This diploma thesis deals with the impact of real exchange rate volatility on real export of the Czech Republic. In the first part, theoretical aspects of this relationship are examined, explaining both - positive and negative ? effects on bilateral and aggregate trade flows. Further on, empirical data and econometric tools are employed to capture the relationship between real export and its main determinants for the case of Czech Republic in the past decade. After the brief theoretical introduction to time series econometrics, the particular export demand model is proposed and various cointegration techniques are explained and applied to examine the long-run equilibrium but also short-run dynamics.

The aim of the thesis is to define the actual economical crisis and it's influence on the world's economy, especially than on the Czech Republic as an export oriented economy. Identify the problems czech export companies have to face, describe their influence on the business strategies and also give place for a description of the potential solutions together with the possibilities of using the subventions from both the state and private agencies.

The thesis describes economical and political situation in the foreign markets that are significant to Ukrainian steel producers. As an example of Ukranian steel maker I have introduced the enterprise JSC "Zaporizhstal" which is a steel giant of Ukraine. Th thesis desribes the plant, its development, its competitive advantages, its product portfolio and the quality of metal products produced. The paper also discusses some of the main problems of Ukrainian steel makers and the suggestions for further improvements. In the main part the thesis analyses the export markets of "Zaporizhstal" such countries as Russia, China and Turkey. It discusses the development of their steel-consuming industries such as machinery industry, and construction sector and shows all the benefits and risks that are associated with the export to those markets.

Presented work analyses business environment of Colombia. It focuses on political and security situation in the country, cultural and social differences, economic situation with regard to market opportunities for Czech companies in Colombia. It further evaluates mutual commercial relations between the Czech Republic and Colombia and addresses experience of particular Czech companies with business activities in Colombia. Based on the analysis of socio-economic environment and experience of Czech companies, a SWOT analysis of the Colombian market from the perspective of a Czech company is created.

This master thesis deals with the support of the Bavarian export, especially from the Land of Bavaria and various institutions. The theoretical part describes the usable forms of export opportunities and export promotion policies. In the next section I focus on the distribution of the Bavarian foreign direct investment by country, where they are heading, and vice versa from where the investment are flowing into Bavaria. The thesis particularly focuses on the cooperation of Bavaria and the Czech Republic in terms of mutual economic relations.

The aim of my thesis is to analyze the current status of SMEs, estimate their future development with a focus on international business activities and subsequently demonstrate their importance and significant position in the domestic and international markets.

El objetivo de la presente tesis es delimitar los factores determinantes de las exportaciones peruanas de servicios de software hacia Latinoamérica en el periodo 2011-2018. El objetivo es confirmar las variables que influyen positivamente en una industria que cada año es más relevante a nivel mundial. La investigación se basa en estudios de PROMPERÚ realizadas por el área de exportación de servicios. Dichas presentaciones resaltan que el software es uno de los sectores más demandados en exportaciones, ya que en el 2017 el valor exportado fue de 50.92 millones de dólares y en el 2018 fue de 67.50 millones de dólares. El estudio se delimita en tres factores fundamentales: apoyo del gobierno, capital humano y contar con certificaciones internacionales, ya que el sector de software es muy amplio y existen más factores que pueden explicar su continuo crecimiento. La investigación tiene un enfoque mixto. Por la parte cualitativa, se realiza entrevistas a profundidad a los tres actores claves de la industria (Gobierno, expertos en el tema y empresa reconocida del sector). En la investigación cuantitativa se realiza un análisis descriptivo y factorial con base a encuestas a una muestra de 42 empresas exportadoras asociadas a APESOFT (Asociación Peruana de Software y Tecnologías). Asimismo, los resultados de la encuesta aplicada en el presente estudio corroboran que las variables como el apoyo del gobierno, el capital humano y contar con certificaciones internacionales factores son influyentes en las exportaciones peruanas de servicios de software. / The objective of this thesis is to define the determining factors of Peruvian exports of software services to Latin America in the period 2011-2018. The objective is to confirm the variables that positively influence an industry that every year is more relevant worldwide. The research is based on PROMPERÚ studies carried out by the service export area. These presentations highlight that software is one of the most demanded sectors in exports, since in 2017 the exported value was 50.92 million dollars and in 2018 it was 67.50 million dollars. The study is delimited in three fundamental factors: government support, human capital and international certifications, since the software sector is very large and there are more factors that can explain its continued growth. The research has a mixed approach. On the qualitative side, in-depth interviews are conducted with the three key players in the industry (Government, experts in the field and recognized company in the sector). In the quantitative research, a descriptive and factorial analysis is carried out based on surveys of a sample of 42 exporting companies associated with APESOFT (Peruvian Association of Software and Technologies). Likewise, the results of the survey applied in this study confirm that variables such as government support, human capital and having international certification factors are influential in Peruvian exports of software services. / Tesis

En la presente investigación se exponen los factores que determinaron las exportaciones de mango a Países Bajos durante el periodo 2013 - 2018. De forma que se obtenga dicha información, las variables utilizadas para explicar los determinantes de exportación del mango son los precios domésticos, precios al por mayor en Países Bajos, renta interna de Países Bajos y tipo de cambio sol/dólar. Para validar los antecedentes de esta investigación, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos quienes expusieron características de la internacionalización del fruto y comentaron sobre las variables a examinar. Debido a que este trabajo es cuantitativo, se extrajeron variables macroeconómicas y se analizaron mediante el modelo de Vector Autorregresivo (VAR) para determinar el grado de influencia de cada variable en la cantidad total exportada durante el periodo de análisis. Los resultados muestran que las variables que no afectan a las exportaciones son la renta interna de Países Bajos y el precio doméstico del mango. Mientras que, las variables significativas son el tipo de cambio y el precio al por mayor. Este estudio ayuda al entendimiento general de la dinámica de exportación peruana de mangos, dando alcances a actuales y futuros exportadores peruanos de mango para que potencien sus esfuerzos en considerar aspectos macroeconómicos para generar estrategias que aseguren una exportación exitosa. / In the current investigation, the factors that determined mango exports to the Netherlands during the period 2013 - 2018 are exposed. In order to obtain this information, the variables used to explain the determinants of mango exports are domestic prices, wholesale prices in the Netherlands, internal income in the Netherlands and the sol / dollar exchange rate. To validate the background of this research, interviews were conducted with experts who presented characteristics of the internationalization of the fruit and commented on the variables to be examined. Because this work is quantitative, macroeconomic variables were extracted and analyzed using the Autoregressive Vector (VAR) model to determine the degree of influence of each variable on the total amount exported during the analysis period. The results show that the variables that do not affect exports are the internal income of the Netherlands and the domestic price of mango. While, the significant variables are the exchange rate and the wholesale price. All this offer a general understanding about the dynamics of Peruvian mangoes exports, giving scope to current and future Peruvian exporters of this fruit to enhance their efforts in complying with the provisions of the importing country, as well as considering macroeconomic aspects to generate prevention strategies. / Tesis

This dissertation is the outcome of a study to map the economic structure and organisation of two selected mango export chains from South Africa by applying selected supply chain analysis tools. The study is part of an inventory on the export of fresh fruit and vegetables commissioned by the European Commission under the Veg-i-Trade Project Work Package 1. The two selected chains were the Bavaria fresh mango and the Blue Skies freshly cut mango export supply chains. The study sought to understand how food safety and quality standards are shaping the structure and relationships in the two export chains given the prevalence of food scares and scandals. An inventory of the activities and the various actors along the mango export supply chains was made in order to identify the structure and functioning of the chains and the issues and constraints faced with the various quality and safety standards. The objective of the study was to identify the actors and the role they play, determine the governance structure and relationships and identify the quality management programmes and standards employed in the two selected export chains. In addition, the study sought to identify and analyse the different information exchange categories and use of information between the different links along the chains. A qualitative research approach that incorporates case study methodology was used as the inquiry strategy. Through this methodology, the investigation untangled the complexity of the mango export supply chains which is faced with the challenge of maintaining a chain that guarantees adherence to customer specifications and client needs. The study’s findings established that food safety and quality management standards are shaping the structure and organisation of the chains and their stringency has increased with a widened and deepened scope. In addition, the ability to adopt a standard is directly affected by the scale of business operation and standards are technical barriers to entry for small scale mango producers and exporters mainly because of the high certification and operational costs. In reaction to the standards, it was noted that Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are buyer-driven with a high degree of vertical coordination enforced by contracts. The two chains are modular with the use of and strategic positioning of category managers; a high degree of asset specificity and forward integration to reach their markets resulting in a shortened supply chain. Supply chain coordination is carried out on contracted logistics and cold chain services with regulatory functions provided by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the Perishable Product Export Control Board (PPECB) in South Africa and agricultural and health inspectors in the United Kingdom (UK). There is also product and process differentiation. It was also noted that compulsory certification of quality and food safety standards is the prerequisite to access export markets. The standards used in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Global Good Agricultural Practice (Global GAP). These are used in conjunction with the British Retail Consortium (BRC), Fairtrade, Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI), International Food Standard (IFS) and Linking Environment And Farming (LEAF). Quality audits and inspections are carried out at each supply chain level to ensure safety and adherence to quality requirements. The supply chain actors carry out continuous quality assessment and one way to achieve this was through the application of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. Quality and safety standards have also resulted in improved traceability in the Bavaria and Blue Skies Mango export chains. Traceability systems in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are more automated though they are not harmonised, thus Paltrack, XsenseTM, Caretrace and TempTrip. Automated information systems used to share and exchange information are internet and email as well as barcodes which are used with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Manual information systems in use are mainly telephones, facsimile and mobile phones. It was also established that major issues and challenges in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are a result of factors that affect mango perishability, mainly post harvest handling procedures thus packaging, transportation, storage, ripening and distribution. If not managed well, poor safety and quality management result in economic losses due to product rejections, product recall and cessation of buyer-supplier relationships. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has a major role in enhancing economic growth and development. In Ghana, the prospects of attracting new FDIs is high because of its natural resources, low cost of production, and an economically active population age bracket. While scholars emphasized the need to attract FDI to facilitate the rapid economic development of Ghana, little attention is paid to the effect on specific sectors of the Ghanaian economy. The study examines the factors that attract the inflow of FDIs and its effect on economic growth. Using secondary data and quantitative method of analysis, in addressing the third and fourth objective of the study that examine a cause and effect relationship between the flow of FDI into specific sectors of the economy (Industry and Service Sector). We adapt the empirical model of Girma (2015). In our model, a multiple linear estimation technique is specified to examine the factors that causes the inflow of FDI into an economy. Based on our findings, the hypothesis that Ghana could potentially attract foreign direct investment through the building of human capacity and fostering economic growth and not entirely relying on natural resources as a driver of FDI inflow is partly true. We conjecture that FDI inflows into some sectors of the economy has harmed the economy both environmentally and socio-culturally. From the study, it was identified that FDI has contributed to job creation, GDP growth, and increase in the employment rate which has significantly improved the country’s economy. The thesis recommends the channeling of FDIs into comparative sectors of the economy and also should be guided at getting a chunk of FDIs into export oriented sector to help stabilize the economy.