Please read the summary in the section 00front of this document. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Economics / unrestricted

En la actualidad, el network es considerada una herramienta, empleada por una gran variedad de empresas dentro del rubro de calzados, esto, con la finalidad de poder acceder a mercados internacionales; lo anterior, encuentra principalmente motivado en que la industria nacional ha sido sumamente afectada por productos de origen chino y, a su vez, con la adopción de nuevas tecnologías. Asimismo, es importante señalar que las exportaciones en el sector calzado han disminuido considerablemente a partir del año 2017, esto a pesar de ser el cuarto exportador a nivel latinoamericano; el motivo de esta disminución tan drástica puede encontrar razón en el grado de informalidad existente y la falta de innovación existentes en el mercado. Por otro lado, la innovación ha llevado a las empresas a emplear diversos tipos de estrategias para poder ingresar en el mercado destino, siendo la herramienta principal la anteriormente mencionada, el network. El documento tiene como finalidad analizar los factores influyentes para lograr optimizar el proceso de internacionalización de las empresas exportadoras pertenecientes al sector calzado, ubicadas en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Entre los factores a analizar, encontramos a la reducción en costos, la facilidad de recopilar información y por último el medio difusor internacional. Con esa finalidad, se llevó a cabo el análisis de expertos mediante la herramienta “Atlas Ti.”, con la finalidad de medir la influencia y la relación de estas en la materia de una gran diversidad de países. / Currently, the network is selected as a tool, used by a wide variety of companies within the footwear sector, this, with the request of being able to access international markets; the above, mainly motivated in that the national industry has been extremely specific for products of Chinese origin and, in turn, with the adoption of new technologies. In the same way, it is important to point out that exports in the footwear sector have decreased determined as of the year 2017, this is a weight of being the fourth exporter in Latin America; The reason for this decrease is so dramatic that you can find the reason in the degree of informality and the lack of innovation in the market. On the other hand, innovation has led companies to use various types of strategies to enter the destination market, the main tool being the one mentioned above, the network. The purpose of this document is to analyze the influencing factors to achieve the internationalization process of the exporting companies belonging to Mr. Footwear, located in the city of Lima, Peru. Among the factors to be analyzed, we find the reduction in costs, the ease of gathering information and, finally, the international dissemination medium. To this end, expert analysis was carried out using the "Atlas" tool, in order to measure their influence and relationship in the matter of a great diversity of countries. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo atender las necesidades del mercado para los inmigrantes latinoamericanos. A partir de una serie de investigaciones para determinar las necesidades de nuestro público, y por consiguiente la implementación de un servicio rápido e innovador. De acuerdo a los antecedentes, Estados Unidos es el país que recibe la mayor cantidad de inmigrantes a nivel mundial; actualmente existe alrededor de 10 millones de personas indocumentadas. A partir de esto, se creó el servicio “OkGreenCard” enfocado en los inmigrantes que quieran acceder al servicio de la renovación de su Green Card. El giro principal de nuestro servicio es el llenado de los formularios digitales con el 100% de efectividad y en el menor tiempo posible. La particularidad de nuestro negocio es que somos latinos americanos que prestamos servicios a otros latinos americanos con la finalidad que sientan la seguridad y confianza de que le ofreceremos el mejor servicio. Por un lado, logramos que el precio del servicio sea competitivo con el mercado, lo cual reemplaza en muchos casos los costos de estudios abogados que son el método tradicional. Por otro lado, asesoramos a los usuarios acerca de los beneficios que obtendrían al poseer esta documentación, manteniendo un estado de legalidad y formalidad. Finalmente, el desarrollo e inversión inicial de este proyecto es de aproximadamente S/ 125,612 financiado totalmente con el aporte de los accionistas, el cual se estima recuperar en un máximo de 13 meses y 11 días. / The objective of this research work is to meet the needs of the market for Latin American immigrants. From a series of investigations to determine the needs of our public, and therefore the implementation of a fast and innovative service. According to the background, the United States is the country that receives the largest number of immigrants worldwide; there are actually around 10 million undocumented people. From this, the "OkGreenCard" service was created, focused on immigrants who want to access the service of renewing their Green Card. The main purpose of our service is to fill out the digital forms with 100% effectiveness and in the shortest possible time. The particularity of our business is that we are Latin Americans who provide services to other Latin Americans in order to feel the security and confidence that we will offer the best service. On the one hand, we achieve that the price of the service is competitive with the market, which in many cases replaces the costs of legal studies that are the traditional method. On the other hand, we advise users about the benefits they would obtain by having this documentation, maintaining a state of legality and formality. Finally, the initial development and investment of this project is approximately S / 125,612, totally financed with the contribution of the shareholders, which is estimated to be recovered in a maximum of 13 months and 11 days. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente tesis está enfocada en los factores que explican el volumen de exportación del café dentro del periodo de 1980 a 2017 en base al área de cultivo, el precio promedio y el rendimiento del café. El propósito de esta investigación es la elaboración de un modelo estadístico que permita a los productores del sector de café pronosticar sus volúmenes de exportación, nuestra metodología consiste en realizar una investigación cuantitativa, con un diseño concluyente no experimental y un alcance descriptivo correlacional. Los resultaron sacaron a relucir que el precio promedio no es una variable significativa que afecte al volumen de exportación, el área cultivada y el rendimiento son los factores primordiales que el productor debe cuidar para aumentar su volumen. El rendimiento del café es una variable muy sensible y en esencia su buen manejo lleva a aumentar significativamente el volumen del productor. / The present thesis is focused on the factors that explain the export volume of coffee in the period from 1980 to 2017 based on the area of cultivation, average price and coffee yield. The purpose of this research is the development of a statistical model that allows producers in the coffee sector to forecast their export volumes, our methodology is to conduct a quantitative research, with a conclusive non-experimental design and a correlational descriptive scope. The results showed that the average price is not a significant variable that affects the export volume, the cultivated area and the yield are the main factors that the producer must take care of to increase its volume. The yield of coffee is a very sensitive variable and in essence its good management leads to significantly increase the volume of the producer. / Tesis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18114号 / 理博第3992号 / 新制||理||1576(附属図書館) / 30972 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大野 睦人, 教授 青山 卓史, 教授 高田 彰二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This paper empirically examines the effect of institutional quality on trade considering the gravity equation model. Taking data for 252 countries covering the period of 19 years from 1996 to 2014, the research has been done with two stage regression analysis. In the first stage, we estimate the effect of gravity factors that either benefit or hinder trade along with OECD membership and Linder’s effect by Poisson-Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood (PPML) estimator with importer- time, and exporter- time fixed effects. Taking the estimated exporter- time fixed effects from the first stage, we regress it with institutional variables in the second stage by OLS method with country and time fixed effects. Results indicate that institutional quality has a significant and positive impact on bilateral export with mostly 1% and 5% significance level. Interestingly, our study also shows that Linder’s effect is negative only for trade among the OCED countries.

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This paper reviews the long-term economic performance of Tanzania since independence using long-term series of key economic and social indicators constructed from a variety of sources. The disastrous export performance for most of the period under consideration can be attributed partly to domestic policy failures and partly to a hostile external environment. However inconsistent donor support to a highly aid dependent economy at times exacerbated the constraints imposed by persistent foreign exchange shortages. Greater stability in funding and a more flexible policy dialogue are needed. The extent to which a small and poor economy with a weak indigenous private sector can rely on foreign private investment to finance investment in the early stages of adjustment is questioned. Investment in human capital beyond primary school level is also needed if growth is to be sustained.