y students are environmentally concerned, have a positive attitude towards green advertising and report behaving in a pro-environmental manner. Previous research found gender to be a significant factor in displaying concerns for the environment. However, this study determined that gender played no significant role towards the black South African Generation Y cohort environmental concerns and attitudes. Similarly, the study found no significant difference between black Generation Y students who were based at city HEIs and black Generation Y students who were based at countryside HEIs. Insights gained from this study will help both marketing academics and practitioners understand current black Generation Y consumer attitudes towards environmental concerns, green advertising attitudes and the significance of their pro-environmental behaviour. / Thesis (MCom (Marketing management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

I samband med att klimatet förändras och att extremväder blir allt vanligare har miljön blivit en viktig faktor att ta hänsyn till. Det är omtalat i media nästa dagligen och vi påminns om att värna om miljön. Mest viktigt är det för företag att ta hänsyn till miljön, de är en av de stora påverkarna av miljöförstörelse. Det främsta problemet hos företag är att de vill ha en ekonomisk tillväxt men samtidigt inte skada miljön. Här kan inköpsfunktionen ha stor påverkan genom att köpa in material som är framtaget på ett sätt som är mindre miljöbelastande.  Det här examensarbetet syftar till att undersöka hur företag arbetar med miljöanpassade inköp, vad det finns för drivkrafter som driver miljöarbete framåt, vilka hinder som finns som bromsar utvecklingstakten och vilka möjliga arbetssätt som finns för inköpsfunktionen att miljöanpassa sig. Dessa aspekter är också våra problemfrågor. Vi har valt att göra en intervjustudie för att besvara våra problemfrågor. Tre familjeägda företag av olika storlek är intervjuade och de alla är verksamma inom stålindustrin. Detta för att kunna göra en så rättvis jämförelse som möjligt mot den teoretiska referensramen samt företagen sinsemellan. Rapportens resultat är att vi hittade gemensamma nämnare i både drivkrafter och hinder hos våra tillfrågade företag. Vi hittade även olikheter såsom att ytterligare drivkrafter hos företagen var att miljöprofilera sig, en marknadsföringsfördel mot kund – en extern drivkraft eller att arbetet med de interna miljömålen – en intern drivkraft. Vidare vilket arbetssätt de använder sig av för att möliggöra miljöanpassade inköp är individuellt och mycket beroende av företagsstorlek. / The climate is changing and extreme weather are more common now than before, and as a reaction of that the environment has become more important to take in to consideration then before. The environment is spoken about on media every day and we are reminded to take care of it just as often. Companies have the most impact on the environment and therefore it is important that they care for it as well. The hardest struggle for companies is that they always search for economic growth but simultaneously should not harm the environment more than necessary, and in this matter the purchase function has a possibility to influence by purchase products that has been made in a more environmentally friendly way.  The aim of this study is to examine how companies works with environmental purchasing, which forces drives the environmental purchasing forward, what obstacles are there to slow down the development rate and what possible methods are there for the purchasing function to become more environmentally friendly. These questions are also our problem questions which will be answered in the end of this study. We chose to interview three family owned businesses in different sizes that all seemed in the steel industry so we could make a fair comparison between the companies and our theoretical framework and between themselves. We found some common denominator in forces and obstacles among the companies. We also found differences, one company wanted to become more environmentally friendly to show it up for customers – it’s an external force. Another force was to work with the company’s environmental goals – an internal force and which approach the companies used to purchase more environmentally friendly was highly dependent on company size.

In this work is the realm of lichens. Lichens are everywhere around us but generally unseen by many people. Lichens adjust and react to the circumstances of its surrounding: humid or dry. The responsive property of the lichens to humidity led to the investigation of this species in combination with the flexible properties of knitted textiles. The knit enhances the lichens’ properties in its stretchable, textural, and color possibilities. While activating the textiles through moisture, there is a change in haptic- and visual expression. Working towards a material library, the transformable properties of the textiles are being explored. Lichen in combination with knit is investigated in four categories: transformation, shape, texture, and dye. The lichen and the knit adapt their role according to the category and demonstrate the potential of their various collaborations in each category. In several countries, lichens are protected due to the increase in air pollution. Through visualizing and emphasizing these precious and unseen species, the changeable textiles aim to activate the viewer in rethinking human’s relationship to nature.